Neuropsychological outcome of ventral capsular/ventral striatal gamma capsulotomy for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a pilot study.

Five refractory obsessive-compulsive patients were assessed using a neuropsychological battery after a modified gamma knife capsulotomy. The surgical technique was not associated with profound cognitive deficits. The authors found improvements in attention, vocabulary, learning, abstract reasoning, and memory.

Treatment of resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder with ventral capsular/ventral striatal gamma capsulotomy: a pilot prospective study.

A subgroup of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients remains refractory to conventional treatments. For them, a new stereotactic radiosurgery has been recently developed: the ventral capsular/ventral striatal (VC/VS) gamma capsulotomy. The authors aim to report efficacy and adverse events of VC/VS gamma capsulotomy. Five refractory OCD patients were selected. The authors assessed OCD, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and side effects pre- and postoperatively. Three patients (60%) met response criteria 48 months after surgery. Adverse effects were episodic and transient. Ventral capsular/ventral striatal gamma capsulotomy holds therapeutic promise, with few adverse effects.

Gamma ventral capsulotomy for treatment of resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a structural MRI pilot prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate regional structural abnormalities in the brains of five patients with refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) submitted to gamma ventral capsulotomy. METHODS: We acquired morphometric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data before and after 1 year of radiosurgery using a 1.5-T MRI scanner. Images were spatially normalized and segmented using optimized voxel-based morphometry (VBM) methods. Voxelwise statistical comparisons between pre- and post-surgery MRI scans were performed using a general linear model. Findings in regions predicted a priori to show volumetric changes (orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate gyrus, basal ganglia and thalamus) were reported as significant if surpassing a statistical threshold of p<0.001 (uncorrected for multiple comparisons). RESULTS: We detected a significant regional postoperative increase in gray matter volume in the right inferior frontal gyri (Brodmann area 47, BA47) when comparing all patients pre and postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the current theory of frontal-striatal-thalamic-cortical (FSTC) circuitry involvement in OCD pathogenesis. Gamma ventral capsulotomy is associated with neurobiological changes in the inferior orbitofrontal cortex in refractory OCD patients.

[Radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas]. / Radiocirurgia nos adenomas hipofisários.

Pituitary adenomas represent nearly 15% of all intracranial tumors. Multimodal treatment includes microsurgery, medical management and radiotherapy. Microsurgery is the primary recommendation for nonfunctioning and most of functioning adenomas, except for prolactinomas that are usually managed with dopamine agonist drugs. However, about 30% of patients require additional treatment after microsurgery for recurrent or residual tumors. In these cases, fractionated radiation therapy has been the traditional treatment. More recently, radiosurgery has been established as a treatment option. Radiosurgery allows the delivery of prescribed dose with high precision strictly to the target and spares the surrounding tissues. Therefore, the risks of hypopituitarism, visual damage and vasculopathy are significantly lower. Furthermore, the latency of the radiation response after radiosurgery is substantially shorter than that of fractionated radiotherapy. The goal of this review is to define the efficacy, safety and role of radiosurgery for treatment of pituitary adenomas and to present the preliminary results of our institution.

[Update on neurosurgical treatment for obsessive compulsive disorder]. / Atualização sobre o tratamento neurocirúrgico do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo.

Responses to pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) range from 60 to 80% of cases. However, a subset of OCD patients do not respond to adequately conducted treatment trials, leading to severe psychosocial impairment. Stereotactic surgery can be indicated then as the last resource. Five surgical techniques are available, with the following rates of global post-operative improvement: anterior capsulotomy (38-100%); anterior cingulotomy (27-57%); subcaudate tractotomy (33-67%); limbic leucotomy (61-69%), and central lateral thalamotomy/anterior medial pallidotomy (62.5%). The first technique can be conducted as a standard neurosurgery, as radiosurgery or as deep brain stimulation. In the standard neurosurgery neural circuits are interrupted by radiofrequency. In radiosurgery, an actinic lesion is provoked without opening the brain. Deep brain stimulation consists on implanting electrodes which are activated by stimulators. Literature reports a relatively low prevalence of adverse events and complications. Neuropsychological and personality changes are rarely reported. However, there is a lack of randomized controlled trials to prove efficacy and adverse events/complication issues among these surgical procedures. Concluding, there is a recent development in the neurosurgeries for severe psychiatric disorders in the direction of making them more efficacious and safer. These surgeries, when correctly indicated, can profoundly alleviate the suffering of severe OCD patients.

Radiocirurgia nos adenomas hipofisários / Radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas / Radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas

Os adenomas hipofisários correspondem a aproximadamente 15 por cento dos tumores intracraniais. As modalidades de tratamento incluem microcirurgia, terapia medicamentosa e radioterapia. A microcirurgia é o tratamento primário realizado nos pacientes com adenomas não-funcionantes e na maioria dos adenomas funcionantes. Dentre estes, a exceção são os prolactinomas, cujo tratamento primário é baseado no uso de agonistas dopaminérgicos. Entretanto, cerca de 30 por cento dos pacientes requerem tratamento adicional após a microcirurgia devido à recorrência ou persistência tumoral. Nesses casos, a radioterapia fracionada convencional tem sido tradicionalmente empregada. Mais recentemente, a radiocirurgia tem se estabelecido com uma alternativa terapêutica. A radiocirurgia permite que a dose prescrita seja precisamente conformada ao volume-alvo, e que se poupe os tecidos adjacentes. Portanto, os riscos de hipopituitarismo, alteração visual e vasculopatia são significativamente menores. Além disso, a latência da resposta à radiocirurgia é substancialmente menor do que na radioterapia fracionada convencional. Nesta revisão, procuramos definir a eficácia, segurança e o papel da radiocirurgia no tratamento dos adenomas hipofisários, bem como apresentar os dados preliminares de nossa instituição.

Pituitary adenomas represent nearly 15 percent of all intracanial tumors. Multimodal treatment includes microsurgery, medical management and radiotherapy. Microsurgery is the primary recommendation for nonfunctioning and most of functioning adenomas, except for prolactinomas that are usually managed with dopamine agonist drugs. However, about 30 percent of patients require additional treatment after microsurgery for recurrent or residual tumors. In these cases, fractionated radiation therapy has been the traditional treatment. More recently, radiosurgery has been established as a treatment option. Radiosurgery allows the delivery of prescribed dose with high precision strictly to the target and spares the surrounding tissues. Therefore, the risks of hypopituitarism, visual damage and vasculopathy are significantly lower. Furthermore, the latency of the radiation response after radiosurgery is substantially shorter than that of fractionated radiotherapy. The goal of this review is to define the efficacy, safety and role of radiosurgery for treatment of pituitary adenomas and to present the preliminar results of our institution.

Atualização sobre o tratamento neurocirúrgico do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo / Update on neurosurgical treatment for obsessive compulsive disorder

O transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TOC) responde aos tratamentos habituais (fármacos e psicoterapia) em cerca de 60 a 80 por cento dos casos. Existe, assim, uma parcela de pacientes resistente aos tratamentos usuais, mesmo que adequadamente conduzidos, com grave prejuízo psicossocial. Nestas situações, a neurocirurgia pode ser indicada. Existem cinco técnicas cirúrgicas disponíveis, com as seguintes taxas de melhora global pós-operatória: capsulotomia anterior (38 a 100 por cento); cingulotomia anterior (27 a 57 por cento); tractotomia subcaudado (33 a 67 por cento); leucotomia límbica (61 a 69 por cento) e talamotomia central lateral com palidotomia anteromedial (62,5 por cento). A capsulotomia anterior pode ser realizada através de diferentes técnicas: neurocirurgia padrão, radiocirurgia ou estimulação cerebral profunda. Na neurocirurgia padrão, circuitos neurais são interrompidos por radiofreqüência via trepanação no crânio. Na radiocirurgia, uma lesão actínica é induzida sem a necessidade de abertura do crânio. A estimulação cerebral profunda consiste na implantação de eletrodos ativados a partir de estimuladores. A literatura indica taxas relativamente baixas de eventos adversos e complicações, sendo raramente descritas alterações neuropsicológicas e de personalidade. Cumpre ressaltar, no entanto, a falta de ensaios clínicos randomizados que comprovem a eficácia e investiguem os eventos adversos ou complicações dos procedimentos cirúrgicos acima mencionados. Concluindo, há um recente aprimoramento das neurocirurgias dos transtornos psiquiátricos graves no sentido de torná-las cada vez mais eficazes e seguras. Estas cirurgias, quando adequadamente indicadas, podem trazer alívio substancial ao sofrimento de pacientes com TOC grave.

Tumores epidermóides atípicos / Atypical epidermoid tumors

Os autores descrevem três casos de tumores epidermóides, dentre muitos operados no Serviço de Neurocirurgia da Escola Paulista de Medicina, com aspectos atípicos, seja pela localizaçäo, seja pela clínica. Um dos casos tratava-se de um epidermóide da regiäo da pineal - 3§ ventrículo, extremamente raro, o outro, do 4§ ventrículo, também de localizaçäo rara, com manifestaçäo abrupta do quadro clínico sugestiva de hemorragia subaracnóidea e o terceiro com localizaçäo comum na regiäo do ângulo ponto-cerebelar, mas com sintomas visuais que desconhecíamos e sem relato na literatura consultada. Os três casos foram operados com sucesso