Spatial data analysis for intelligent buildings: Awareness of context and data uncertainty.

Intelligent buildings are among the most active Internet-of-Things (IoT) verticals, encompassing various IoT-enabled devices and sensing technologies for digital transformation. Analysis of spatial data, a very common type of data collected in intelligent buildings, offers a lot of insights for many purposes such as facilitating space management and enhancing the utilization efficiency of buildings. In this paper, we recognize two major challenges in spatial data analysis for intelligent buildings (SDAIB): (1) the complicated analytical contexts that are related to the building space and internal entities and (2) the uncertainty of spatial data due to the limitations of positioning and other sensing technologies. To address these challenges, we identify and categorize different kinds of analytical contexts and spatial data uncertainties in SDAIB, and propose a unified modeling framework for handling them. Furthermore, we showcase how the proposed framework and the associated modeling techniques are used to enable context-aware and uncertainty-aware SDAIB, in the tasks of hotspot discovery, path planning, semantic trajectory generation, and distance monitoring. Finally, we offer several research directions of SDAIB, in line with the emerging trends of the IoT.

Are ethnic minorities excluded from clinical research?

BACKGROUND: Under-representation and limited participation of ethnic minorities in clinical research is a source of concern. METHODS: We examined the responses of researchers to the question regarding translation provision for ethnic minorities in 43 successive research applications made to Bolton Local Research Ethics Committee between April 2002 and March 2003. FINDINGS: Translation services were provided in only ten applications. Reasons for omission included lack of funding, a small, student or pilot project, difficult analysis or invalidation of results and a perception of a low chance of encountering ethnic minorities. Eight gave no justification. INTERPRETATION: Applicants and grant-giving bodies must fully provide for translation facilities in all future research studies, in order to ensure that research evidence made available to policy makers reflects the diversity of our multicultural population.