Secondary primary malignancies after CD-19 directed CAR-T-cell therapy in lymphomas: A report from the Italian CART-SIE study.

Secondary primary malignancies (SPM) have been reported after anti-BCMA or anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell therapies. While the cytotoxic effect of antecedent therapies, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, has been well established, few data are available on risk related to CAR-T immunotherapies. The study aimed to analyse the incidence of SPM in 651 patients enrolled in the Italian prospective observational CART-SIE study. SPMs were documented in 4.3% (28/651), and the most frequent SPMs were haematological malignancies. In conclusion, the frequency of SPMs in our cohort of heavily pretreated patients receiving CAR-T was relatively low and consistent with previous studies.

Impact of anti-thymocyte globulin dose for graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation from matched unrelated donors: a multicenter experience.

Despite the widespread use of rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) to prevent acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD, cGVHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT), convincing evidence about an optimal dose is lacking. We retrospectively evaluated the clinical impact of two different ATG doses (5 vs 6-7.5 mg/kg) in 395 adult patients undergoing HSCT from matched unrelated donors (MUD) at 3 Italian centers. Cumulative incidence of aGVHD and moderate-severe cGVHD did not differ in the 2 groups. We observed a trend toward prolonged overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) with lower ATG dose (5-year OS and DFS 56.6% vs. 46.3%, p=0.052, and 46.8% vs. 38.6%, p=0.051, respectively) and no differences in relapse incidence and non-relapse mortality. However, a significantly increased infection-related mortality (IRM) was observed in patients who received a higher ATG dose (16.7% vs. 8.8% in the lower ATG group, p=0.019). Besides, graft and relapse-free survival (GRFS) was superior in the lower ATG group (5-year GRFS 43.1% vs. 32.4%, p=0.014). The negative impact of higher ATG dose on IRM and GRFS was confirmed by multivariate analysis. Our results suggest that ATG doses higher than 5 mg/kg are not required for MUD allo-HCT and seem associated with worse outcomes.

Eltrombopag for the Treatment of Refractory Pure RBC Aplasia after Major ABO Incompatible Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

Pure RBC aplasia (PRCS) is a well-recognized complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Many therapeutic options are available to treat this condition, including erythropoietin, rituximab, bortezomib, plasma exchange, immunoadsorption, donor lymphocyte infusion, mesenchymal stem cells, antithymocyte globulin, and high-dose steroids; however, treatment outcomes are often variable and can sometimes lead to disappointing results. In this brief article we report our experience with 2 patients with PRCA after major ABO-incompatible HSCT who were resistant to multiple therapeutic interventions and who eventually benefited from treatment with eltrombopag, a thrombopoietin mimetic approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura or severe aplastic anemia refractory to immunosuppressive agents or not eligible for HSCT. Data from these 2 patients show that eltrombopag was effective in treating erythroid aplasia and transfusion dependence after HSCT in patients who did not benefit from multiple previous treatments. Moreover, eltrombopag was well tolerated, with only a transient thrombocytosis requiring dose adjustment and no evidence of clonal evolution. Based on the positive results obtained in these 2 patients, we suggest that eltrombopag may have a favorable effect on unilineage cytopenias such as PRCA. Further studies in a large proportion of patients are mandatory to confirm these preliminary results.

Impact of New Drugs on the Long-Term Follow-Up of Upfront Tandem Autograft-Allograft in Multiple Myeloma.

Before the introduction of "new drugs," we designed a trial in which 162 newly diagnosed myeloma patients were biologically randomized to receive either an autologous stem cell transplant (auto-SCT) followed by a nonmyeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo-SCT) or a double auto-SCT. Fifty-eight patients in the allo-SCT arm and 46 in the double auto-SCT arm completed the assigned treatment. At a median follow-up of 12.3 years from allo-SCT and 12.1 years from second auto-SCT, median overall survival (OS) was 11.4 in the allo-SCT arm and 3.9 years in the auto-SCT -arm (P = .007), whereas event-free survival was 3.6 and 1.5 years (P < .001), respectively. A subset of allo-SCT patients showed persistent molecular remission. Two-year cumulative incidence of chronic graft-versus-host disease was 67.2%. At 5 years, 39% of these patients were alive, disease-free, and off immunosuppression; 36.6% had relapsed and 12.2% were still on immunosuppression. Thirty-three of 58 patients (allo-SCT arm) and 39 of 46 (auto-SCT arm) relapsed at least once and were rescued with new drugs. In the allo-SCT arm, 2 patients in biochemical relapse did not reach clinical criteria for treatment. Overall 28 (90%) were treated with new drugs and 14 (45%) received donor lymphocyte infusions (DLIs). In 28 of 31 patients (90%) DLIs were given with new drugs. Median OS from first relapse was 7.5 years in the allo-SCT arm and 2 years in the auto-SCT arm (P = .01). Patients who received DLI showed significantly longer OS (hazard ratio, .38; P = .042) as compared with auto-SCT patients. This difference was slightly lower when only allo-SCT patients who did not receive DLIs were considered (hazard ratio, .56; P = .154). In summary, long-term disease-free survival and survival outcomes after treating relapse with new drugs with or without DLIs were better in allo-SCT patients.

Haplo-identical allografting with post-transplant cyclophosphamide in high-risk patients.

Haplo-identical transplants (Haplo-Tx) are an important alternative for patients with hematological malignancies who lack a HLA-identical donor. Seventy-one T-replete Haplo-Tx were performed in 70 high-risk patients at our center; 22/70 (31%) patients with refractory/relapsed leukemia received sequential salvage therapy (SeqTh) with high-dose chemotherapy followed by Haplo-Tx during the chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis consisted of post-transplant cyclophosphamide (days + 3 and + 4) with tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid. After a median follow-up of 29.2 months, 3-year overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) were 43.8 and 40.2%, while 3-year cumulative incidences (CIs) of non-relapse mortality (NRM) and relapse (RI) were 27 and 33%. Day 100 and day 400 CI of grade III-IV acute and moderate-severe chronic GVHD were 11 and 15%. Three-year RI was significantly lower in patients in complete remission (CR) versus those not in CR at the time of transplant (21.5 vs. 48%, p = 0.009) and in patients who received PBSC as compared to BM (22 vs. 45%, p = 0.009). In patients treated with SeqTh, 3-year OS was 19%, while 3-year RI and NRM were 52 and 28% at a median follow-up of 50 months. Overall, Haplo-Tx was feasible in heavily pretreated high-risk patients without a suitable HLA-identical donor.

Neurologic Complications after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

Neurologic complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are frequently life-threatening, and their clinical management can be highly challenging. A wide spectrum of causative factors-including drug-related toxicities; infections sustained by virus, bacteria, or invasive molds; metabolic encephalopathy; cerebrovascular disorders; immune-mediated disorders; and disease recurrence-may lead to potentially lethal complications. Moreover, given that some neurologic complications are not uncommonly diagnosed post mortem, their overall incidence is likely to be underestimated. Their prompt recognition and timely treatment are of paramount importance to reduce the risk for transplantation-related death.

Decreased RyR2 refractoriness determines myocardial synchronization of aberrant Ca2+ release in a genetic model of arrhythmia.

Dysregulated intracellular Ca(2+) signaling is implicated in a variety of cardiac arrhythmias, including catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Spontaneous diastolic Ca(2+) release (DCR) can induce arrhythmogenic plasma membrane depolarizations, although the mechanism responsible for DCR synchronization among adjacent myocytes required for ectopic activity remains unclear. We investigated the synchronization mechanism(s) of DCR underlying untimely action potentials and diastolic contractions (DCs) in a catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia mouse model with a mutation in cardiac calsequestrin. We used a combination of different approaches including single ryanodine receptor channel recording, optical imaging (Ca(2+) and membrane potential), and contractile force measurements in ventricular myocytes and intact cardiac muscles. We demonstrate that DCR occurs in a temporally and spatially uniform manner in both myocytes and intact myocardial tissue isolated from cardiac calsequestrin mutation mice. Such synchronized DCR events give rise to triggered electrical activity that results in synchronous DCs in the myocardium. Importantly, we establish that synchronization of DCR is a result of a combination of abbreviated ryanodine receptor channel refractoriness and the preceding synchronous stimulated Ca(2+) release/reuptake dynamics. Our study reveals how aberrant DCR events can become synchronized in the intact myocardium, leading to triggered activity and the resultant DCs in the settings of a cardiac rhythm disorder.

Decrease in sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium content, not myofilament function, contributes to muscle twitch force decline in isolated cardiac trabeculae.

We set out to determine the factors responsible for twitch force decline in isolated intact rat cardiac trabeculae. The contractile force of trabeculae declined over extended periods of isometric twitch contractions. The force-frequency relationship within the frequency range of 4-8 Hz, at 37 °C, became more positive and the frequency optimum shifted to higher rates with this decline in baseline twitch tensions. The post-rest potentiation (37 °C), a phenomenon highly dependent on calcium handling mechanisms, became more pronounced with decrease in twitch tensions. We show that the main abnormality during muscle run-down was not due to a deficit in the myofilaments; maximal tension achieved using a K(+) contracture protocol was either unaffected or only slightly decreased. Conversely, the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium content, as assessed by rapid cooling contractures (from 27 to 0 °C), decreased, and had a close association with the declining twitch tensions (R(2) ~ 0.76). SR Ca(2+)-ATPase, relative to Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger activity, was not altered as there was no significant change in paired rapid cooling contracture ratios. Furthermore, confocal microscopy detected no abnormalities in the overall structure of the cardiomyocytes and t-tubules in the cardiac trabeculae (~23 °C). Overall, the data indicates that the primary mechanism responsible for force run-down in multi-cellular cardiac preparations is a decline in the SR calcium content and not the maximal tension generation capability of the myofilaments.

Store-dependent deactivation: cooling the chain-reaction of myocardial calcium signaling.

In heart cells, Ca(2+) released from the internal storage unit, the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) through ryanodine receptor (RyR2) channels is the predominant determinant of cardiac contractility. Evidence obtained in recent years suggests that SR Ca(2+) release is tightly regulated not only by cytosolic Ca(2+) but also by intra-store Ca(2+) concentration. Specifically, Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release (CICR) that relies on auto-catalytic action of Ca(2+) at the cytosolic side of RyR2s is precisely balanced and counteracted by RyR2 deactivation dependent on a reciprocal decrease of Ca(2+) at the luminal side of RyR2s. Dysregulation of this inherently unstable Ca(2+) signaling is considered to be an underlying cause of triggered arrhythmias, and is associated with genetic and acquired forms of sudden cardiac death. In this article, we present an overview of recent advances in our understanding of the regulatory role luminal Ca(2+) plays in Ca(2+) handling, with a particular emphasis on the role of Ca(2+)release refractoriness in aberrant Ca(2+) release.

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation from unrelated donors in multiple myeloma: study from the Italian Bone Marrow Donor Registry.

To evaluate trends in allografting from unrelated donors, we conducted a study on 196 consecutive myeloma patients transplanted between 2000 and 2009 in Italy. Twenty-eight percent, 37%, and 35%, respectively, received myeloablative, reduced-intensity, and nonmyeloablative conditioning. In these 3 cohorts, 1-year and 5-year transplantation-related mortalities were 28.8% and 37.0%, 20.3% and 31.3%, and 25.0% and 30.3%, respectively (P = .745). Median overall survival (OS) and event-free survival from transplantation for the 3 cohorts were 29 and 10 months, 11 and 6 months, and 32 and 13 months, respectively (P = .039 and P = .049). Overall cumulative incidences of acute and chronic graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) were 46.1% and 51.1%. By Cox multivariate analyses, chronic GVHD was significantly associated with longer OS (hazard ratio [HR], .51; P = .009), whereas the use of peripheral blood stem cells was borderline significant (HR, .55; P = .051). Better response posttransplantation was associated with longer event-free survival (HR, 2.13 to 4.25; P < .001). Acute GVHD was associated with poorer OS (HR, 2.53; P = .001). This analysis showed a strong association of acute and chronic GVHD and depth of response posttransplantation with clinical outcomes. Long-term disease control remains challenging regardless of the conditioning. In the light of these results, prospective trials may be designed to better define the role of allografting from unrelated donors in myeloma.

Long-term follow-up of a comparison of nonmyeloablative allografting with autografting for newly diagnosed myeloma.

Before the introduction of new drugs, we designed a trial where treatment of newly diagnosed myeloma patients was based on the presence or absence of HLA-identical siblings. First-line treatments included a cytoreductive autograft followed by a nonmyeloablative allograft or a second melphalan-based autograft. Here, we report long-term clinical outcomes and discuss them in the light of the recent remarkable advancements in the treatment of myeloma. After a median follow-up of 7 years, median overall survival (OS) was not reached (P = .001) and event-free survival (EFS) was 2.8 years (P = .005) for 80 patients with HLA-identical siblings and 4.25 and 2.4 years for 82 without, respectively. Median OS was not reached (P = .02) and EFS was 39 months (P = .02) in the 58 patients who received a nonmyeloablative allograft whereas OS was 5.3 years and EFS 33 months in the 46 who received 2 high-dose melphalan autografts. Among patients who reached complete remission in these 2 cohorts, 53% and 19% are in continuous complete remission. Among relapsed patients rescued with "new drugs," median OS from the start of salvage therapy was not reached and was 1.7 (P = .01) years, respectively. Allografting conferred a long-term survival and disease-free advantage over standard autografting in this comparative study.

The black swan: a case of central nervous system graft-versus-host disease.

OBJECTIVES: Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) of central nervous system is an atypical and rare manifestation of chronic GVHD, presenting with a heterogeneous spectrum of signs and symptoms. Diagnosis of neurological manifestations of GVHD can be highly challenging and remain associated with dismal prognosis, significant morbidity, and reduced quality of life. CASE PRESENTATION: In this report, we describe a 39-year-old woman developing neurological signs and symptoms 8 months after allogeneic HSCT magnetic resonance imaging showed multifocal hyperintense lesions involving the periventricular region and frontal subcortical white matter. There was no laboratory evidence of infective or malignant etiology, and the case was diagnosed as CNS-GVHD. The patient was treated with intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy and the clinical conditions gradually improved. After few months, patient symptoms progressed despite the addition of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin, tacrolimus, and a new course of high dose steroids. To engage targeted therapy, the patient underwent brain biopsy that revealed a loss of myelin fibers, perivascular and diffuse infiltration of T cells, and macrophages associated with reactive gliosis, representing a demyelinating disease. We intensified treatment with cyclophosphamide and subsequently introduced ibrutinib as salvage strategy. Despite a magnetic resonance imaging showing great regression of the demyelinating lesions, patient's conditions deteriorated and she died 16 months after HSCT. CONCLUSIONS: CNS-GVHD is a rare complication of HSCT that is difficult to diagnose. Based on our experience, brain biopsy may represent a useful diagnostic tool when the clinical features of neurological symptoms are ambiguous or in patients without evidence of preceding chronic GVHD.

ECP versus ruxolitinib in steroid-refractory acute GVHD - a retrospective study by the EBMT transplant complications working party.

Introduction: Extracorporal Photophoresis (ECP) is in clinical use for steroid-refractory and steroid-dependent acute GVHD (SR-aGVHD). Based on recent Phase-III study results, ruxolitinib has become the new standard of care for SR-aGVHD. Our aim was to collect comparative data between ruxolitinib and ECP in SR-aGVHD in order to improve the evidence base for clinical decision making. Methods: We asked EBMT centers if they were willing to participate in this study by completing a data form (Med-C) with detailed information on GVHD grading, -therapy, -dosing, -response and complications for each included patient. Results: 31 centers responded positively (14%) and we included all patients receiving alloSCT between 1/2017-7/2019 and treated with ECP or ruxolitinib for SR-aGVHD grades II-IV from these centers. We identified 53 and 40 patients with grades II-IV SR-aGVHD who were treated with ECP and ruxolitinib, respectively. We performed multivariate analyses adjusted on grading and type of SR-aGVHD (steroid dependent vs. refractory). At day+90 after initiation of treatment for SR-aGVHD we found no statistically significant differences in overall response. The odds ratio in the ruxolitinib group to achieve overall response vs. the ECP group was 1.13 (95% CI = [0.41; 3.22], p = 0.81). In line, we detected no statistically significant differences in overall survival, progression-free survival, non-relapse mortality and relapse incidence. Discussion: The clinical significance is limited by the retrospective study design and the current data can't replace prospective studies on ECP in SR-aGVHD. However, the present results contribute to the accumulating evidence on ECP as an effective treatment option in SR-aGVHD.

Contractile parameters and occurrence of alternans in isolated rat myocardium at supra-physiological stimulation frequency.

The cardiac refractory period prevents the heart from tetanic activation that is typically used in noncardiac striated muscle tissue. To what extent the refractory period prevents successive action potentials to activate the excitation-contraction coupling process and contractile machinery at supra-physiological rates, such as those present during ventricular fibrillation, is unknown. Using multicellular trabeculae isolated from rat hearts, we studied amplitude and kinetics of contraction at rates well above the normal in vivo rat heart range. We show that even at twice the maximal heart rate of the rat, little or no mechanical instability is observed; twitch contractions are at steady state, albeit with an elevated active diastolic force. Although the amplitude of contraction increased within in vivo heart rates (positive force-frequency response), at frequencies beyond the maximal heart rate (10-30 Hz) a steady decline of contractile amplitude is observed. Not until 30 Hz do the majority of the isolated muscle preparations show mechanical alternans, where strong and weak beats alternate. Interestingly, unlike striated limb skeletal muscle, fusing of twitch contractions did not cause a continuous increase in peak force: at frequencies of 10 Hz and above, systolic force declines with relatively little elevation in diastolic force. Contractile kinetics continued to accelerate, from 1 Hz up to 30 Hz, whereas the relative speed of contraction and relaxation remained closely coupled, reflected by a singular linear relationship between the maximal and minimal derivative of force (dF/dt). We conclude that cardiac muscle can produce mechanically stable steady-state contractions at supra-physiological pacing rates, while these contractions continue to decline in amplitude and increase in diastolic force past maximal heart rate.

Sorafenib maintenance after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation improves outcome of FLT3-ITD-mutated acute myeloid leukemia.

In a retrospective analysis, 21 acute myeloid leukemia patients receiving single-agent sorafenib maintenance therapy in complete remission (CR) after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) were compared with a control group of 22 patients without maintenance. Sorafenib was initiated a median of 3 months (IQR: 2.3-3.5) after allogeneic HSCT with a median daily dosage of 400 mg (range: 200-800) orally, and lasted a median of 11.3 months (IQR: 3.3-24.4). No significant increase in graft versus host disease or toxicity was observed. Adverse events were reversible with dose adjustment or temporary discontinuation in 19/19 cases. With a median follow-up of 34.7 months (IQR: 16.9-79.5), sorafenib maintenance significantly improved cumulative incidence of relapse (p = 0.028) as well as overall survival (OS) (p = 0.016), especially in patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT in CR1 (p < 0.001). In conclusion, sorafenib maintenance after allogeneic HSCT is safe and may improve cumulative incidence of relapse and OS in FLT3-ITD-mutated AML.

Impact of second-degree related donor on the outcomes of T cell-replete haploidentical transplantation with post-transplant cyclophosphamide.

Donor selection may contribute to improve clinical outcomes of T cell-replete haploidentical stem cell transplantation (Haplo-SCT) with post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PT-Cy). Impact of second-degree related donor (SRD) was not fully elucidated in this platform. We retrospectively compared the outcome of patients receiving Haplo-SCT either from a SRD (n = 31) or a first-degree related donor (FRD, n = 957). Median time to neutrophil and platelet recovery did not differ between a SRD and a FRD transplant (p = 0.599 and 0.587). Cumulative incidence of grade II-IV acute graft-versus host disease (GVHD) and moderate-severe chronic GVHD was 13% and 19% after SRD vs 24% (p = 0.126) and 13% (p = 0.395) after FRD transplant. One-year cumulative incidence of non-relapse mortality (NRM) was 19% for SRD and 20% for FRD (p = 0.435) cohort. The 3-year probability of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) was 42% vs 55% (p = 0.273) and 49% vs 35% (p = 0.280) after SRD and FRD transplant, respectively. After propensity score adjustment or matched pair analysis, the outcome of patients receiving Haplo-SCT from a SRD or a FRD did not differ in terms of NRM, OS, PFS, acute and chronic GVHD. Our results suggest that a SRD is a viable option for Haplo-SCT with PT-Cy when a FRD is not available.