Decoupled transcript and protein concentrations ensure histone homeostasis in different nutrients.

To maintain protein homeostasis in changing nutrient environments, cells must precisely control the amount of their proteins, despite the accompanying changes in cell growth and biosynthetic capacity. As nutrients are major regulators of cell cycle length and progression, a particular challenge arises for the nutrient-dependent regulation of 'cell cycle genes', which are periodically expressed during the cell cycle. One important example are histones, which are needed at a constant histone-to-DNA stoichiometry. Here we show that budding yeast achieves histone homeostasis in different nutrients through a decoupling of transcript and protein abundance. We find that cells downregulate histone transcripts in poor nutrients to avoid toxic histone overexpression, but produce constant amounts of histone proteins through nutrient-specific regulation of translation efficiency. Our findings suggest that this allows cells to balance the need for rapid histone production under fast growth conditions with the tight regulation required to avoid toxic overexpression in poor nutrients.

Meeting report - Cell size and growth: from single cells to the tree of life.

In April 2022, The Company of Biologists hosted their first post-pandemic in-person Workshop at Buxted Park Country House in the Sussex countryside. The Workshop, entitled 'Cell size and growth: from single cells to the tree of life', gathered a small group of early-career and senior researchers with expertise in cell size spanning a broad range of organisms, including bacteria, yeast, animal cells, embryos and plants, and working in fields from cell biology to ecology and evolutionary biology. The programme made ample room for fruitful discussions and provided a much-needed opportunity to discuss the most recent findings relating to the regulation of cell size and growth, identify the emerging challenges for the field, and build a community after the pandemic.

Transfer of 1D Photonic Crystals via Spatially Resolved Hydrophobization.

1D photonic crystals (1DPCs) are well known from a variety of applications ranging from medical diagnostics to optical fibers and optoelectronics. However, large-scale application is still limited due to complex fabrication processes and bottlenecks in transferring 1DPCs to arbitrary substrates and pattern creation. These challenges were addressed by demonstrating the transfer of millimeter- to centimeter-scale 1DPC sensors comprised of alternating layers of H3 Sb3 P2 O14 nanosheets and TiO2 nanoparticles based on a non-invasive chemical approach. By depositing the 1DPC on a sacrificial layer of lithium tin sulfide nanosheets and hydrophobizing only the 1DPC by intercalation of n-octylamine via the vapor phase the 1DPC can be detached from the substrate by immersing the sample in water. Upon exfoliation of the hydrophilic sacrificial layer, the freestanding 1DPC remains at the water-air interface. In a second step, it can be transferred to arbitrary surfaces such as curved glass. In addition, the transfer of patterned 1DPCs is demonstrated by combining the sacrificial layer approach with area-resolved intercalation and etching. The fact that the sensing capability of the 1DPC is not impaired and can be modified after transfer renders this method a generic platform for the fabrication of photonic devices.

Transcription coordinates histone amounts and genome content.

Biochemical reactions typically depend on the concentrations of the molecules involved, and cell survival therefore critically depends on the concentration of proteins. To maintain constant protein concentrations during cell growth, global mRNA and protein synthesis rates are tightly linked to cell volume. While such regulation is appropriate for most proteins, certain cellular structures do not scale with cell volume. The most striking example of this is the genomic DNA, which doubles during the cell cycle and increases with ploidy, but is independent of cell volume. Here, we show that the amount of histone proteins is coupled to the DNA content, even though mRNA and protein synthesis globally increase with cell volume. As a consequence, and in contrast to the global trend, histone concentrations decrease with cell volume but increase with ploidy. We find that this distinct coordination of histone homeostasis and genome content is already achieved at the transcript level, and is an intrinsic property of histone promoters that does not require direct feedback mechanisms. Mathematical modeling and histone promoter truncations reveal a simple and generalizable mechanism to control the cell volume- and ploidy-dependence of a given gene through the balance of the initiation and elongation rates.

Lipid-Coated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as Innovative ROS-Generators for Photodynamic Therapy in Cancer Cells.

In the present paper, we use zinc oxide nanoparticles under the excitation of ultraviolet (UV) light for the generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), with the aim of further using these species for fighting cancer cells in vitro. Owing to the difficulties in obtaining highly dispersed nanoparticles (NPs) in biological media, we propose their coating with a double-lipidic layer and we evaluate their colloidal stability in comparison to the pristine zinc oxide NPs. Then, using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) coupled with the spin-trapping technique, we demonstrate and characterize the ability of bare and lipid-coated ZnO NPs to generate ROS in water only when remotely actuated via UV light irradiation. Interestingly, our results reveal that the surface chemistry of the NPs greatly influences the type of photo-generated ROS. Finally, we show that lipid-coated ZnO NPs are effectively internalized inside human epithelial carcinoma cells (HeLa) via a lysosomal pathway and that they can generate ROS inside cancer cells, leading to enhanced cell death. The results are promising for the development of ZnO-based therapeutic systems.