Determination of anticancer potential of a novel pharmacologically active thiosemicarbazone derivative against colorectal cancer cell lines.

Thiosemicarbazones have received noteworthy attention due to their numerous pharmacological activities. Various thiosemicarbazone derivatives have been reported to play a key role as potential chemotherapeutic agents for the management of cancer. Herein, we aimed to establish the anticancer efficacy of novel thiosemicarbazone derivative C4 against colon cancer in vitro. The MTT viability assay identified C4 as a promising anticancer compound in a panel of cancer cell lines with the most potent activity against colon cancer cells. Further, anticancer potential of C4 was evaluated against HT-29 and SW620 colon cancer cell lines considering the factors like cell adhesion and migration, oxidative stress, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Our results showed that C4 significantly inhibited the migration and adhesion of colon cancer cells. C4 significantly increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induced apoptotic cell death. Cell cycle analysis revealed that C4 interfered in the cell cycle distribution and arrested the cells at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Consistent with these results C4 also down-regulated the Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 and up-regulated the caspase-3 expression. These findings introduced C4 as the potential anticancer agent against colon cancer.

ChCl: Gly (DESs) Promote Environmentally Benign Synthesis of Xanthene Derivatives and Their Antitubercular Activity.

A ChCl: Gly (DESs) promoted environmentally benign method was developed for the first time using the reaction of aryl aldehydes and dimedone to give excellent yields of xanthene analogues. The major application of this present protocol is the use of green solvent, a wide range of substrate, short reaction times, ease of recovery, the recyclability of the catalyst, high reaction yield, and ChCl: Gly as an alternative catalyst and solvent. In addition to this, all the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis H37Ra (MTB) and M. bovis BCG strains. The compounds 3d, 3e, 3f, and 3j showed significant antitubercular activity against MTB and M. bovis strains with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 2.5-15.10 µg/mL and 0.26-14.92 µg/mL, respectively. The compounds 3e, 3f, and 3j were found to be nontoxic against MCF-7, A549, HCT 116, and THP-1 cell lines. All the prepared compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR and 13C NMR analysis.

Novel sulindac derivatives: synthesis, characterisation, evaluation of antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, ulcerogenic and COX-2 inhibition activity.

A new series of N'-(substituted phenyl)-2-(1-(4-(methylsulfinyl) benzylidene)-5-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-inden-3-yl) acetohydrazide derivatives (1 - 25) were prepared in good yields in an efficient manner. All the compounds were fully characterised by the elemental analysis and spectral data. Synthesised compounds were evaluated for antioxidant activity by DPPH method. Compounds 7 (R = 3-methoxyphenyl), 3 (R = 4-dimethylaminophenyl) and 23 (R = 2,4,5-trimethoxy phenyl) substitutions were found to be having highly potent antioxidant activity. Compound 3, with para dimethylaminophenyl substitution was found to be having highest antioxidant activity. It was further evaluated in vivo for various analgesic, anti-inflammatory, ulcerogenic and COX-2 inhibitory activity in different animal models. Lead compound 3 was found to be significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent. It was also evaluated for ulcerogenic activity and demonstrated significant ulcerogenic reduction activity in ethanol and indomethacin model. The LD50 of compound 3 was found to be 131 mg/kg. The animals treated with compound 3 prior to cisplatin treatment resulted in a significant reduction in COX-2 protein expression when compared to cisplatin-treated group. Sulindac derivative with para dimethylaminophenyl substitution was found to be the most potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent as well as with significant gastric sparing activity as compared to standard drug sulindac. Compound 3 significantly downregulated liver tissue COX-2 gene expression.

Synthesis of Novel Sulfamethaoxazole 4-Thiazolidinone Hybrids and Their Biological Evaluation.

A search for potent antitubercular agents prompted us to design and synthesize sulfamethaoxazole incorporated 4-thiazolidinone hybrids (7a-l) by using a cyclocondensation reaction between 4-amino-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide (4), aryl aldehyde (5a-l), and mercapto acetic acid (6) resulting in good to excellent yields. All the newly synthesized 4-thiazolidinone derivatives were screened for their in vitro antitubercular activity against M. Bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis H37Ra (MTB) strains. The compounds 7d, 7g, 7i, 7k, and 7l revealed promising antimycobacterial activity against M. Bovis and MTB strains with IC90 values in the range of 0.058-0.22 and 0.43-5.31 µg/mL, respectively. The most active compounds were also evaluated for their cytotoxicity against MCF-7, HCT 116, and A549 cell lines and were found to be non-cytotoxic. Moreover, the synthesized compounds were also analyzed for ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) properties and showed potential as good oral drug candidates.

Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking with In Silico Physicochemical, Pharmacokinetic and Toxicity Prediction of Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines.

Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines 5a-c, 9a-c and 13a-i were synthesized for evaluation of their in vitro antimicrobial properties against some microorganisms and their immunomodulatory activity. The biological activities of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines showed that the pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines (5c, 9a, 9c, 13a, 13c, 13d, 13e and 13h) displayed promising antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. Studying the in silico predicted physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, ADMET and drug-likeness properties for the pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines 5a-c, 9a-c and 13a-i confirmed that most of the compounds (i) were within the range set by Lipinski's rule of five, (ii) show higher gastrointestinal absorption and inhibition of some CYP isoforms, and (iii) have a carcinogenicity test that was predicted as negative and hERG test that presented medium risk. Moreover, the molecular docking study demonstrated that the compounds 5c, 9a, 9c, 13a, 13c, 13d, 13e and 13h are potent inhibitors of 14-alpha demethylase, transpeptidase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes. This study could be valuable in the discovery of a new series of drugs.

Molecular docking and experimental investigation of new indole derivative cyclooxygenase inhibitor to probe its binding mechanism with bovine serum albumin.

The indole derivative 2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N'-[(E)-(3-nitrophenyl) methylidene]acetohydrazide (IND) was synthesized for its therapeutic potential to inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX)-II. Binding if IND to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated was because most drugs bind to serum albumin in-vivo. Fluorescence, UV-vis spectrophotometry and molecular modeling methodologies were employed for studying the interaction mechanism. The intrinsic fluorescence of BSA was quenched by BSA and the quenching mechanism involved was static quenching. The binding constants between IND and BSA at the three studied temperatures (298, 301 and 306 K) were 1.09 × 105, 4.36 × 104 and 1.23 × 104 L mol-1 respectively. The most likely site for binding IND to BSA was Site I (subdomain IIA). The analysis of thermodynamic parameter revealed the involvement of hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces in the IND-BSA interaction. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopic (SFS) and UV-vis spectrophotometric studies suggested conformational change in BSA molecule post interaction to IND. Molecular docking and the experimental results corroborated one another. The study can prove as an insight for future IND drug development.

Determination of (4-(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol- 2-yl)-N'-[(4-ethoxyphenyl) methylidene] benzohydrazide, a novel anti-inflammatory agent, in biological fluids by UPLC-MS/MS: Assay development, validation and in vitro metabolic stability study.

A thalidomide analog, (4-(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)-N'-[(4-ethoxyphenyl) methylidene] benzohydrazide), has been identified as a promising broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory agent in previous study. In this study, a sensitive and selective UPLC-MS/MS assay was developed and validated for its determination in rat plasma samples. The chromatographic separation was performed on an Aquity BEH C18 column using mobile phase comprising of acetonitrile and 10 mm ammonium acetate in the ratio of 85: 15, at flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The detection and quantification were performed in positive multiple reaction monitoring mode by parent to daughter ion transition of 414.06 ˃ 148.05 for analyte and 411.18 ˃ 191.07 for internal standard (risperidone), respectively using electrospray ionization source. The sample extraction process consisted of liquid-liquid extraction method using diethyl ether as the extracting solvent. The assay was validated by following FDA guidelines and all parameters were found to be within acceptable limits. The linearity was between 10.1 and 2500 ng/mL and the lower limit of quantification was 10.1 ng/mL. The reported results indicate that the assay could meet the requirement for analysis of this compound in amounts expected to the present in actual samples. Further, in vitro metabolic stability study was performed in rat liver microsomes by using the validated assay.

Study of the Interactions of Bovine Serum Albumin with the New Anti-Inflammatory Agent 4-(1,3-Dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)-N'-[(4-ethoxy-phenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide Using a Multi-Spectroscopic Approach and Molecular Docking.

The lipophilic derivative of thalidomide (4-(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)-N'-[(4-ethoxyphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide, 6P) was synthesized to enhance its characteristics and efficacy. Earlier studies have proved the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of 6P. In this study the interaction between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 6P was studied using a multi-spectroscopic approach which included UV spectrophotometry, spectrofluorimetry and three dimensional spectrofluorometric and molecular docking studies. Static quenching was involved in quenching the fluorescence of BSA by 6P, because a complex formation occurred between the 6P and BSA. The binding constant decreased with higher temperature and was in the range of 2.5 × 105-4.8 × 10³ L mol-1 suggesting an unstable complex at higher temperatures. A single binding site was observed and the the site probe experiments showed site II (sub-domain IIIA) of BSA as the binding site for 6P. The negative values of ∆G°, ∆H° and ∆S° at (298/303/308 K) indicated spontaneous binding between 6P and BSA as well as the interaction was enthalpy driven and van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding were involved in the interaction. The docking results and the results from the experimental studies are complimentary to each other and confirm that 6P binds at site II (sub-domain IIIA) of BSA.

Development and validation of UHPLC-MS/MS assay for rapid determination of a carvone Schiff base of isoniazid (CSB-INH) in rat plasma: application to pharmacokinetic study.

In this study, a fast UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination of a novel potent carvone Schiff base of isoniazid (CSB-INH) in rat plasma using carbamazepine as an internal standard (IS). After a single-step protein precipitation by acetonitrile, CSB-INH and IS were separated on an Acquity BEH(TM) C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) under an isocratic mobile phase, consisting of acetonitrile: 10 mM ammonium acetate (95:5, v/v), at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Quantification was performed on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer in multiple reactions monitoring mode by using positive electrospray ionization source. The precursor to product ion transitions were set at m/z 270.08 → 79.93 for CSB-INH and m/z 237.00 → 178.97 for IS. The proposed method was validated in compliance with US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency guidelines for bioanalytical method validation. The method was found to be linear in the range of 0.35-2500 ng/mL (r(2) ≥ 0.997) with a lower limit of quantification of 0.35 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day precision values were ≤12.0% whereas accuracy values ranged from 92.3 to 108.7%. In addition, other validation results were within the acceptance criteria and the method was successfully applied in a pharmacokinetic study of CSB-INH in rats.

Lead Optimization of 2-Cyclohexyl-N-[(Z)-(3-methoxyphenyl/3-hydroxyphenyl) methylidene]hydrazinecarbothioamides for Targeting the HER-2 Overexpressed Breast Cancer Cell Line SKBr-3.

Lead derivatives of 2-cyclohexyl-N-[(Z)-(3-methoxyphenyl/3-hydroxyphenyl) methylidene]hydrazinecarbothioamides 1-18 were synthesized, characterized and evaluated in vitro against HER-2 overexpressed breast cancer cell line SKBr-3. All the compounds showed activity against HER-2 overexpressed SKBr-3 cells with IC50 = 17.44 ± 0.01 µM to 53.29 ± 0.33 µM. (2Z)-2-(3-Hydroxybenzylidene)-N-(3-methoxyphenyl)hydrazinecarbothioamide (12, IC50 = 17.44 ± 0.01 µM) was found to be most potent compound of this series targeting HER-2 overexpressed breast cancer cells compared to the standard drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (IC50 = 38.58 ± 0.04 µM). Compound 12 inhibited the cellular proliferation via DNA degradation.

Synthesis and anti-mycobacterial activity of new 4-thiazolidinone and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives of isoniazid.

A new series of 4-thiazolidinone (3a-e) and 1,3,4-oxadiazole (4a-e) derivatives of isoniazid were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro anti-mycobacterial activity. The structures of the compounds were confirmed on the basis of spectral data and elemental analysis. Some compounds showed interesting activity against four Mycobacterium strains: M. intercellulari (ATCC 35743), M. xenopi (ATCC 14470), M. cheleneo (ATCC 35751) and M. smegmatis (ATCC 35797). Compounds 3e, N-(4-oxo-2-undecylthiazolidin-3-yl) isonicotinamide and 4e N-acetyl-4-(5-undecyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl) pyridine with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), 6.0 µg/mL were found to be more potent than isoniazid under the in vitro investigational conditions. Compound 3e and 4e bear a high lipophilic chain bonded to the 5-position of the thiazolidinone and 1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety, respectively. This fact indicates that there exists a contribution of lipophilicity, which would facilitate the transport of these molecules through membranes.

Using Selenium-enriched Mutated Probiotics as Enhancer for Fertility Parameters in Mice.

Increasing fertility rates have become one of the factors that concern all people in the world. Therefore, the study aims to use two mutated strains of probiotics enriched with selenium (PSe40/60/1 and BSe50/20/1) to improve fertility. Thirty Swiss albino male mice were divided into three groups; control, LP + S was given Lactobacillus plantarum PSe40/60/1 plus selenium, and BL + S was given Bifidobacterium longum BSe50/20/1 plus selenium. Free testosterone, LH, and FSH were measured in serum by biochemical analysis. Testicular tissues were examined by histopathological analysis. The count and motility of sperm, and sperm abnormalities were determined by microscopic examination. The method of qRT-PCR was used to detect gene expression of Tspyl1, Hsd3b6, and Star genes. The biochemical results showed that serum content of free testosterone (FT) hormone had significantly increase in the BL + S and LP + S groups compared with control. Levels of LH and FSH hormones were the highest in the BL + S group. The treated groups showed all developmental stages of spermatogenesis, including spermatogenesis, spermatocytes, and seminiferous tubule spermatids, as well as intact Sertoli cells and Leydig cells without changes. When compared to the control group, sperm count and motility increased in the BL + S group, while sperm abnormalities decreased. The expression of Tspyl1 gene in testicular tissues decreased in the LP + S and BL + S groups, while the expression of Star and Hsd3b6 genes was higher in the BL + S group and lower in the LP + S group compared with the control group. Therefore, Bifidobacterium longum BSe50/20/1 enriched with selenium could be useful in enhancing male fertility.

Anti-inflammatory activity of novel derivatives of pyrazolo [3,4d] pyridazine against digestive system inflammation.

The digestive system is exposed to severe inflammation as a result of taking some medications that have gastrointestinal side effects. Sixty Swiss-albino male mice were randomly distributed into six groups to treat inflammations of the colon, stomach, and small intestine caused by taking high doses of diclofenac (D), with two novel synthesized compounds, pyrazolo [3,4 d] pyridazine derivatives (Co1 and Co2). Myeloperoxidase enzyme activity was determined in the colon and small intestinal tissues. Serum contents of TNF-α, IL-22, IgG, and IgM were determined by ELISA. Histopathological examinations of the colon, small intestinal, and stomach tissues were microscopically analyzed. TNF-α, IL-22, and TNFSF11 gene expression were measured in the colon, intestinal, and spleen using qRT-PCR. Diclofenac caused surface columnar epithelial cell loss, focal necrosis of the gastric mucosa, inflammatory cell infiltration, and congested blood vessels in the stomach, colon, and small intestinal tissues. Co1 component was found to be better than Co2 component in reducing the focal necrosis of gastric mucosa and improving the histological structures of the stomach, colon, and small intestinal tissues. After 14 days, the activity of the myeloperoxidase enzyme was increased in group D and decreased in groups DCo1, DCo2, Co1, and Co2. Serum concentrations of TNF-α and IgG were increased, while IL-22 and IGM were reduced in the D, DCo1, and DCo2 groups compared with the Co1 and control groups. TNF-α gene was upregulated in the D group and downregulated in the Co1 group, while the IL-22 gene was downregulated in the D group and upregulated in the Co1 group compared with the control group. The CO1 component may be useful in reducing digestive system inflammation.

(E)-N'-(4-Isopropyl-benzyl-idene)isonicotinohydrazide monohydrate.

In the title compound, C(16)H(17)N(3)O·H(2)O, the isonicotinohydrazide mol-ecule adopts an E conformation about the central C=N double bond. The dihedral angle between the pyridine and the benzene rings is 54.56 (15)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are connected via N-H⋯O, O-H⋯N and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network.

(Z)-7-[2-(4-Bromo-phen-yl)hydrazin-1-yl-idene]-6-methyl-3-(pyridin-4-yl)-7H-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thia-diazine.

In the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(16)H(12)BrN(7)S, there are two crystallographically independent mol-ecules with similar conformations. Both mol-ecules are slightly twisted; the central 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b]-1,3,4-thia-diazine ring system makes dihedral angles of 9.65 (15) and 13.29 (15)° with the pyridine and benzene rings, respectively, in one mol-ecule, whereas the corresponding values in the other mol-ecule are 9.30 (15) and 4.84 (15)°. A weak intra-molecular C-H⋯N inter-action with an S(6) ring motif is observed in each mol-ecule. In the crystal, the independent mol-ecules are each linked through N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds and weak C-H⋯N interactions into ribbons along the c axis. The ribbons are further linked together by weak C-H⋯N, C-H⋯π and π-π [centroid-centroid distances = 3.572 (2)-3.884 (2) Å] inter-actions.

(E)-2-(2,3-Dimethyl-anilino)-N'-[2-methyl-5-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclo-hex-2-enyl-idene]benzohydrazide.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(25)H(29)N(3)O, comprises two crystallographically independent mol-ecules. The dihedral angles between the benzene rings in the two mol-ecules are 59.7 (2) and 61.27 (18)°. The cyclo-hexene rings adopt sofa and half-chair conformations. In the crystal, mol-ecules are connected via N-H⋯O and weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along the a axis. In each mol-ecule, there is an intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond.

N'-[(1E,2E)-3,7-Dimethyl-octa-2,6-dien-1-yl-idene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide.

In the title compound, C(16)H(21)N(3)O, the mol-ecule adopts an E conformation about the central C=N double bond. The 2-methyl-pent-2-ene group is disordered over two sets of sites, with a refined occupancy ratio of 0.785 (8):0.215 (8). The dihedral angle between the essentially planar [the r.m.s. value for the major component is 0.021 (7) and its maximum deviation is 0.025 (4) Å; the r.m.s. value for the minor component is 0.03 (4) and its maximum deviation is 0.05 (3) Å] major and minor components of the 2-methyl-but-2-ene group is 35.9 (13)°. In the crystal, C-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules, with the same O atom acting as the acceptor. This results in C(1) (1)(4) and C(1) (1)(5) [001] chains.

(E)-2-(2,3-Dimethyl-anilino)-N'-(thio-phen-2-yl-methyl-idene)benzohydrazide.

In the title compound, C(20)H(19)N(3)OS, the central benzene ring makes dihedral angles of 45.36 (9) and 55.33 (9)° with the thio-phene ring and the dimethyl-substituted benzene ring, respectively. The dihedral angle between the thio-phene ring and dimethyl-substituted benzene ring is 83.60 (9)°. The thio-phene ring and the benzene ring are twisted from the mean plane of the C(=O)-N-N=C bridge [maximum deviation = 0.0860 (13) Å], with dihedral angles of 23.86 (9) and 24.77 (8)°, respectively. An intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds to the same acceptor atom, forming sheets lying parallel to the bc plane. The crystal packing also features C-H⋯π inter-actions.

Synthesis, characterization and in vivo anticonvulsant and neurotoxicity screening of Schiff bases of phthalimide.

A series of Schiff bases of phthalimide (4a-l) were prepared in satisfactory yields and evaluated for their anticonvulsant and neurotoxicity activities. The structures of all the compounds were in good agreement with elemental analysis and spectral data. All the compounds were active in MES screen and less neurotoxic than phenytoin. Compound 41 having nitro substitution at ortho position of the distal aryl ring emerged as most promising anticonvulsant agent with low neurotoxicity.

Coumarin incorporated triazoles: a new class of anticonvulsants.

A series of coumarin incorporated 1,2,4- triazole compounds (1-14) were evaluated for their possible anticonvulsant and neurotoxic properties, log P values, pharmacophoric mapping and three dimensional structure analysis. Compound (6) with para-fluoro substitution showed significant anticonvulsant activity.