RESUMEN
Maternal prenatal stress has been linked to a variety of infant postnatal outcomes, partially through alterations in fetal HPA axis functioning; yet the underlying pathobiology remains elusive. Current literature posits DNA methylation as a candidate mechanism through which maternal prenatal stress can influence fetal HPA axis functioning. The goal of this systematic review was to summarize the literature examining the associations among maternal prenatal stress, DNA methylation of commonly studied HPA axis candidate genes, and infant HPA axis functioning. Results from the review provided evidence for a link between various maternal prenatal stressors, NR3C1 methylation, and infant stress reactivity, but findings among other genes were limited, with mixed results. An original study quality review tool revealed that a majority of studies in the review are adequate, and emphasizes the need for future research to consider study quality when interpreting research findings.
Asunto(s)
Metilación de ADN/fisiología , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisario , Sistema Hipófiso-Suprarrenal , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Estrés Psicológico , Metilación de ADN/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisario/metabolismo , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisario/fisiopatología , Lactante , Sistema Hipófiso-Suprarrenal/metabolismo , Sistema Hipófiso-Suprarrenal/fisiopatología , Embarazo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/genética , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/metabolismo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/fisiopatología , Estrés Psicológico/genética , Estrés Psicológico/metabolismo , Estrés Psicológico/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Recent evidence suggests parent-adolescent discrepancies regarding adolescent disclosure can provide insight into parent-child relations and adolescent adjustment. However, pathways linking discrepancies to adjustment are not well known. We tested a model linking parent-adolescent discrepancies in disclosure to adolescent substance use through affiliation with deviant peers. Using three annual waves of data from a community-based study (N = 357; 91% African American; 53% female; Mage = 13.13 years, SD = 1.62 years at baseline), findings revealed that adolescent-reported secrecy and deviant peer affiliation were positively associated with substance use one and two years later, respectively, but there was no evidence of mediation. The results highlight associations of adolescent secrecy and adjustment, and the role peers play in adolescent substance use behaviors.
Asunto(s)
Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Responsabilidad Parental/psicología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/etiología , Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Padres , Grupo Paritario , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicología , Revelación de la VerdadRESUMEN
Objective: To systematically review the evidence for associations between exposure to community violence and physical health outcomes in children and adolescents. Methods: A thorough search of multiple online databases and careful consideration of inclusion and exclusion criteria yielded a final 28 studies for detailed review. In addition to review of findings, studies were rated on overall quality based on study design. Results: Seven categories of physical health outcomes emerged, including asthma/respiratory health, cardiovascular health, immune functioning, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning, sleep problems, weight, and a general health category. There were mixed findings across these categories. Evidence for a positive association between community violence exposure and health problems was strongest in the cardiovascular health and sleep categories. Conclusion: There is reason to believe that community violence exposure has an effect on some areas of physical health. Additional well-designed research that focuses on mechanisms as well as outcomes is warranted.