Coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia: risk factors for mortality and impact of initial appropriate antimicrobial therapy on outcome.

It is uncertain whether an initial inappropriate empirical antibiotic treatment of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) bacteremia adversely affects the outcome. A retrospective cohort study of CoNS bacteremia was performed at the Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital during a 3-year period. During the study period, 109 patients with CoNS bacteremia were enrolled. The median age of the patients was 72 years and most (96%, 105/109) had one or more comorbid diseases. Among the participants, 29% (32/109) received an appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy. The 30-day mortality was 24% (26/109) and CoNS bacteremia-related mortality was 14% (15/109). There was no difference in the CoNS bacteremia-related mortality between the group with an inappropriate empirical treatment (13%, 10/77) and that with an appropriate treatment (16%, 5/32) (p = 0.46). In the multivariate analysis using the Cox regression analysis method, Pitt bacteremia scores [hazard ratio (HR) 1.48; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09-2.01; p = 0.01] and retention of eradicable focus (HR 5.0; 95% CI 1.39-17.9; p = 0.01) were found to be associated with CoNS bacteremia-related mortality. The results suggest that inappropriate empirical therapy might not necessarily be associated with the 30-day mortality or CoNS bacteremia-related mortality. Conversely, Pitt bacteremia scores and retention of eradicable focus were associated with poor outcomes.

Group B streptococcal bacteremia in non-pregnant adults: results from two Korean centers.

Patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) have impaired immunity and are, thus, predisposed to infection. Few studies have attempted to evaluate group B streptococcal (GBS) bacteremia in LC patients. A retrospective study of patients with GBS bacteremia was performed at the Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital and National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital over a 13-year period (October 2000 to July 2013). During the study period, 97 patients with GBS bacteremia were enrolled. The median age of the patients was 67 years and 54 % were men. Among them, 23 (24 %) patients were classified as LC patients. The 30-day mortality rate of LC patients was significantly higher than that of patients with other diseases (26 % vs. 8 %, p = 0.03). The multivariate analysis indicated that LC was associated with an increased risk of 30-day mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 5.0; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.53-16.3; p = 0.008], as well as age (HR 1.07; 95 % CI 1.03-1.13; p = 0.02) and high Pitt bacteremia score (HR 1.23; 95 % CI 1.02-1.46; p = 0.03). The probability of survival at day 30 was significantly different for the Child-Pugh class C and the Child-Pugh classes A or B (44 % vs. 93 %, respectively; p = 0.01 by the log-rank test). The mortality rates of LC patients with GBS bacteremia were significantly higher than those of patients with other diseases. The severity of hepatic dysfunction plays an important role in the development of adverse events. Cirrhosis-specific scores such as the Child-Pugh class might be useful for predicting the prognosis of GBS bacteremia in LC patients.

Short report: genetic heterogeneity of Japanese encephalitis virus assessed via analysis of the full-length genome sequence of a Korean isolate.

We determined the full-length genome sequence of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) K94P05 isolated in Korea. Sequence analysis showed that the 10,963-nucleotide-long RNA genome of K94P05 was 13 or 14 nucleotides shorter than the genome of other JEV isolates because of a deletion in the 3' noncoding region of K94P05. Compared with sequences of other JEV isolates, the full-length nucleotide sequence showed 89.0-89.6% homology, and the deduced amino acid sequence showed between 96.4-97.3% homology. A region of approximately 60 nucleotides immediately downstream of the open reading frame stop codon of K94P05 showed high sequence variability as compared with other JEV isolates. K94P05 formed a distinct group within a phylogenetic tree established with the full-length genome sequences. Cross-neutralization studies showed that polyclonal antibodies to Korean isolates were 3 times better at neutralizing the Korean isolates than antibodies to Nakayama-NIH. These findings suggest that Korean JEV K94P05 is genetically and antigenically distinct from other Asian JEV isolates.

Microscopic schistocyte determination according to International Council for Standardization in Hematology recommendations in various diseases.

INTRODUCTION: Recently, a consensus report for microscopic schistocyte determination was prepared by International Council for Standardization in Hematology (ICSH). ICSH focused on diagnosis of thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)/hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). We aimed to reanalyze schistocytes according to ICSH recommendations, to study diseases other than TTP/HUS related to the schistocytes, and to compare the percentage of schistocytes among the various diseases. METHODS: We retrieved all reported cases of peripheral blood (PB) smear in a single institution during 6 years. Schistocytes on 282 PB smears showing previous peripheral schistocytes and hemoglobin ≤10 g/dL were recounted according to ICSH recommendations. RESULTS: The schistocytes were frequently observed in patients with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA), metastatic carcinoma, sepsis, chronic renal failure, preterm infant, and infection. Only two among 34 patients categorized as MAHA were diagnosed as TTP/HUS. Schistocytes were observed with other morphological changes in 169 of 170 cases with schistocyte ≤1% and in 102 of 112 with schistocyte >1%. The median schistocyte percentages of patients with hematologic malignancy, megaloblastic anemia, acute renal failure, and preterm infant were 1.20%, 1.30%, 1.35%, and 1.70%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Schistocytes were observed above 1% in many diseases other than TTP /HUS. Therefore, it is important to understand that schistocytes could be seen in various diseases, and in these cases, schistocytes were usually detected together with other red blood cell morphologic changes. These data support ICSH recommendation that a schistocyte count should be considered clinically meaningful if schistocytes represent the main morphological abnormality in the PB smear.

CD34, RAB20, PU.1 and GFI1 mRNA expression in myelodysplastic syndrome.

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with hypocellular bone marrow (BM) is often difficult to distinguish from aplastic anemia (AA). Furthermore, the diagnosis of MDS with low blast counts and normal karyotype may be problematic. These issues highlight the need for a reliable marker for the diagnosis of MDS. This study was conducted to determine if changes of mRNA expression in any of the four selected genes would be useful markers for differentiation of hypoplastic MDS from AA, and MDS from benign disease, as well as to investigate whether mRNA expressions differ between MDS risk subgroups. Thirty-five patients diagnosed with MDS, 27 patients with AA and 17 patients with benign diseases were included. The CD34, RAB20, PU.1 and GFI1 mRNA levels were measured by real-time RT-PCR. The CD34 mRNA expressions in hypoplastic MDS were higher than those found in AA. PU.1 and GFI1 mRNA expressions were significantly lower in MDS with low blast counts and normal karyotype than those of benign disease. High-risk MDS showed higher CD34 expressions than those of low-risk MDS. This study suggests that measurement of CD34 and GFI1 mRNA expressions could be useful as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for MDS.

Sero-epidemiology of hepatitis A virus infection among healthcare workers in Korean hospitals.

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) has been increasingly reported in Korea as has an outbreak in Korean healthcare workers (HCWs). This 2008 study evaluated the sero-epidemiology of HAV infections among 3696 HCWs in four Korean hospitals. HCWs were tested for immunoglobulin G anti-HAV antibodies using commercially available kits. Data including demographic characteristics, occupation, workplace and serological status for other hepatitis viruses were collected. Statistical analyses were conducted to identify variables related to HAV seropositivity. Among the 3696 participants, 2742 (74%) were women and the majority (96%) were aged 20-39 years (median: 28; range: 19-68). Eighteen percent were physicians, 46% nurses, 10% nurses' aides, 11% paramedical technicians and 15% administrative staff. Seropositivity for HAV significantly increased with age (P<0.001): 1.8% for < or =24 years, 14.7% for 25-29 years, 41.8% for 30-34 years, 75.5% for 35-39 years, and 93.7% for > or =40 years. Among those aged 20-39 years, age-specific HAV seroprevalence was significantly lower in physicians than in the other occupational groups (P<0.001). In Korea, mass vaccination to HCWs aged < or =29 years or screening for seropositivity and vaccinating non-immune subjects aged 30-39 years should be considered, especially in physicians.

Involvement of circulating endothelial progenitor cells and vasculogenic factors in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.

PURPOSE: Retinal neovascularization in diabetes has been thought to follow the release of local angiogenic factors in the retina. We hypothesize that neovascularization of diabetic retinopathy is a systemic vasculogenesis rather than a local angiogenesis. Thus, we evaluate the concentrations of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and stem cell modulation factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), erythropoietin (Epo), and substance p (SP) in the peripheral blood of diabetic retinopathy patients. METHODS: We studied 15 normal controls and 45 type II diabetic patients (no DR group (n=15), NPDR group (n=15), and PDR group (n=15)). We measured circulating CD34+mononuclear cells (CD34+MNCs), c-Kit+mononuclear cells (c-Kit+MNCs) by flow cytometry. VEGF, Epo, and SP in the peripheral blood were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: The circulating CD34+MNCs and c-Kit+MNCs increased in the NPDR and PDR groups compared with the control group (P<0.01). Serum level of VEGF increased in the NPDR and PDR groups compared with the control group (P<0.05). The level of Epo elevated exclusively in the no DR group compared with the other three groups (P<0.01). Circulating SP level increased in the NPDR and PDR groups compared with the control group (P<0.05). SP and CD34+MNCs were shown to have increased correlation according to the diabetic retinopathy in the NPDR and PDR groups (r=0.440, P<0.05 and r=0.460, P<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The present study is the first to demonstrate that CD34+MNCs, c-Kit+MNCs and their modulator are elevated in diabetic retinopathy patients. Therefore, it is possible that circulating EPCs and serum Epo, VEGF, and SP may be involved in the progression of diabetic retinopathy.

Protection against lethal Japanese encephalitis virus infection of mice by immunization with the highly attenuated MVA strain of vaccinia virus expressing JEV prM and E genes.

Genes encoding the glycosylated precursor of the membrane (prM) and envelope (E) proteins of a Korean strain of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) were inserted into the genome of the host-range restricted, highly attenuated, and safety-tested MVA strain of vaccinia virus. MVA recombinants containing the JEV genes, under strong synthetic or modified H5 vaccinia virus promoters, were isolated. Synthesis of JEV prM and E proteins was detected by immunofluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mice inoculated and boosted by various routes with either of the MVA recombinants produced JEV neutralizing antibodies, that had titres comparable with those induced by an inactivated JEV vaccine, as well as haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies. Mice immunized with 2 x 10(6) infectious units of MVA/JEV recombinants by intramuscular or intraperitoneal routes were completely protected against a 10(5) LD50 JEV challenge at 9 weeks of age.

Modification of cardiovascular responses to adenosine A1 receptor stimulation in the posterior hypothalamus of anaesthetized rats by cAMP and by GABA(B) receptor blockade.

1 Injection of N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA; 1, 5 and 10 nmol), an adenosine A1 receptor agonist, into the posterior hypothalamus of rats produced a dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). 2 Pretreatment with 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine (CPDX; 50 nmol), an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist, blocked the depressor and bradycardic effects of CHA (10 nmol). 3 Pretreatment with 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) (10 nmol), a cAMP analogue, attenuated the depressor and bradycardic effect of CHA (10 nmol); 8-bromo-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) (10 nmol), a cGMP analogue, did not modify those effects of CHA. 4 In addition, pretreatment with 5-aminovaleric acid (25 nmol), a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)(B) receptor antagonist, attenuated the depressor and bradycardic effects of CHA (10 nmol). 5 These results suggest that adenosine A1 receptors in the posterior hypothalamus have an inhibitory role in the central cardiovascular regulation and that these vasodepressive and bradycardic actions are modified by raised cAMP and by GABA(B) receptor inhibition.

Two vivax malaria cases detected in Korea.

On June and July 1994, two cases of vivax malaria were consecutively diagnosed at the Yongsan Hospital, Chung-Ang University in Seoul. The first patient was a soldier serving in western parts of the demilitarized zone (DMZ) while the second case was a resident of a village near DMZ. Neither patients had history of being abroad. Republic of Korea (ROK) has been free of malaria since the mid-1970s except for imported cases. The two vivax malaria cases, together with an additional patient detected in 1993, occurred in relatively small areas near DMZ. This necessitated an epidemiologic surveillance. When medical records and blood smears in the areas were examined, no other cases were found. Of 7,723 mosquitoes collected by a black light trap for two nights in June, 7,066 (91.5%) were Anopheles sinensis. In order to evaluate a significance of the recent malaria occurrence, a surveillance system should be operated in the areas.