Values in families with young children: Insights from two cultural milieus in Germany.

Are children's value priorities different from their parents' generation? We present data from the youngest children's sample that has been included in a comprehensive family study of values so far: Our study is based on self-reported values of 127 six- to eleven-year-old German children (M = 7.89, SD = 1.35) and their mothers and fathers. We further took into account two potentially interacting developmental variables that have been suggested in the literature: (a) family members' gender and (b) cultural milieu (we looked specifically at families with Turkish immigration background and families without immigration background). While values of self-transcendence, self-enhancement and openness to change did not differ significantly between the two generations, children found conservation significantly more important than their parents. This contrasts with findings from previous studies with older participants. We discuss to what extent this effect may be unique to this developmental stage of middle childhood that had not been covered by previous research. Females valued conservation more than males, and conservation was more important in families with as compared to families without Turkish immigration background. There was neither a gender × generation nor a cultural milieu × generation interaction.

Assessing values at an early age: the Picture-Based Value Survey for Children (PBVS-C).

In this article, we introduce the Picture-Based Value Survey for Children (PBVS-C): a new assessment instrument that was developed within the conceptual framework of Schwartz's (1994) theory of universal human values. In the article, we describe the development of the PBVS-C with a specific focus on children's cognitive-developmental background (Harter, 1999; La Greca, 1990) and first applications. Multidimensional Scaling analyses in 2 samples of 8- to 12-year-old children (N= 267, N= 421, respectively) revealed highly differentiated structural patterns that closely correspond to Schwartz's theory. We discuss these findings and the potentials and limitations of the new instrument with respect to future directions of values research.

Cross-cultural evidence of value structures and priorities in childhood.

We broaden the developmental focus of the theory of universals in basic human values (Schwartz, 1992, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology) by presenting supportive evidence on children's values from six countries: Germany, Italy, Poland, Bulgaria, the United States, and New Zealand. 3,088 7-11-year-old children completed the Picture-Based Value Survey for Children (PBVS-C, Döring et al., 2010, J. Pers. Assess., 92, 439). Grade 5 children also completed the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ, Schwartz, 2003, A proposal for measuring value orientations across nations. Chapter 7 in the Questionnaire Development Package of the European Social Survey). Findings reveal that the broad value structures, sex differences in value priorities and pan-cultural value hierarchies typical of adults have already taken form at this early age. We discuss the conceptual implications of these findings for the new field of children's basic values by embedding them in the recent developmental literature.

Peculiaridades da estrutura de valores básicos dos brasileiros / Characteristic features of brazilians' basic values

A teoria de Valores Básicos, validada em diversos países, tem apresentado diferentes configurações empíricas, de acordo com a população e amostra pesquisada. No Brasil, alguns estudos foram realizados, porém com amostras não representativas, não havendo convergência entre os resultados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a estrutura empírica dos valores dos brasileiros, a partir de uma amostra representativa, totalizando 3.774 respondentes. Os dados foram coletados face a face por meio de entrevistadores que aplicaram a escala Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-21). O tratamento de dados consistiu na análise confirmatória do escalonamento multidimensional tendo por base uma matriz de desenho específica para aplicação à teoria de valores básicos. Com base em estudos anteriores, elaboraram-se três hipóteses de pesquisa quanto ao agrupamento e distribuição dos valores na estrutura empírica, as quais foram parcialmente corroboradas. Os valores de benevolência localizaram-se na parte interna do círculo e os de universalismo, na parte externa; os valores de hedonismo e estimulação associaram-se em uma única região; os valores de conformidade assumiram região adjacente aos valores de tradição e segurança. A distribuição circular dos valores sugere que a matriz empírica dos valores dos brasileiros tende a assumir características de sociedades econômica e socialmente desenvolvidas...

The Basic Values Theory has been validated in various countries. Depending on the respective population and sample, however, somewhat different empirical configurations have been found. In Brazil, some studies have been conducted, though with unrepresentative samples, and their results do not converge. This study aimed to analyze the empirical structure of Brazilians' values, using a representative sample, with 3,774 respondents. Data were collected face-to-face by interviewers who applied the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-21). Data analysis consisted of confirmatory multidimensional scaling based on a specific design matrix derived from the Basic Values Theory. Based on previous studies, three research hypotheses were proposed that related to the grouping and distribution of the values in the empirical structures. These hypotheses were partially supported. Benevolence values were located inside the circle, and those of Universalism toward the outside. The values of Hedonism and Stimulation collapsed into a single region. Conformity values filled the region adjacent to the values of Tradition and Security. The circular distribution of values suggests that the empirical structure of Brazilians' values tends to assume features of economically and socially developed societies...

Confrontando estruturas de valores: um estudo comparativo entre PVQ-40 e PVQ-21 / Confronting structures of values: a comparative study between PVQ-40 and PVQ-21

Esforços têm sido realizados para desenvolver escalas de mensuração capazes de traduzir o constructo e a estrutura de valores. Entre as existentes estão as escalas SVS - Schwartz Value Survey e o Portrait Values Questionnaire com 40 e 21 itens (respectivamente PVQ-40 e PVQ-21). As duas formas desse último questionário apresentam aplicabilidade mais ampla, por possuírem uma menor quantidade de itens e terem os itens redigidos de forma menos abstrata do que a SVS. Não foram encontrados, no entanto, estudos que comparem as duas escalas quanto à estrutura de valores obtida a partir de sua aplicação, objetivo a que este estudo se propôs a alcançar. A pesquisa foi realizada com uma amostra de 217 estudantes universitários, aos quais foram aplicadas as escalas PVQ-40 e PVQ-21, em dois momentos distintos. Os dados foram tratados mediante Análise de Escalonamento Multidimensional Confirmatória Fraca. Os resultados indicaram que ambas as escalas são equivalentes quanto à estrutura de valores bidimensional e bipolar, porém foram encontradas divergências entre ambas quanto à distribuição no espaço dos valores dos tipos Estimulação, Autodeterminação, Poder e Realização. (AU)

Several measurement scales have been developed in order to translate constructs and their value structure. Among these are the Schwartz's Values Survey (SVS) and the Portrait Values Questionnaire with 40 and 21 items, respectively (PVQ-40 and PVQ-21). The two forms of the questionnaire allow a wider use because they have showed fewer and less abstract items compared to the SVS, however, there have not been found studies that compare both instruments regarding their value structure. Therefore, this is the objective of the present study. A sample of 217 university students answered the PVQ-40 and the PVQ-21 at two different moments in time. The data were analyzed by Confirmatory Multidimensional Scaling. The results indicate that both scales are equivalent in terms of bidimensional and bipolar value structures, however, differences were found with regard to the spatial distribution of values measuring Stimulation, Self-Direction, Power and Achievement. (AU)

A Teoria das Facetas: noções básicas / Facet Theory: basic notions

A Teoria das Facetas é um procedimento de pesquisa metateórico. Ela oferece um marco de referência formal que facilita o desenvolvimento de teorias e o estabelecimento de hipóteses, utiliza métodos que requerem um mínimo de restrições estatísticas e inter-relaciona sistematicamente delineamento de pesquisa, coleta de dados e análise estatística. Neste artigo esboçam-se os componentes básicos desta teoria, ilustra-se a aplicação da análise da estrutura de similaridades - um método freqüentemente empregado no contexto da Teoria das Facetas - e esquematizam-se os diversos papéis que as facetas desempenham na análise multidimensional. Isto é realizado usando como ilustração exemplos advindos da pesquisa de motivação e de valores, bem como estudos sobre medo do delito.