RESUMEN
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder is a prevalent malignant tumor among the elderly, whereas its incidence is scarce in the first 2 decades of life. The most commonly reported symptom in the literature is isolated hematuria, frequently overlooked during the initial medical assessment. In this study, we present the case of a 3-year-old male with hematuria, accompanied by other irritative symptoms such as flank pain, nausea, and vomiting. Ultrasonography revealed a bladder mass, which was later confirmed to be a noninvasive low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma (NLPUC) through histopathological examination. This report discusses the clinical and pathological characteristics of the case and examines current literature on the topic.
RESUMEN
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a developmental and physical disorder with different degrees of severity. Since CP manifests itself in early childhood, numerous research studies have concentrated on children with CP. Patients with CP encounter different severity of motor impairments attributed to the damage or disturbance to the fetal or infant developing brain, which begins in early childhood and persists through adulthood. Patients with CP are more prone to mortality compared to the general population. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the risk factors that predict and influence mortality in patients with CP. Systematic search for studies assessing the risk factors for mortality in CP patients that were conducted from 2000 to 2023 in Google Scholar, PubMed, and Cochrane Library was performed. R-One Group Proportion was used for statistical analysis and Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS) for quality appraisal. Of the 1791 total database searches, nine studies were included. Based on the NOS tool for quality appraisal, seven studies were of moderate quality, and two studies were rated as of high quality. The risk factors included pneumonia and other respiratory infections, neurological disorders, circulatory diseases, gastrointestinal infections, and accidents. Pneumonia (OR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.31 - 0.51), neurological disorders (OR = 0.11, 95% CI = 0.08 - 0.16), respiratory infections (OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.31 - 0.51), cardiovascular and circulatory diseases (OR = 0.11, 95% CI = 0.04 - 0.27), gastrointestinal and metabolic causes (OR = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.06 - 0.22), and accidents (OR = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.04 - 0.07) were the risk factors assessed. It was concluded that multiple factors predict the risk of mortality in patients with CP. Pneumonia and other respiratory infections are associated with a high risk of mortality. Cardiovascular and circulatory diseases, gastrointestinal and metabolic disorders, and accidents are strongly linked to mortality in CP patients.
RESUMEN
The utilization of over-the-counter (OTC) painkillers among medical students during academic exams has raised concerns about health risks and potential implications, including substance abuse and academic performance. This cross-sectional study aimed to estimate the prevalence of OTC painkiller utilization among medical students at Alfaisal University during academic exams. Additionally, the study explored and identified the factors that influenced the patterns of OTC painkiller utilization among these students. The study was conducted from January to May 2023, following approval from the Institutional Review Board. The research involved surveying medical students of different genders, nationalities, and academic years during examination periods. Out of 1,500 medical students, 194 participated, resulting in a response rate of approximately 13%. The study results revealed that 50.5% of medical students used OTC painkillers during exams. While there were no significant variations based on gender or nationality, the prevalence of OTC painkiller utilization varied significantly across academic years. During exam periods, the primary reason reported for using OTC painkillers was pain management. Additionally, some students mentioned using OTC painkillers to seek relaxation, improve sleep, enhance concentration, and stay alert. These insights shed light on the coping strategies practiced by students during high-stress academic periods. Most participants demonstrated familiarity with the guidelines for safe OTC painkiller utilization. Although the majority used painkillers infrequently or as needed, a subgroup reported increased utilization during exams. This finding highlights the importance of continuous monitoring and health education initiatives to prevent or address potential OTC painkiller abuse among medical students during exam periods. Ensuring the well-being of medical students is a priority, and appropriate measures should be employed to address any emerging concerns related to substance abuse. By addressing these issues proactively, educational institutions can promote a healthier academic environment during exam periods.