Acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland: from pathogenesis to management: a literature review.

PURPOSE: Acinic cell carcinoma (ACCs) is uncommon malignant epithelial neoplasm of the salivary glands; the most common presentation is a well-defined painless solid mass. Diagnosis of ACCs is frequently complicated, due to its similarity with benign tumors. METHODS: A review of the literature available on ACCs was carried out. Studies were sourced from PubMed with searching of relevant headings and sub-headings and cross-referencing. RESULTS: There are no clear characteristics of ACCs found on CT, MRI and ultrasound imaging. The management of the ACC, a rare malignancy of the parotid gland, is often difficult and controversial. Radical surgery is the best treatment option. The role of radiotherapy remains controversial: the precise indications and oncologic effects of adjuvant radiotherapy in ACC of the parotid gland are not well known. There is insufficient literature regarding the chemotherapy for metastatic ACC. CONCLUSION: Knowledge about ACC, a rare malignancy of parotid gland, has changed over the past few decades. More clinical randomized works would be needed, both to assess the real effectiveness of radio and chemotherapy and to have an unanimous consensus about their indications.

A proteomics-driven assay defines specific plasma protein signatures in different stages of Ménière's disease.

Ménière's disease (MD) is a common disorder of the inner ear whose hallmarks are vertigo, tinnitus, aural fullness, and progressive hearing loss. The degree of severity of the disease is quite heterogeneous, and so is its pathogenesis. A multifactorial inheritance of intrinsic and extrinsic factors has been described, but there is not a common agreement on the molecular basis of MD. In a recent article, we have demonstrated that patients suffering from MD share a common plasma proteomic signature, characterized by the presence of several up- and down-regulated proteins. In this study, we have further extended our analysis and show that the differential expression of plasma proteins can identify specific subsets of MD-affected individuals, depending on their stage. Our findings confirm our plasma proteomics-driven approach as a powerful tool for early diagnosis of MD and uncover a potentially starring role for some proteins in the development and fate of this frustrating disease, whose pathogenesis still remains unclear.

Evaluation of Discomfort in Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimen Collection for SARS-CoV-2 Diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: The rapid spread of COVID-19 worldwide has impo-sed the need to identify a test that quickly recognizes affected subjects, both symptomatic and asymptomatic. The most reliable option has been proven to be the RT-PCR, which allows to detect virus RNA on a specimen from a high viral load site, such as nasopharynx. Nasopha-ryngeal sample collection is possible by means of a nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) and is a practical and relatively non-invasive technique, but rather bothersome for the recipient. AIM: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the discomfort evoked during NPS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We surveyed 429 patients receiving NPS before hospitalization or other procedures non related to COVID-19. For each one we noted the discomfort level felt during the swab using a 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS) for pain and the total time needed for the procedure to be taken. Sex, age, smoking status and positive history of previous swab have been taken into account. RESULTS: We found that, among the variables, sex had a statistically significant impact on the perceived discomfort of nasal swab, with females experiencing slightly more discomfort. CONCLUSIONS: NPS is largely a none-to-minimum discomfort in-ducing procedure. The differences in perceived discomfort could be explained based on anatomical features, and should remark the need for a tailored and anatomy-oriented approach in each patient.

Meningoencephalitis Associated with SARS-Coronavirus-2.

The aim of this work is to clarify the incidence of meningitis/encephalitis in SARS-CoV-2 patients. We conducted an initial search in PubMed using the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms "meningitis," and "encephalitis,", and "COVID-19" to affirm the need for a review on the topic of the relationship between meningitis/encephalitis and SARS-CoV-2 infection. We included case series, case reports and review articles of COVID-19 patients with these neurological symptoms. Through PubMed database we identified 110 records. After removal of duplicates, we screened 70 record, and 43 were excluded because they focused on different SARS-CoV-2 neurological complications. For eligibility, we assessed 27 full-text articles which met inclusion criteria. Seven articles were excluded, and twenty studies were included in the narrative review, in which encephalitis and/or meningitis case reports/case series were reported. Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 are not rare, especially meningoencephalitis; the hypoxic/metabolic changes produced by the inflammatory response against the virus cytokine storm can lead to encephalopathy, and the presence of comorbidities and other neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, predispose to these metabolic changes. Further study are needed to investigate the biological mechanisms of neurological complications of COVID-19.

Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Parotid Gland and Ipsilateral Thyroid Incidentaloma: Report of A Rare Case With Review of Literature.

BACKGROUND: Pleomorphic adenomas are benign tumors of the salivary glands that mainly affect the lower pole of the superficial lobe of the parotid gland. The term "pleomorphic" refers to the epithelial and connective origin of the mass. The clinical presentation is typically that of asymptomatic swelling which increases in volume. Therapy consists in surgical removal of the tumor mass by parotidectomy with nerve preservation. CASE DETAILS: This clinical case describes an interesting case of pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland in a 62-year-old patient. The patient presented with a long history of an asymptomatic mildly worsening swelling of the left parotid region. The peculiarity of the clinical case is the dimension of the adenoma (9x5x9 cm) and the presence of a thyroid incidentaloma (TI), consisting of a thyroid multinodular goiter composed of nodules, the largest of which measured 8 cm in diameter. This mass dislocated the laryngotracheal axis, compressed the larynx and caused the reduction of the respiratory space, making orotracheal intubation difficult and determining the need to perform a tracheotomy. CONCLUSION: Benign pleomorphic adenomas can potentially reach large sizes if untreated. Socio-economic problems may be the reason for late diagnosis.

Pharmacological, Surgical and Diagnostic Innovations in Meniere's Disease: A Review.

PURPOSE: To investigate literature about pharmacological, surgical, and diagnostic innovations for Meniere's Disease (MD). SUMMARY: Meniere's disease is an inner ear disorder characterized by the presence of endolymphatic hydrops in the inner ear and symptomatology of recurrent and debilitating vertigo attacks, tinnitus, aural fullness, and fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss. Although many therapeutic options for MD have been proposed during years, no consensus has been reached by the scientific community. In the last decade, many therapeutic options have been proposed, as intratympanic steroid, intratympanic gentamicin, and intravenous glycerol. Recently, the role of the antisecretory factor in the diet of MD patients have been investigated. Surgery is recommended for intractable MD; some authors proposed new approaches including transcanal endoscopic infracochlear vestibular neurectomy, new marsupiliazation technique in sac surgery, and tenotomy of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles.

Dietary Restriction for The Treatment of Meniere's Disease.

Meniere's disease (MD) is an idiopathic inner ear disorder characterized by spontaneous recurrent vertigo, fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), aural fullness and tinnitus. Endolymphatic hydrops (EH) of the inner ear is currently considered the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlies typical symptoms of MD. MD diagnosis is based on the criteria of the Baràny Society. There are many therapeutic options for MD, but none is considered effective by the scientific community. The first-line treatment commonly includes dietary modification, as low salt diet and reduction of alcohol and caffeine daily intake. Although some studies showed a positive effect of these dietary restrictions, even in the prevention of recurrences, currently there is no uniform consensus on their usefulness. New dietary approach, such SPC-flakes, are being evaluated: further assessments will be needed to validate their use in clinical practice.

Sub-Clinical Effects of Chronic Noise Exposure on Vestibular System.

AIM: to investigate the effect of chronic noise exposure on vestibular function of subjects without clinical evidence of vestibular disorders and with documented cochlear damage from noise. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 25 patients with chronic noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and without vestibular complaints (group A) and 25 matched controls with sensorineural hearing loss without noise exposure (group B), underwent audiological and vestibular test including caloric and cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials tests (cVEMPs). RESULTS: In subjects chronically exposed to noise, similarly to that of the auditory threshold, an increase in the evocation threshold of VEMPs has been documented, statistically significant (p<0,05) and independent of the performance of the auditory threshold. p1-n1 amplitude values showed a significant difference between group A and group B. No significant difference for p1-n1 latencies between the two groups was found. CONCLUSION: We have documented the possibility of vestibular lesion, along with cochlear damage, related to chronic acoustic trauma.

Surgical treatment of recurring preauricular sinus: supra-auricular approach.

Congenital preauricular sinus is a malformation of the preauricular soft tissues with an incidence ranging between 0.1 and 0.9% in Europe and the United States. It presents a high risk of recurrence when treated by a standard surgical technique (simple sinectomy), the incidence of which is reported to be between 19% and 40%. The supra-auricular approach, proposed by Prasad et al. in 1990, is easier to perform and presents a lower recurrence risk. Personal experience is presented in the treatment of congenital preauricular sinus with the supra-auricular approach as first choice or in the case of recurrence following previous standard surgery. This report includes a short review of the literature in order not only to focus on the supra-auricular approach and check the efficacy as far as concerns reduction of recurrence risk but also to contribute to a more widespread use of this method.

The prognostic significance of E-cadherin expression in laryngeal squamous-cell carcinoma: a systematic review.

The aim of this study was to systematically review publications that investigated the prognostic role of E-cadherin immunostaining in patients affected by laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. An appropriate string was run on PubMed to retrieve articles dealing with this topic. A double cross-check was performed on citations and full-text articles by two authors independently to analyse all manuscripts and perform a comprehensive quality assessment. Among 89 abstracts identified, 13 articles were included. These studies reported on 1,121 patients with histologically confirmed diagnosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Overall, there were 10 studies that showed a significant correlation between E-cadherin immunohistochemical expression and at least one of the clinical and histopathological parameters considered by the authors. In particular E-cadherin expression was significantly associated with N stage (five studies), grading (four studies) and disease-free survival/disease-specific survival (six studies). In conclusion, the findings of our review appear similar to the results published by other authors on the putative role of E-cadherin in progression of malignancy. In fact, for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma it seems that lower levels of E-cadherin correlate with increased tumoural aggressiveness and worse prognosis. Nevertheless, further high-quality prospective studies should be carried out to clarify if E-cadherin expression may be considered as an independent prognostic factor for patients affected by laryngeal cancer.

Iatrogenic benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: review and personal experience in dental and maxillo-facial surgery.

The post-traumatic origin of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo remains the most likely, from a patho-physiologic point of view. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo due to surgical "traumas" has been described in the medical literature. According to personal experience, these iatrogenic cases represent a rare possibility and may be the consequence of surgical interventions differing according to the anatomical district involved and surgical technique performed. The temporal relationship with the surgical action and clinical features may be involved in some of these cases, even if it is not possible to define any real cause-effect link. Herewith some cases of paroxysmal positional vertigo are described, strongly held to be of iatrogenic origin, focusing on dental and maxillo-facial surgery as risk factors for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.

Chronic subjective dizziness: Analysis of underlying personality factors.

BACKGROUND: Chronic subjective dizziness (CSD) is characterized by persistent dizziness, unsteadiness, and hypersensitivity to one's own motion or exposure to complex visual stimuli. CSD may be triggered, in predisposed individuals with specific personality traits, by acute vestibular diseases. CSD is also thought to arise from failure to re-establish normal balance strategies after resolution of acute vestibular events which may be modulated by diathesis to develop anxiety and depression. OBJECTIVE: To confirm the role of personality traits linked to anxiety and depression (i.e., neuroticism, introversion, low openness) as predisposing factors for CSD and to evaluate how individual differences in these personality traits are associated with CSD severity. METHODS: We compared 19 CSD patients with 24 individuals who had suffered from periferal vestibular disorders (PVD) (i.e., Benign Paroxysmal Postural Vertigo or Vestibular Neuritis) but had not developed CSD as well as with 25 healthy controls (HC) in terms of personality traits, assessed via the NEO-PI-R questionnaire. RESULTS: CSD patients, relative to PVD patients and HCs, scored higher on the anxiety facet of neuroticism. Total neuroticism scores were also significantly associated with dizziness severity in CSD patients but not PVD patients. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-existing anxiety-related personality traits may promote and sustain the initial etiophatogenetic mechanisms linked with the development of CSD. Targeting anxiety-related mechanisms in CSD may be therefore a promising way to reduce the disability associated with CSD.

The genetics of Ménière's disease.

Our understanding of the genetic basis of Ménière's disease (MD) is still limited. Although the familial clustering and the geographical and racial differences in incidence strongly suggest a certain role for genetic factors in the development of MD, no convincing evidence for an association with any gene exists, at present. In this review, starting from rational bases for a genetic approach to MD, we explored the numerous reports published in literature and summarize the recent advances in understanding of the genetic fundaments of the disease.

Specific impairment of BAER's in Friedreich's ataxia. Auditory evoked responses in clinical evaluation and differential diagnosis.

We have investigated brainstem and cortical auditory responses (BAERs and CAERs) in 16 cases of Friedreich's ataxia (FA) and have compared the findings with those obtained in 2 cases of familial spastic paraplegia (FSP), in 5 cases of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMTD), and in 6 cases of atypical FA of uncertain classification. BAERs could not be elicited in 11 FA patients and constantly disappeared at a higher intensity threshold than in normal subjects in the remaining 5 patients. BAERs were normal or only slightly abnormal in FSP and CMTD patients. CAERs were normal in all 29 patients. BAERs tended to disappear with the progression of FA and BAER thresholds were correlated with the Inherited Ataxias Clinical Rating Scale score, which is an index of the severity of illness. BAERs contributed to the diagnosis, or exclusion of FA in patients with an atypical picture. It is suggested that in FA myelinated fibers in the spiral ganglion are partially affected, resulting in the decrease of wave amplitude such as occurs for peripheral sensory potentials.

Effect of superoxide dismutase and allopurinol on impulse noise-exposed guinea pigs--electrophysiological and biochemical study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effect of two anti-reactive oxygen species (ROS) substances, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) and allopurinol, in impulse noise-exposed guinea pigs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Allopurinol or CuZn-SOD were administered intraperitoneally before exposure to 125 dB SPL noise centered at 2.0-3.0 kHz, with a repetition rate of 4/s, for 1.8 h. Hearing thresholds were tested by means of electrocochleography after implanting the animals with permanent electrodes. The presence of lipoperoxides in the guinea pig cochleae exposed to noise-induced oxidative stress was determined by means of the dosage of malondialdhyde, evaluated by measuring the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in perilymph samples. RESULTS: Acoustic stress induced ROS formation and both allopurinol and CuZn-SOD exerted a protective effect on the cochlea. Comparison of compound action potential thresholds in different animal groups showed that the temporary threshold shift was significantly lower in treated animals than in those without pharmacological protection. CONCLUSION: The protective effect of the antioxidant agents demonstrates that, even at a high level of impulse noise exposure, a metabolic mechanism of cochlear damage may still play an important role in noise-exposed sensorineural hearing loss.

Database of benign positional paroxysmal nystagmus.

Classification of various manifestations of benign positional paroxysmal nystagmus, due to canalolithiasis or to cupulolithiasis, as a reaction to movements and to the site of detritus, is now possible due to the integration of theoretical knowledge (relationships between the semicircular canals and/or ampullae and the vestibulo-ocular pathways) with the forms of nystagmus induced when the head is placed in various positions. A comparison is made of results in patients examined in three Departments, during the past 3 years, and data presented in the literature. Findings are presented in a database which enables the clinician to compare the standard diagnostic manoeuvres (Dix-Hallpike, Pagnini-McClure, Rose) with results obtained by placing the head in alternative positions. This approach offers all the information needed to identify the site of onset and hence to formulate a correct diagnosis, thus directly indicating the most appropriate liberating or repositioning manoeuvre or--in the case of a suspected central lesion--to suggest further tests. Moreover, it is suggested that this table could become a useful tool for teaching purposes.

Multidimensional Voice Program (MDVP) and amplitude variation parameters in euphonic adult subjects. Normative study.

The introduction, in the late 70s, of the first digital spectrograph (DSP Sonograph) by Kay Elemetrics has improved the possibilities of spectroacoustic voice analysis in the clinical field. Thanks to the marketing, in 1993, of the Multi Dimensional Voice Program (MDVP) advanced system, it is now possible to analyse 33 quantitative voice parameters which, in turn, allow evaluation of fundamental frequency, amplitude and spectral energy balance and the presence of any sonority gap and diplophony. Despite its potentials, the above-mentioned system is not widely used yet, partly on account of the lack of a standard procedure. Indeed, there are still only a few case reports in the literature taking into consideration prescriptive aspects related both to procedure and analysis. This study aims to provide the results of amplitude perturbation parameter analysis in euphonic adult patients. In our opinion, these are the most significant parameters in determining the severity of a phonation disorder. The study has been carried out on 35 patients (24 female, 11 male, mean age 31.6 years, range 19-59). The voice signal has been recorded using a 4300 B Kay Computer Speech Lab (CSL) supported by a personal computer including a SM48 Shure-Prolog microphone located at a distance of 15 cm and angled at 45 degrees. Input microphone saturation has been adjusted to 6/9 of the CH1 channel. The voice sample consisted in a held /a/ and the analysis has been carried out on the central 3 seconds of the recording. The analysis has been carried out using a 5105 MDVP software version 2.3 and the signal digitalised at a 50 kHz sample rate. In order for the sample to be as free from intensity or frequency changes as possible, each patient underwent a training session (including at least 3 phonation tests) before the recording. The study included only emissions between 55 and 65 dB and with spectrum stability. Environmental noise has constantly been monitored and maintained below 30 dB. Data from the 24 female patients showed: absolute Shimmer (ShdB) = 0.203 dB, relative shimmer (Shim %) = 2.226, amplitude perturbation quotient (APQ) = 1.758, smoothed amplitude perturbation quotient = 3.309, peak amplitude variation (vAm) = 7.042. Data from the 11 males showed: absolute Shimmer (ShdB) = 0.269 dB, relative shimmer (Shim %) = 2.892, amplitude perturbation quotient (APQ) = 2.611, smoothed amplitude perturbation quotient (SAPQ) = 3.433, peak amplitude variation (vAm) = 6.385. Statistical analysis (t test) showed no statistically significant difference between sexes, thus a single set of rules was used for both sexes.

[Protective effect of allopurinol in the exposure to noise pulses]. / Effetto protettivo dell'allopurinolo nell'esposizione a rumore impulsivo.

Free oxygen radicals cause particularly severe tissues and organ damage. They appear to play an important role in the cochlea, mediating noise-exposure damage. In the present study 16 guinea pigs were implanted with permanent electrodes to record cochlear action potential. Eight animals were exposed to a 2-3 kHz, 125 dB SPL noise pulse, at a rate of 4 stimulations per second for 1.8 hours. Prior to noise exposure four out of eight animals were treated with a known dose of allopurinol. The remaining eight animals were used as controls. Endolymphatic malondialdehyde concentration was used as indicator of the lipid peroxidization processes exerted by the free radicals. No significant difference was found between the variations in hearing threshold and malondialdehyde concentration in the animals treated with allopurinol and then exposed to noise vs. the control group. The electophysiological and biochemical results have, therefore, demonstrated that preventative administration of allopurinol can provide valid protection vs. noise impulse damage.

Changes in clinical and instrumental vestibular parameters following acute exposition to auditory stress.

Besides Tullio's phenomenon, resulting from anatomic changes in the labyrinth, a hypersensitivity to acoustic stimuli of the saccular structures appears to be the underlying cause of the vestibular responses detected in some patients. In order to evaluate the incidence of vestibular symptoms triggered by acute exposure to auditory stress (disco music), 40 subjects aged between 18 and 26 years, with no audiological and vestibular disorders, were submitted to otoneurologic tests. Subjects were exposed to disco music [intensity 128 dB (C)], for 3 hours. Tests have been carried out before and immediately after exposure. Canalar and macular functions have been evaluated using vestibular investigation techniques and vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. When compared to baseline data, post-exposure test results did not reveal any canalar damage. Pre- and post-exposure recordings of the vestibular-oculomotor reflex threshold have shown no significant changes. Conversely, post-stimulus recordings have shown a significant increase in the amplitude of the vestibular evoked myogenic potential response, thus indicating a possible irritative involvement of the macular receptor. This result suggests a direct action upon the receptor by acoustic stimulation which could, therefore, be the underlying cause of vestibular symptoms reported by patients following exposure to sufficiently intense acoustic stimuli. Prior to this study. a questionnaire concerning the relationship between habitual disco visiting and audio-vestibular symptoms has been completed by 310 students at the University of Catanzaro. This survey revealed a significant incidence of vestibular symptoms due to acoustic stress (Tullio's phenomenon) which led us to hypothesise that balance disorders due to auditory stress are much more frequent than commonly held, particularly since, in many cases, diagnoses is unknown or not easy due to the difficult procedures by which these conditions are diagnosed.