HPV-18E6 Inhibits Interactions between TANC2 and SNX27 in a PBM-Dependent Manner and Promotes Increased Cell Proliferation.

Cancer-causing HPV E6 oncoproteins contain a PDZ-binding motif at the extreme carboxy terminus, which plays an important role in the viral life cycle and in the development of malignancy. Through this motif, HPV E6 targets a large number of cellular substrates, many of which are involved in processes related to the regulation of cell polarity. Recent studies also demonstrated E6's PDZ binding motif (PBM)-dependent association with SNX27, with a potential role in the perturbation of endocytic transport. Here, we have performed a proteomic analysis to identify SNX27-interacting partners whose binding to SNX27 is specifically perturbed in an E6-dependent manner. Extracts of HeLa cells that express GFP-tagged SNX27, transfected with control siRNA or siRNA targeting E6AP, were subject to GFP immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectroscopy, which identified TANC2 as an interacting partner of SNX27. Furthermore, we demonstrate that HPV E6 inhibits association between SNX27 and TANC2 in a PBM-dependent manner, resulting in an increase in TANC2 protein levels. In the absence of E6, SNX27 directs TANC2 toward lysosomal degradation. TANC2, in the presence of HPV-18E6, enhances cell proliferation in a PBM-dependent manner, indicating that HPV E6 targets the SNX27-mediated transport of TANC2 to promote cellular proliferation. IMPORTANCE While a great deal is known about the role of the E6 PDZ binding motif (PBM) in modulating the cellular proteins involved in regulating cell polarity, much less is known about the consequences of E6's interactions with SNX27 and the endocytic sorting machinery. We reasoned that a potential consequence of such interactions could be to affect the fate of multiple SNX27 endosomal partners, such as transmembrane proteins or soluble accessory proteins. Using a proteomic approach in HPV-18-positive cervical tumor-derived cells, we demonstrate that TANC2 is an interacting partner of SNX27, whose interaction is blocked by E6 in a PBM-dependent manner. This study therefore begins to shed new light on how E6 can regulate the endocytic transport of multiple SNX27-binding proteins, thereby expanding our understanding of the functions of the E6 PBM.

Epigenetic mechanisms in virus-induced tumorigenesis.

About 15-20% of human cancers worldwide have viral etiology. Emerging data clearly indicate that several human DNA and RNA viruses, such as human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human T-cell lymphotropic virus, contribute to cancer development. Human tumor-associated viruses have evolved multiple molecular mechanisms to disrupt specific cellular pathways to facilitate aberrant replication. Although oncogenic viruses belong to different families, their strategies in human cancer development show many similarities and involve viral-encoded oncoproteins targeting the key cellular proteins that regulate cell growth. Recent studies show that virus and host interactions also occur at the epigenetic level. In this review, we summarize the published information related to the interactions between viral proteins and epigenetic machinery which lead to alterations in the epigenetic landscape of the cell contributing to carcinogenesis.