Risk factors associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections in hospitalized patients in Colombia.

OBJECTIVES: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) represent a major clinical problem in Colombia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with MRSA SSTI in Colombia. METHODS: A multicenter cohort study with nested case-control design was performed. Patients with an SSTI with at least 48h of inpatient care were included. Patients with an MRSA SSTI were considered the case group and patients with either a non-MRSA SSTI or with an Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) SSTI were the control groups. A multivariate logistic regression approach was used to evaluate risk factors associated with MRSA SSTI with two different statistical models. RESULTS: A total 1134 patients were included. Cultures were positive for 498 patients, of which 52% (n=259) were Staphylococcus aureus. MRSA was confirmed in 68.3% of the S. aureus cultures. In the first model, independent risk factors for MRSA SSTI were identified as the presence of abscess (P<0.0001), cellulitis (P=0.0007), age 18-44 years (P=0.001), and previous outpatient treatment in the previous index visit (P=0.003); surgical site infection was a protective factor (P=0.008). In the second model, the main risk factor found was previous outpatient treatment in the previous index visit (P=0.013). CONCLUSIONS: Community-acquired SSTIs in Colombia are commonly caused by MRSA. Therefore, clinicians should consider MRSA when designing the initial empirical treatment for purulent SSTI in Colombia, although there seems to be low awareness of this fact.

Risk factors for hospital-acquired bacteremia due to carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Colombian hospital.

INTRODUCTION: Bacteremia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to carbapenems is a public health problem due to the limitations it places on therapeutic options, as well as the increased time patients must spend in hospital, costs and the risk of mortality.  OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk factors for presentation of bacteremia due to carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa acquired in the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio between January 2008 and June 2014.  MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a case control study in which the case patients presented bacteremia due to P. aeruginosa resistant to carbapenems and the control group included patients with P. aeruginosa susceptible to this group of antibiotics. Variables such as the previous use of meropenem and ertapenem, immunosuppression and neoplasia were measured. Mortality and duration of hospital were also described.  RESULTS: In all, 168 patients were evaluated, of which 42 were cases and 126 controls. Using a multivariate model, the risk factors related to bacteremia due to carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa acquired in hospital were the following: use of parenteral nutrition (OR=8.28; 95% CI: 2.56-26.79; p=0); use of meropenem (OR=1.15; 95% CI: 1.03-1.28; p=0.01); and use of ciprofloxacin (OR=81.99; 95% CI: 1.14-5884; p=0.043).  CONCLUSION: In order to prevent the emergence of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa, antimicrobial control programs should be strengthened by promoting the prudent administration of carbapenems and quinolones. The correct use of parenteral nutrition should also be monitored.

Guía de Práctica Clínica para el Diagnóstico y Manejo de las Infecciones de Piel y Tejidos Blandos en Colombia / Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Colombia

Las infecciones de piel y tejidos blandos (IPTB) representan la tercera causa de consulta por enfermedad infecciosas a los servicios médicos, después de las infecciones respiratorias y urinarias. Se presenta una guía de práctica clínica (GPC) con 38 recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia, graduadas bajo el sistema SIGN, para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes adultos con IPTB en el contexto colombiano, posterior a un proceso de adaptación de GPC publicadas y la búsqueda sistemática y síntesis de literatura para la actualización de la evidencia científica. Además, se realizó un consenso de expertos para la evaluación de las potenciales barreras para la implementación de las recomendaciones y la evaluación del grado de recomendación en el contexto local.

Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) represent the third leading cause of infectious disease consultation for medical services after respiratory and urinary tract infections. This document generates a clinical practice guideline with 38 recommendations based on evidence, graduated under the SIGN system for the diagnosis and treatment for SSTI infections in adult patients in Colombia, following a process of adaptation of guidelines published, and the systematic search and synthesis of literature for the updating of scientific evidence. In addition, a consensus of experts was made for the evaluation of the potential barriers for the implementation of the recommendations and the evaluation of the degree of recommendation in the local context.

Factores de riesgo para bacteriemia por Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistente a carbapenémicos adquirida en un hospital colombiano / Risk factors for hospital-acquired bacteremia due to carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Colombian hospital

Introducción. Las bacteriemias por Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistentes a carbapenémicos son un problema de salud pública por las pocas alternativas de tratamiento disponibles, el aumento de la estancia hospitalaria, los costos que genera y el aumento en el riesgo de mortalidad. Objetivo. Evaluar los factores de riesgo de bacteriemia por P. aeruginosa resistente a carbapenémicos adquirida en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, durante el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2008 y junio de 2014. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de casos y controles. Los casos eran de pacientes que presentaban bacteriemia por P. aeruginosa resistente a carbapenémicos y los controles eran pacientes con P. aeruginosa sensible a este grupo de antibióticos. Se midieron variables como el uso de meropenem o ertapenem, la inmunosupresión y la neoplasia, y se determinaron la mortalidad y el tiempo de estancia hospitalaria. Resultados. Se evaluaron 168 pacientes, 42 casos y 126 controles. En el modelo multivariado se encontraron los siguientes factores de riesgo relacionados con la bacteriemia por P. aeruginosa resistente a carbapenémicos y adquirida en el hospital: uso de nutrición parenteral ( odds ratio , OR=8,28; IC 95% 2,56-26,79; p=0), uso de meropenem (OR=1,15; IC 95% 1,03-1,28; p=0,01) y uso de ciprofloxacina (OR=81,99; IC 95% 1,14-5884; p=0,043). Conclusión. Para el control de la aparición de P. aeruginosa resistente a carbapenémicos, se deben fortalecer los programas de control de antimicrobianos, promover el uso prudente de carbapenémicos y quinolonas, y vigilar el uso adecuado de la nutrición parenteral.

Introduction: Bacteremia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to carbapenems is a public health problem due to the limitations it places on therapeutic options, as well as the increased time patients must spend in hospital, costs and the risk of mortality. Objective: To evaluate the risk factors for presentation of bacteremia due to carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa acquired in the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio between January 2008 and June 2014. Materials and methods: This was a case control study in which the case patients presented bacteremia due to P. aeruginosa resistant to carbapenems and the control group included patients with P. aeruginosa susceptible to this group of antibiotics. Variables such as the previous use of meropenem and ertapenem, immunosuppression and neoplasia were measured. Mortality and duration of hospital were also described. Results: In all, 168 patients were evaluated, of which 42 were cases and 126 controls. Using a multivariate model, the risk factors related to bacteremia due to carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa acquired in hospital were the following: use of parenteral nutrition (OR=8.28; 95% CI: 2.56-26.79; p=0); use of meropenem (OR=1.15; 95% CI: 1.03-1.28; p=0.01); and use of ciprofloxacin (OR=81.99; 95% CI: 1.14-5884; p=0.043). Conclusion: In order to prevent the emergence of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa , antimicrobial control programs should be strengthened by promoting the prudent administration of carbapenems and quinolones. The correct use of parenteral nutrition should also be monitored.