Fatty liver index is an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality and major cardiovascular events in type 1 diabetes: an 11-year observational study.

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), identified by the Fatty Liver Index (FLI), is associated with increased mortality and cardiovascular (CV) outcomes. Whether this also applies to type 1 diabetes (T1D) has not been yet reported. METHODS: We prospectively observed 774 subjects with type 1 diabetes (males 52%, 30.3 ± 11.1 years old, diabetes duration (DD) 18.5 ± 11.6 years, HbA1c 7.8 ± 1.2%) to assess the associations between FLI (based on BMI, waist circumference, gamma-glutamyl transferase and triglycerides) and all-cause death and first CV events. RESULTS: Over a median 11-year follow-up, 57 subjects died (7.4%) and 49 CV events (6.7%) occurred among 736 individuals with retrievable incidence data. At baseline, FLI was < 30 in 515 subjects (66.5%), 30-59 in 169 (21.8%), and ≥ 60 in 90 (11.6%). Mortality increased steeply with FLI: 3.9, 10.1, 22.2% (p < 0.0001). In unadjusted Cox analysis, compared to FLI < 30, risk of death increased in FLI 30-59 (HR 2.85, 95% CI 1.49-5.45, p = 0.002) and FLI ≥ 60 (6.07, 3.27-11.29, p < 0.0001). Adjusting for Steno Type 1 Risk Engine (ST1-RE; based on age, sex, DD, systolic BP, LDL cholesterol, HbA1c, albuminuria, eGFR, smoking and exercise), HR was 1.52 (0.78-2.97) for FLI 30-59 and 3.04 (1.59-5.82, p = 0.001) for FLI ≥ 60. Inclusion of prior CV events slightly modified HRs. FLI impact was confirmed upon adjustment for EURODIAB Risk Engine (EURO-RE; based on age, HbA1c, waist-to-hip ratio, albuminuria and HDL cholesterol): FLI 30-59: HR 1.24, 0.62-2.48; FLI ≥ 60: 2.54, 1.30-4.95, p = 0.007), even after inclusion of prior CVD. CV events incidence increased with FLI: 3.5, 10.5, 17.2% (p < 0.0001). In unadjusted Cox, HR was 3.24 (1.65-6.34, p = 0.001) for FLI 30-59 and 5.41 (2.70-10.83, p < 0.0001) for FLI ≥ 60. After adjustment for ST1-RE or EURO-RE, FLI ≥ 60 remained statistically associated with risk of incident CV events, with trivial modification with prior CVD inclusion. CONCLUSIONS: This observational prospective study shows that FLI is associated with higher all-cause mortality and increased risk of incident CV events in type 1 diabetes.

Assisted reproductive technology, risk of gestational diabetes, and perinatal outcomes in singleton pregnancies.

AIMS: To evaluate the impact of assisted reproductive technology (ART) on the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in single pregnancies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively collected clinical and anthropometric data of 219ART- and 256 age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched women with spontaneous conception screened for GDM. The primary outcome was to evaluate GDM prevalence in ART women. RESULTS: There were no differences in age, BMI, and family history of diabetes in the two groups of women. ART-women were more frequently primiparous, whereas the prevalence of previous GDM was higher in SC-women. The prevalence of GDM in the whole cohort was 36.1% and was higher in ART-women (52.3% vs. 23.4%; p < 0.0001). In the whole cohort, on multivariate analysis, family history of diabetes (OR 1.67; 95% CI: 1.03-2.69), previous GDM (OR 7.05; 95% CI: 2.92-17.04), pre-pregnancy obesity (OR 2.72; 95% CI 1.21-6.13), and ART (OR 4.14; 95% CI 2.65-6.48) were independent risk factors for GDM. Among ART-women, age over 40 years was associated with GDM. Preterm delivery was more common in ART-women; gestational week at delivery, birth weight, ponderal index, and Apgar score were lower in ART-women than in SC-women, both in the whole cohort and in GDM women. CONCLUSIONS: Among women undergoing ART treatment, at least one in two develops GDM. ART appears to be an independent risk factor for GDM in single pregnancies, particularly above the age of 40. ART treatment seems to be associated with an increased rate of preterm delivery and lower neonatal birth weight and Apgar score, especially in GDM women. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was not registered as it is an observational retrospective evaluation.

Short sleep duration and risk of gestational diabetes.

ObjectiveSleep disturbances and short sleep duration are common in pregnancy and might contribute to the development of hyperglycemia. Therefore, we evaluated the association of sleep disturbances and gestational diabetes (GDM) in a cohort of women.MethodsWe collected data of 386 women consecutively screened for GDM in 2019 by 75 gr OGTT, according with IDPSG criteria. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire was used to assess self-reported poor sleep quality (PSQI score >5) and short nocturnal sleep duration (<6 h).ResultsOf 386 women, 148 (38.3%) had poor sleep quality and 87 (22.5%) short sleep duration. GDM prevalence was 26.9%. There was no difference in GDM prevalence between women with poor or good sleep quality (26% vs. 28%; n.s.), while GDM was more frequent in women with short sleep duration (35.6% vs. 24.4%; p = 0.038). On univariate logistic regression analysis, short sleep duration (OR 1.71; 95%CI: 1.03-2.86; p = 0.039), previous GDM (OR 3.52; 95%CI: 1.83-6.76; p < 0.0001), family history of diabetes (OR 1.96; 95%CI: 1.21-3.91; p = 0.007), pre-pregnancy overweight (OR 1.85; 95%CI: 1.06-3.23; p = 0.031) or obesity (OR 2.56; 95%CI: 1.40-4.70; p = 0.002) were associated to GDM. However, after adjustment for confounders, short sleep duration did not persist as an independent risk factor for GDM (OR: 1.55; 95%CI: 0.91-2.65; ns).ConclusionsSleep disturbances are relative common among pregnant women. Although GDM seems more common among women with short sleep duration, this sleep disturbance does not seem to be an independent risk factor for GDM in women at high risk.

Less sedentary time is associated with a more favourable glucose-insulin axis in obese pregnant women-a secondary analysis of the DALI study.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Obese pregnant women are at high risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which might be reduced by sufficient physical activity (PA) and reduced sedentary time (ST). We assessed whether PA and ST are longitudinally associated with the glucose-insulin axis in obese pregnant women. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In this secondary analysis of the DALI (vitamin D And Lifestyle Intervention for gestational diabetes mellitus prevention) study, pregnant women, <20 weeks gestation, with a pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) ≥ 29 kg/m2, without GDM on entry were included. Time spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and ST were measured objectively with accelerometers at <20 weeks, 24-28 weeks and 35-37 weeks of gestation. Fasting glucose (mmol/l) and insulin (mU/l), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and first-phase and second-phase insulin release (Stumvoll first and second phase) were assessed at the same time. Linear mixed regression models were used to calculate between-participant differences and within-participant changes over time. Analyses were adjusted for gestational age, randomisation, pre-pregnancy BMI, education and age. MVPA, Insulin, HOMA-IR and Stumvoll first and second phase were log-transformed for analyses due to skewness. RESULTS: 232 women were included in the analysis. Concerning differences between participants, more ST was associated with higher fasting glucose (Estimate: 0.008; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.014), fasting insulin (0.011; 0.002, 0.019), HOMA-IR (0.012; 0.004, 0.021) and Stumvoll first and second phase (0.008; 0.001, 0.014 and 0.007; 0.001, 0.014). Participants with more MVPA had lower Stumvoll first and second phase (-0.137; -0.210, -0.064 and -0.133; -0.202, -0.063). Concerning changes over time, an increase in ST during gestation was associated with elevated Stumvoll first and second phase (0.006; 0.000, 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: As the glucose-insulin axis is more strongly associated with ST than MVPA in our obese population, pregnant women could be advised to reduce ST in addition to increasing MVPA. Moreover, our findings suggest that behaviour change interventions aiming at GDM risk reduction should start in early or pre-pregnancy.

The importance of maternal insulin resistance throughout pregnancy on neonatal adiposity.

BACKGROUND: Although previous studies evaluated the association of maternal health parameters with neonatal adiposity, little is known regarding the complexity of the relationships among different maternal health parameters throughout pregnancy and its impact on neonatal adiposity. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the direct and indirect associations between maternal insulin resistance during pregnancy, in women with obesity, and neonatal adiposity. In addition, associations between maternal fasting glucose, triglycerides (TG), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and neonatal adiposity were also assessed. METHODS: This is a longitudinal, secondary analysis of the DALI study, an international project conducted in nine European countries with pregnant women with obesity. Maternal insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), fasting glucose, TG, and NEFA were measured three times during pregnancy (<20, 24-28, and 35-37 weeks of gestation). Offspring neonatal adiposity was estimated by the sum of four skinfolds. Structural equation modelling was conducted to evaluate the direct and indirect relationships among the variables of interest. RESULTS: Data on 657 mother-infant pairs (50.7% boys) were analysed. Neonatal boys exhibited lower mean sum of skinfolds compared to girls (20.3 mm, 95% CI 19.7, 21.0 vs 21.5 mm, 95% CI 20.8, 22.2). In boys, maternal HOMA-IR at <20 weeks was directly associated with neonatal adiposity (ß = 0.35 mm, 95% CI 0.01, 0.70). In girls, maternal HOMA-IR at 24-28 weeks was only indirectly associated with neonatal adiposity, which implies that this association was mediated via maternal HOMA-IR, glucose, triglycerides, and NEFA during pregnancy (ß = 0.26 mm, 95% CI 0.08, 0.44). CONCLUSIONS: The timing of the role of maternal insulin resistance on neonatal adiposity depends on fetal sex. Although the association was time-dependent, maternal insulin resistance was associated with neonatal adiposity in both sexes.

Exercise during pregnancy: how much active are pregnant women at risk of gestational diabetes despite few contraindications?

INTRODUCTION: Diet and physical activity are cornerstones in prevention and treatment of Gestational Diabetes (GDM) though some caution may be required under specific circumstances. The aims of this study were to evaluate activity habits during pregnancy and contraindications to physical activity in women at risk for GDM. METHODS: 536 pregnant women (age 35 ± 5 years; gestation week 25 ± 4; pre-pregnancy BMI 24.6 ± 12.9 kg/m2), selective screened for GDM, filled out a standardized questionnaire recording physical activity during pregnancy. RESULTS: Of 536 women, 73.4% reported regular exercise before pregnancy and 95.5% of them continued during pregnancy. 8.2% had absolute contraindications to exercise, such as placenta praevia /vaginal bleeding and incompetent cervix/cerclage. Physical activity during the last month was reported by 66.2% of women; frequency was 1-2 times/week (44%); intensity was light (83%) and duration on average (44%) 20-40 min/day. 48% of women spent most of their time in sedentary behaviors (sitting). Among women with GDM, physical activity was associated with better metabolic profile and lower needed of insulin therapy. CONCLUSION: Women at risk for GDM spent most of their time in sedentary behaviors, despite a low prevalence of contraindications to exercise. Therefore, our data call for the need of motivational counseling aimed to implement physical activity during pregnancy.

Correction to: The Effects of Lifestyle and/or Vitamin D Supplementation Interventions on Pregnancy Outcomes: What Have we Learned from the DALI Studies?

The original version of this review article unfortunately contained a mistake.

Effects of treatment with metformin and/or sitagliptin on beta-cell function and insulin resistance in prediabetic women with previous gestational diabetes.

AIM: To investigate the effect of sitagliptin (SITA) and metformin (MET) monotherapy as well as in combination (MET+SITA) on beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity in women with recent gestational diabetes (GDM) and impaired glucose regulation (IGR: impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty women were randomly assigned to receive SITA (100 mg qd), MET (850 mg bid) or MET+SITA (50 + 850 mg bid) for 16 weeks. A 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and +125 mg/dL hyperglycaemic clamp followed by 5 g i.v. L-arginine were performed at baseline and end of study. The primary outcome of the study was the mean change in arginine-stimulated insulin secretion rate during the hyperglycaemic clamp test from baseline to 16-week therapy. RESULTS: At week 16, body mass index declined in all groups (-1.2 ± 0.2 kg/m2 ; P < 0.05). MET+SITA gave a greater increase of first phase(2-10 min) insulin secretion and arginine-stimulated response (720.3 ± 299.0 to 995.5 ± 370.3 pmol/L and 3.2 ± 0.6 to 4.8 ± 1.0 pmoL/min, respectively, both P < 0.05) compared with MET and SITA. Similarly, MET+SITA was more effective in increasing OGTT-based glucose sensitivity (55.7 ± 11.3 to 108 ± 56.2 pmol x min-1 m-2 x mM-1 ; P = 0.04) and insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (M/I: 2.2 ± 0.5 to 4.6 ± 1.3 mg/kg/min÷µIU/min/ml; P = 0.04; Matsuda index [SI]: 3.1 ± 0.4 to 5.7 ± 1.1; P = 0.03) compared with either MET or SITA. Disposition index (ISSI-2) increased with MET+SITA and SITA (both P < 0.05), while no significant change was observed in MET. Among MET+SITA women, 33% reverted to normal glucose tolerance (NGT) compared with 14% with MET and 7% with SITA (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study shows that MET+SITA is superior to SITA and MET monotherapy regarding beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity improvement in IGR women with previous GDM, and may offer a potential pharmacologic intervention to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes in this high-risk population.

A reduction in sedentary behaviour in obese women during pregnancy reduces neonatal adiposity: the DALI randomised controlled trial.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Offspring of obese women are at increased risk of features of the metabolic syndrome, including obesity and diabetes. Lifestyle intervention in pregnancy might reduce adverse effects of maternal obesity on neonatal adiposity. METHODS: In the Vitamin D And Lifestyle Intervention for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) Prevention (DALI) lifestyle trial, 436 women with a BMI ≥29 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to counselling on healthy eating (HE), physical activity (PA) or HE&PA, or to usual care (UC). In secondary analyses of the lifestyle trial, intervention effects on neonatal outcomes (head, abdominal, arm and leg circumferences and skinfold thicknesses, estimated fat mass, fat percentage, fat-free mass and cord blood leptin) were assessed using multilevel regression analyses. Mediation of intervention effects by lifestyle and gestational weight gain was assessed. RESULTS: Outcomes were available from 334 neonates. A reduction in sum of skinfolds (-1.8 mm; 95% CI -3.5, -0.2; p = 0.03), fat mass (-63 g; 95% CI -124, -2; p = 0.04), fat percentage (-1.2%; 95% CI -2.4%, -0.04%; p = 0.04) and leptin (-3.80 µg/l; 95% CI -7.15, -0.45; p = 0.03) was found in the HE&PA group, and reduced leptin in female neonates in the PA group (-5.79 µg/l; 95% CI -11.43, -0.14; p = 0.05) compared with UC. Reduced sedentary time, but not gestational weight gain, mediated intervention effects on leptin in both the HE&PA and PA groups. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The HE&PA intervention resulted in reduced adiposity in neonates. Reduced sedentary time seemed to drive the intervention effect on cord blood leptin. Implications for future adiposity and diabetes risk of the offspring need to be elucidated. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN70595832.

The Effects of Lifestyle and/or Vitamin D Supplementation Interventions on Pregnancy Outcomes: What Have We Learned from the DALI Studies?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The DALI (vitamin D and lifestyle intervention in the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)) study aimed to prevent GDM with lifestyle interventions or Vitamin D supplementation (1600 IU/day). This review summarizes the learnings from the DALI studies among pregnant women with a BMI ≥ 29 kg/m2. RECENT FINDINGS: Women diagnosed with GDM earlier in pregnancy had a worse metabolic profile than those diagnosed later. A combined physical activity (PA) and healthy eating (HE) lifestyle intervention improved both behaviours, limited gestational weight gain (GWG) and was cost-effective. Although GDM risk was unchanged, neonatal adiposity was reduced due to less sedentary time. Neither PA nor HE alone limited GWG or GDM risk. Fasting glucose was higher with HE only intervention, and lower with Vitamin D supplementation. Our combined intervention did not prevent GDM, but was cost-effective, limited GWG and reduced neonatal adiposity.

Cost-effectiveness of healthy eating and/or physical activity promotion in pregnant women at increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: economic evaluation alongside the DALI study, a European multicenter randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with perinatal health risks to both mother and offspring, and represents a large economic burden. The DALI study is a multicenter randomized controlled trial, undertaken to add to the knowledge base on the effectiveness of interventions for pregnant women at increased risk for GDM. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the healthy eating and/or physical activity promotion intervention compared to usual care among pregnant women at increased risk of GDM from a societal perspective. METHODS: An economic evaluation was performed alongside a European multicenter-randomized controlled trial. A total of 435 pregnant women at increased risk of GDM in primary and secondary care settings in nine European countries, were recruited and randomly allocated to a healthy eating and physical activity promotion intervention (HE + PA intervention), a healthy eating promotion intervention (HE intervention), or a physical activity promotion intervention (PA intervention). Main outcome measures were gestational weight gain, fasting glucose, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), quality adjusted life years (QALYs), and societal costs. RESULTS: Between-group total cost and effect differences were not significant, besides significantly less gestational weight gain in the HE + PA group compared with the usual care group at 35-37 weeks (-2.3;95%CI:-3.7;-0.9). Cost-effectiveness acceptability curves indicated that the HE + PA intervention was the preferred intervention strategy. At 35-37 weeks, it depends on the decision-makers' willingness to pay per kilogram reduction in gestational weight gain whether the HE + PA intervention is cost-effective for gestational weight gain, whereas it was not cost-effective for fasting glucose and HOMA-IR. After delivery, the HE + PA intervention was cost-effective for QALYs, which was predominantly caused by a large reduction in delivery-related costs. CONCLUSIONS: Healthy eating and physical activity promotion was found to be the preferred strategy for limiting gestational weight gain. As this intervention was cost-effective for QALYs after delivery, this study lends support for broad implementation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN ISRCTN70595832 . Registered 2 December 2011.

Epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus according to IADPSG/WHO 2013 criteria among obese pregnant women in Europe.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Accurate prevalence estimates for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among pregnant women in Europe are lacking owing to the use of a multitude of diagnostic criteria and screening strategies in both high-risk women and the general pregnant population. Our aims were to report important risk factors for GDM development and calculate the prevalence of GDM in a cohort of women with BMI ≥29 kg/m2 across 11 centres in Europe using the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG)/WHO 2013 diagnostic criteria. METHODS: Pregnant women (n = 1023, 86.3% European ethnicity) with a BMI ≥29.0 kg/m2 enrolled into the Vitamin D and Lifestyle Intervention for GDM Prevention (DALI) pilot, lifestyle and vitamin D studies of this pan-European multicentre trial, attended for an OGTT during pregnancy. Demographic, anthropometric and metabolic data were collected at enrolment and throughout pregnancy. GDM was diagnosed using IADPSG/WHO 2013 criteria. GDM treatment followed local policies. RESULTS: The number of women recruited per country ranged from 80 to 217, and the dropout rate was 7.1%. Overall, 39% of women developed GDM during pregnancy, with no significant differences in prevalence across countries. The prevalence of GDM was high (24%; 242/1023) in early pregnancy. Despite interventions used in the DALI study, a further 14% (94/672) had developed GDM when tested at mid gestation (24-28 weeks) and 13% (59/476) of the remaining cohort at late gestation (35-37 weeks). Demographics and lifestyle factors were similar at baseline between women with GDM and those who maintained normal glucose tolerance. Previous GDM (16.5% vs 7.9%, p = 0.002), congenital malformations (6.4% vs 3.3%, p = 0.045) and a baby with macrosomia (31.4% vs 17.9%, p = 0.001) were reported more frequently in those who developed GDM. Significant anthropometric and metabolic differences were already present in early pregnancy between women who developed GDM and those who did not. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The prevalence of GDM diagnosed by the IADPSG/WHO 2013 GDM criteria in European pregnant women with a BMI ≥29.0 kg/m2 is substantial, and poses a significant health burden to these pregnancies and to the future health of the mother and her offspring. Uniform criteria for GDM diagnosis, supported by robust evidence for the benefits of treatment, are urgently needed to guide modern GDM screening and treatment strategies.

Is a motivational interviewing based lifestyle intervention for obese pregnant women across Europe implemented as planned? Process evaluation of the DALI study.

BACKGROUND: Process evaluation is an essential part of designing and assessing complex interventions. The vitamin D and lifestyle intervention study (DALI) study is testing different strategies to prevent development of gestational diabetes mellitus among European obese pregnant women with a body mass index ≥29 kg/m2. The intervention includes guidance on physical activity and/or healthy eating by a lifestyle coach trained in motivational interviewing (MI). The aim of this study was to assess the process elements: reach, dose delivered, fidelity and satisfaction and to investigate whether these process elements were associated with changes in gestational weight gain (GWG). METHODS: Data on reach, dose delivered, fidelity, and satisfaction among 144 participants were collected. Weekly recruitment reports, notes from meetings, coach logs and evaluation questionnaires (n = 110) were consulted. Fidelity of eight (out of twelve) lifestyle coach practitioners was assessed by analysing audio recorded counselling sessions using the MI treatment integrity scale. Furthermore, associations between process elements and GWG were assessed with linear regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 20% of the possible study population (reach) was included in this analysis. On average 4.0 (of the intended 5) face-to-face sessions were delivered. Mean MI fidelity almost reached 'expert opinion' threshold for the global scores, but was below 'beginning proficiency' for the behavioural counts. High variability in quality of MI between practitioners was identified. Participants were highly satisfied with the intervention, the lifestyle coach and the intervention materials. No significant associations were found between process elements and GWG. CONCLUSION: Overall, the intervention was well delivered and received by the study population, but did not comply with all the principles of MI. Ensuring audio recording of lifestyle sessions throughout the study would facilitate provision of individualized feedback to improve MI skills. A larger sample size is needed to confirm the lack of association between process elements and GWG. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN registry: ISRCTN70595832 ; Registered 12 December 2011.

Correlates of poor mental health in early pregnancy in obese European women.

BACKGROUND: Depression during pregnancy is associated with higher maternal morbidity and mortality, and subsequent possible adverse effects on the cognitive, emotional and behavioral development of the child. The aim of the study was to identify maternal characteristics associated with poor mental health, in a group of overweight/obese pregnant women in nine European countries, and thus, to contribute to better recognition and intervention for maternal depression. METHODS: In this cross-sectional observational study, baseline data from early pregnancy (< 20 weeks) of the DALI (Vitamin D and Lifestyle Intervention for gestational diabetes mellitus prevention) study were analyzed. Maternal mental health was assessed with the World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5). Women were classified as having a low (WHO-5 ≤ 50) or high wellbeing. RESULTS: A total of 735 pregnant women were included. The prevalence of having a low wellbeing was 27.2%, 95% CI [24.0, 30.4]. Multivariate analysis showed independent associations between low wellbeing and European ethnicity, OR = .44, 95% CI [.25, .77], shift work, OR = 1.81, 95% CI [1.11, 2.93], insufficient sleep, OR = 3.30, 95% CI [1.96, 5.55], self-efficacy, OR = .95, 95% CI [.92, .98], social support, OR = .94, 95% CI [.90, .99], and pregnancy-related worries (socioeconomic: OR = 1.08, 95% CI [1.02, 1.15]; health: OR = 1.06, 95% CI [1.01, 1.11]; relationship: OR = 1.17, 95% CI [1.05, 1.31]). CONCLUSIONS: Mental health problems are common in European overweight/obese pregnant women. The identified correlates might help in early recognition and subsequent treatment of poor mental health problems during pregnancy. This is important to reduce the unfavorable effects of poor mental health on pregnancy outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN70595832 , 02.12.2011.

Prescribing exercise for prevention and treatment of gestational diabetes: review of suggested recommendations.

Exercise has been proved to be safe during pregnancy and to offer benefits for both mother and fetus; moreover, physical activity may represent a useful tool for gestational diabetes prevention and treatment. Therefore, all women in uncomplicated pregnancy should be encouraged to engage in physical activity as part of a healthy lifestyle. However, exercise in pregnancy needs a careful medical evaluation to exclude medical or obstetric contraindications to exercise, and an appropriate prescription considering frequency, intensity, type and duration of exercise, to carefully balance between potential benefits and potential harmful effects. Moreover, some precautions related to anatomical and functional adaptations observed during pregnancy should be taken into consideration. This review summarized the suggested recommendations for physical activity among pregnant women with focus on gestational diabetes.

Physical activity, depressed mood and pregnancy worries in European obese pregnant women: results from the DALI study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between mental health status (i.e. depressed mood and pregnancy-related worries) and objectively measured physical activity levels in obese pregnant women from seven European countries. METHODS: Baseline data from the vitamin D and lifestyle intervention for the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus (DALI) study were used. Time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behaviour was measured with accelerometers. Depressed mood was measured with the WHO well-being index (WHO-5) and pregnancy-related worries with the Cambridge Worry Scale (CWS). In addition, socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and perceptions and attitude regarding weight management and physical activity were measured. Linear regression analyses were performed to assess the association of mental health status with MVPA and sedentary behaviour. RESULTS: A total of 98 obese pregnant women from Austria, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Spain and the Netherlands were included. Women had a mean age of 31.6 ± 5.8 years, a pre-pregnancy BMI of 34.1 ± 4.3 kg/m(2), and were on average 15.4 ± 2.8 weeks pregnant. WHO-5 scores indicative of depressed mood (<50) were reported by 27.1 % of the women and most frequently endorsed pregnancy-related worries pertained to own and the baby's health. Women with good well-being spent 85% more time in MVPA compared to women with a depressed mood (P = 0.03). No differences in MVPA levels were found for women with no, some, or many pregnancy worries. Depressed mood and pregnancy-related worries were not associated with sedentary behaviour. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that in pregnant women who are obese, a depressed mood, but not pregnancy-related worries, may be associated with less physical activity. The combined risk of poor mental health and low physical activity levels makes women vulnerable for pregnancy complications. Whether a depressed mood may be a barrier for improving physical activity warrants further study.

How much weight are women gaining during pregnancy? An Italian cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: The 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines define adequate gestational weight gain (GWG) in the attempt to prevent maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess whether the IOM guidelines are met in pregnant women with different pre-gestational body mass index (BMI). METHODS: The study included 230 pregnant women recruited at the University Hospital of Pisa (Italy) at their screening visit (24-28 weeks of gestation) for gestational diabetes (GDM). GWG was determined at screening time and before delivery to be compared with GWG recommended by IOM for each pre-pregnancy BMI category. RESULTS: A total of 48% of women had a GWG exceeding IOM recommendations. The prevalence of GWG excess was higher in over-weight (OW, 63.2%) and obese (OB, 63.8%) women as compared to normal-weight (NW, 27.7%; p < 0.0001) women. The upper limit of the recommended IOM weight gain range was already exceeded at screening time in 15.5% of women. The percentage increased 27% and 18% in OW and OB, respectively, compared with 1.5% in NW (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: About half of pregnant women had a GWG greater than the IOM recommended. GWG excess is particularly evident in OW and OB women.

Accuracy of intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring during caesarean delivery in pregnant women with insulin-treated diabetes.

AIM: Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) systems are not currently recommended to guide intrapartum glucose and insulin infusion, due to insufficient data. In this study, intrapartum accuracy of intermittently scanned CGM (isCGM), compared to simultaneously measured capillary glucose (CG), was evaluated. METHODS: Paired isCGM (Freestyle Libre 2) - CG data during caesarean delivery in pregnant women with insulin-treated diabetes were prospectively collected. The isCGM accuracy was assessed by MARD and Clarke Error Grid analysis. Moreover, the impact on intrapartum management was evaluated. RESULTS: Sixty-eight paired isCGM-CG data of 19 women were evaluated. The overallMARD was 9.28 %. All values were in A and B zones of Clarke Error Grid. Forty-six (68 %) isCGM-CG pairs were in the same glycemic range, meaning the same intrapartum management. All discordant data were identified by checking CG in case of isCGM above 110 mg/dL or less than 70 mg/dL [chi-square 21.76, p < 0.001]. At ROC curve, isCGM above 110 mg/dL was associated with 100 % sensitivity to discordant result at CG (AUC 0.859, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The accuracy of isCGM during caesarean delivery was good, particularly for glucose values between 70 and 110 mg/dL, when CG confirmation could be safely avoided.

Predicting the Risk of Adverse Neonatal Outcomes in Women With Insulin-Treated Diabetes: Is It Time for a Pregnancy-Specific Glycemic Risk Index (GRI)?

BACKGROUND: The Glycemia Risk Index (GRI) describes the quality of glycemic control, emphasizing extreme hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia more than less extreme values. However, a pregnancy-specific GRI (pGRI), tailored to the tighter target glucose range required during pregnancy, has not been established. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated clinical, metabolic, and Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) data across pregnancy in women with insulin-treated diabetes, managed between September 2021 and March 2024 at the University Hospital of Pisa. First and second levels of hyperglycemia (TAR1: 140-180 mg/dL, TAR2: >180 mg/dL) and hypoglycemia (TBR1: 63-54 mg/dL, TBR2: <54 mg/dL) were used to calculate the pGRI at each trimester. Logistic regression analysis investigated the association between pGRI and risk of at least one adverse neonatal outcome (among preterm delivery, macrosomia, large for gestational age, small for gestational age, neonatal hypoglycemia, neonatal jaundice, and neonatal intensive care unit admission). RESULTS: Of 45 pregnant women, 25 (56%) experienced at least one adverse neonatal outcome. In the third trimester, women with adverse outcomes had significantly higher total TAR (26 [12-32]% vs 10 [4-23]%, P = .018) and lower TIR (71 [64-83]% vs 88 [75-92]%, P = .007). Specifically, the difference was notable in TAR2 (6 [2-15]% vs 1 [0-4]%, P = .004), whereas TAR1 was comparable between the 2 groups. Accordingly, third trimester pGRI was higher in women with adverse neonatal outcomes (38 [18-49]% vs 18 [10-31]%, P = .013) and, at logistic regression, slightly but significantly increased the risk of adverse neonatal outcomes (1.044 [1.004-1.086], P = .024). CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant women with insulin-treated diabetes reporting adverse neonatal outcomes spent more time in hyperglycemia, particularly in extreme hyperglycemia. Therefore, the level of hyperglycemia should always be assessed during pregnancy. The pGRI, emphasizing extreme hyperglycemia, may be a novel comprehensive tool for assessing the risk of adverse neonatal outcomes.