Defining Life Skills in health promotion at school: a scoping review.

Background: Life Skills have been central to Health Promotion interventions and programmes with children and adolescents for over 40 years. School is a strategic setting for Life Skills education. Recently, policy-and decision-makers have focused on Life Skills development for youth. Research on Life Skills has gained momentum. Different terms are used to discuss and define Life Skills. Research identifies a lack of conceptual definition. The purpose of this study is to identify the definitions in the literature in English and French, and to reach a conceptual and consensual definition. Method: The Scoping Review methodology was used. Three research questions aim to identify how Life Skills are defined in the field of health promotion at school, to see whether a conceptual and consensual definition exists, and, if relevant, to propose a conceptual definition. The search was conducted in 5 databases by 3 reviewers. This study focused on full-text publications in English or French, human studies, health promotion in school, school pupils, teacher training, and with a definition of Life Skills. Publications on after-school activities, higher education outside teacher training, adult education, other than peer-reviewed scientific papers were excluded. Results: 48 publications were included in English and 7 in French. NVIVO was used to determine and compare the French and English terms used for Life Skills and their definitions. According to the three research questions, (i) the terms used to define Life Skills are diverse and numerous, with different purposes at school in relation to health promotion, and different taxonomies, and relate to different areas of research; (ii) no consensual, conceptual definition of Life Skills was found; (iii) further semantic, epistemological and ontological clarifications are required. Conclusion: Some conceptual definitions of Life Skills exist without consensus. Life Skills being at the crossroads between different fields could explain this and is illustrated by the multiplicity and diversity of the terms employed, and the various taxonomies and purposes used at school in health promotion. This may also explain why they are difficult to evaluate. Defining Life Skills consensually cannot be achieved due to the diversity of research perspectives from different fields.

Educação para a saúde nas escolas portuguesas: diretrizes dos setores da saúde e da educação / Health education in Portuguese schools: guidelines from the health and education sectors / Educación para la salud en las escuelas portuguesas: directrices para los sectores de la salud y la educación

Enquadramento: Em Portugal, todas as escolas do ensino básico e secundário são consideradas Escolas Promotoras de Saúde. Objetivos: Analisar as linhas orientadoras para a implementação de escolas promotoras de saúde, emanadas pelos setores da saúde e da educação e verificar se se coadunam com as linhas orientadoras internacionais. Metodologia: Estudo de natureza qualitativa, com recurso a análise de conteúdo dos documentos oficiais utilizando o software NVivo® 11 Pro. Resultados: Ambos os setores (saúde e educação) preocupam-se com as Medidas a adotar para proporcionar condições de organização e de cooperação; têm os Objetivos claramente delineados e coincidentes; consideram relevante as Metodologias/estratégias ativas, especialmente a metodologia por projeto; apresentam Áreas/temas de intervenção idênticas e consideram a Avaliação essencialmente quantitativa. Conclusão: Os documentos da saúde e da educação são convergentes e complementares, havendo articulação entre ambos os setores para uma eficiente implementação de escolas promotoras de saúde.

Background: In Portugal, all elementary and secondary schools are considered to be Health Promoting Schools. Objective: To analyze the guidelines for the implementation of health promoting schools, issued by the health and education sectors, and assess whether they are consistent with international guidelines. Methodology: Qualitative study, with content analysis of official documents using NVivo®11 Pro software. Results: Both sectors (health and education) care about the Measures to be taken in order to provide organizational and cooperative conditions; define the Objectives clearly, which are coincident; consider active Methodologies/strategies, particularly project methodologies; present similar Areas/themes of intervention; and consider the Assessment essentially quantitative. Conclusion: The health and education documents are convergent and complementary, with articulation between both sectors for an efficient implementation of health promoting schools.

Marco contextual: En Portugal, todas las escuelas de enseñanza primaria y secundaria se consideran escuelas promotoras de la salud. Objetivos: Analizar las líneas orientadoras para implementar escuelas promotoras de la salud, emitidas por los sectores de la salud y la educación, y verificar si están acordes con las líneas orientadoras internacionales. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo, para el cual se utilizó el análisis de contenido de documentos oficiales con el software NVivo® 11 Pro. Resultados: Ambos sectores (salud y educación) se ocupan de las Medidas por adoptar para proporcionar condiciones organizativas y de cooperación; tienen los Objetivos claramente delineados y coincidentes; consideran relevantes las Metodologías/estrategias activas, especialmente la metodología por proyecto; presentan Áreas/temas de intervención idénticos y consideran la Evaluación esencialmente cuantitativa. Conclusión: Los documentos de salud y educación son convergentes y complementarios, con articulación entre ambos sectores para una implementación eficiente de las escuelas promotoras de la salud.

Construção e validação de questionário para análise de concepções bioéticas / Construction and validation of a questionnaire for the analysis of bioethical conceptions / Construcción y validación de un cuestionario para análisis de concepciones bioéticas

Neste artigo objetivamos descrever as etapas do processo de elaboração de um questionário quantitativo que permita investigar as concepções sobre valores bioéticos inerentes à atividade científica. Validado semântica e estatisticamente, o questionário foi desenvolvido tendo por base a escala do tipo Likert. A relevância deste instrumento se dá pelo fato de que, diferentemente do que ocorre nos países europeus, as pesquisas quantitativas educacionais no Brasil têm pouca tradição. Este trabalho destina-se, portanto, a subsidiar o uso de métodos quantitativos nas pesquisas em Educação, que carecem de instrumentos deste tipo.

En este trabajo se describen las etapas del desarrollo de un cuestionario cuantitativo que permite investigar las concepciones acerca de los valores bioéticos inherentes a la actividad científica. Este cuestionario fue validado estadísticamente y semánticamente, y fue desarrollado tomando como base la escala de Likert. La relevancia de este instrumento está dada por el hecho de que, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en los países europeos, la investigación cuantitativa en Brasil tiene poca tradición educativa. Este trabajo tiene por objeto, por tanto, subsidiar el uso de los métodos cuantitativos en la investigación en educación, que carecen de tales herramientas.

In this paper we describe the stages of a quantitative questionnaire development that allows the investigation of conceptions about bioethical values inherent to the scientific activity. This questionnaire was statistically and semantically validated and developed according to the Likert scale. The relevance of this instrument is given by the fact that, unlike what happens in European countries, quantitative research in Brazil has little educational traditions. Therefore, this work is intended to subsidize the use of quantitative methods in Education research that lack such tools.