Algae Pyrolysis in Molten NaOH-Na2CO3 for Hydrogen Production.

Biomass pyrolysis within the alkaline molten salt is attractive due to its ability to achieve high hydrogen yield under relatively mild conditions. However, poor contact between biomass, especially the biomass pellet, and hydroxide during the slow heating process, as well as low reaction temperatures, become key factors limiting the hydrogen production. To address these challenges, fast pyrolysis of the algae pellet in molten NaOH-Na2CO3 was conducted at 550, 650, and 750 °C. Algae were chosen as feedstock for their high photosynthetic efficiency and growth rate, and the concept of coupling molten salt with concentrated solar energy was proposed to address the issue of high energy consumption at high temperatures. At 750 °C, the pollutant gases containing Cl and S were completely removed, and the HCN removal rate reached 44.92%. During the continuous pyrolysis process, after a slight increase, the hydrogen yield remained stable at 71.48 mmol/g-algae and constituted 86.10% of the gas products, and a minimum theoretical hydrogen production efficiency of algae can reach 84.86%. Most importantly, the evolution of physicochemical properties of molten NaOH-Na2CO3 was revealed for the first time. Combined with the conversion characteristics of feedstock and gas products, this study provides practical guidance for large-scale application of molten salt including feedstock, operation parameters, and post-treatment process.

Characteristics and Evolution of Nitrogen in the Heavy Components of Algae Pyrolysis Bio-Oil.

Algae pyrolytic bio-oil contains a large quantity of N-containing components (NCCs), which can be processed as valuable chemicals, while the harmful gases can also be released during bio-oil upgrading. However, the characteristics of NCCs in the bio-oil, especially the composition of heavy NCCs (molecular weight ≥200 Da), have not been fully studied due to the limitation of advanced analytical methods. In this study, three kinds of algae rich in lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates were rapidly pyrolyzed (10-25 °C/s) at different temperatures (300-700 °C). The bio-oil was analyzed using a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer equipped with electrospray ionization, and the characteristics and evolution of nitrogen in heavy components were first obtained. The results indicated that the molecular weight of most heavy NCCs was distributed in the 200-400 Da range. N1-3 compounds account for over 60% in lipid and protein-rich samples, while N0 and N4 components are prominent in carbohydrate-rich samples. As temperature increases, most NCCs become more aromatic and contain less O due to the strong Maillard and deoxygenation reactions. Moreover, the heavier NCCs were promoted to form lighter compounds with more nitrogen atoms through decomposition (mainly denitrogenation and deoxygenation). Finally, some strategies to deal with the NCCs for high-quality bio-oil production were proposed.

Influence of Biochar Addition on Nitrogen Transformation during Copyrolysis of Algae and Lignocellulosic Biomass.

Algae are extremely promising sustainable feedstock for fuels and chemicals, while they contain high nitrogen content, which may cause some serious nitrogen emission during algae pyrolysis utilization. In this study, we proposed a feasible method to control the nitrogen emission during algae pyrolysis by introducing lignocellulosic biomass and biochar addition. Nitrogen transformation mechanism was investigated through quantitative analysis of N-species in the pyrolysis products. Results showed that copyrolysis of algae and lignocellulosic biomass greatly increased nitrogen in solid char with large amount of NH3 and HCN releasing (∼20 wt %), while nitrogen in bio-oil decreased largely. With biochar addition, NH3, HCN, and N-containing intermediates (amines/amides and nitriles) reacted with higher active O-species (O-C═O, -OH, and -COOH) in biochar addition, and formed large amounts of amine/amide-N, pyridinic-N, pyrrolic-N, and quaternary-N on the surface of biochar addition, which led to most nitrogen being enriched in char product and biochar addition (over 75 wt %) at the expense of amines/amides, nitriles, and N-containing gas (only 3 wt % NH3 and HCN emission; decrease of 85%). These results demonstrated that biochar addition showed a positive influence on fixation of N-species during thermochemical conversion of algae and could convert nitrogen to valuable N-doped biochar materials.

Pregnancy outcomes and superiorities of prophylactic cervical cerclage and therapeutic cervical cerclage in cervical insufficiency pregnant women.

PURPOSE: To compare the clinical effect of prophylactic cervical cerclage and therapeutic cervical cerclage on pregnancy outcome and operative factors in cervical insufficiency pregnant women. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted between June 2014 and September 2016 in a maternity ward, which included women who have had a single pregnancy and have been carried out a McDonald cerclage. All maternal medical records were reviewed. The efficacy of cerclage for preventing late foetal loss was assessed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that there were significant associations between cerclage operations and pregnancy outcomes in the duration of pregnancy prolongation in terms of live births, gestation age, live birth and cesarean section rate. In prophylactic cervical cerclage, compared with therapeutic cervical cerclage, cervical length before surgery was significantly longer (32.7 ± 5.8 vs 19.9 ± 7.3 mm, p < 0.0001). Mean operative duration and postoperative length of hospital stay in prophylactic cervical cerclage were shorter than those in therapeutic cervical cerclage (22.1 ± 10.3 vs 28.9 ± 13.0 min, p = 0.0241 and 5.6 ± 1.8 vs 7.0 ± 2.8 days, p = 0.0354), respectively. Compared with therapeutic cerclage, prophylactic cerclage had more advantages in gestational age at delivery (35.2 ± 5.5 and 31.7 ± 6.5 weeks, p = 0.0061), deliveries < 37 gestational weeks (40 vs 69.2%, p = 0.0159), live births (93.3 vs 69.2%, p = 0.0143) and the duration of pregnancy prolongation in terms of live births (19.5 ± 5.0 vs 12.0 ± 8.2 weeks, p = 0.0002). There was a higher cesarean section rate in prophylactic group than that in therapeutic group (50 vs 25.6%, p = 0.0383). The logistic analysis showed that the cervical length before surgery was the only independent prognostic factor [OR 2.860 (1.425, 5.742) p = 0.0031] for pregnancy outcome, and that is the cervical length before surgery affected late foetal loss. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that, both prophylactic cervical cerclage and therapeutic cervical cerclage reduce the incidence of recurrent abortion or preterm birth and efficiently extend the length of the pregnancy with live births. The prophylactic cervical cerclage has more advantages in operative time, length of hospital stay after surgery, gestational age at delivery, live births and preterm birth. The length of the cervical before surgery is an independent risk factor for pregnancy outcomes when pregnant women appear in the cervical shortening is less than normal. Cervical cerclage is an effective surgical technique to prevent recurrent abortion or late foetal loss.

Transformation of Nitrogen and Evolution of N-Containing Species during Algae Pyrolysis.

Transformation and evolution mechanisms of nitrogen during algae pyrolysis were investigated in depth with exploration of N-containing products under variant temperature. Results indicated nitrogen in algae is mainly in the form of protein-N (∼90%) with some inorganic-N. At 400-600 °C, protein-N in algae cracked first with algae pyrolysis and formed pyridinic-N, pyrrolic-N, and quaternary-N in char. The content of protein-N decreased significantly, while that of pyrrolic-N and quaternary-N increased gradually with temperature increasing. Pyridinic-N and pyrrolic-N formation was due to deamination or dehydrogenation of amino acids; subsequently, some pyridinic-N converted to quaternary-N. Increasing temperature decreased amides content greatly while increased that of nitriles and N-heterocyclic compounds (pyridines, pyrroles, and indoles) in bio-oil. Amides were formed through NH3 reacting with fatty acids, that underwent dehydration to form nitriles. Besides, NH3 and HCN yields increased gradually. NH3 resulted from ammonia-N, labile amino acids and amides decomposition, while HCN came from nitrile decomposition. At 700-800 °C, evolution trend of N-containing products was similar to that at 400-600 °C. While N-heterocyclic compounds in bio-oil mainly came from pyrifinic-N, pyrrolic-N, and quaternary-N decomposition. Moreover, cracking of pyridinic-N and pyrrolic-N produced HCN and NH3. A mechanism of nitrogen transformation during algae pyrolysis is proposed based on amino acids decomposition.

Coupling dechlorination and catalytic pyrolysis to produce carbon nanotubes from mixed polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene.

The presence of chlorine in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) presents a major challenge for realizing the high-value utilization of real waste plastics. The objective of this research was to develop a chlorine-resistant process for the preparation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from mixed plastics containing PVC. This study investigates the influence of PVC content and various dechlorinating agents (CaO, Na2CO3, red mud (RM), ZSM-5, Fe-Al2O3, Fe(OH)3) on CNTs formation. The results showed that PVC content exceeding 5 % significantly inhibits CNTs formation. Employing dechlorinating agents in the pyrolysis process results in a substantial yield of CNTs from mixed plastics containing 10 % PVC. Among the dechlorinating agents, RM proves to be the most effective, leading to the highest carbon yield (at 30 wt%) and superior CNTs quality. Other dechlorinating agents, except for ZSM-5, yield comparable results, although there were some obvious variations of volatiles. Further investigation of the role of dechlorinating agents from the perspective of volatiles evolution was conducted via Py-GC/MS, and found that the dechlorination agent efficiently absorbs the HCl from mixed plastics pyrolysis, while also exhibiting catalytic and regulatory influence on volatile components. These findings offer valuable insights for the development of a chlorine-resistant process in the preparation of CNTs from mixed plastics that contain PVC.

Desulfurization and upgrade of pyrolytic oil and gas during waste tires pyrolysis: The role of metal oxides.

Pyrolysis can effectively convert waste tires into high-value products. However, the sulfur-containing compounds in pyrolysis oil and gas would significantly reduce the environmental and economic feasibility of this technology. Here, the desulfurization and upgrade of waste tire pyrolysis oil and gas were performed by adding different metal oxides (Fe2O3, CuO, and CaO). Results showed that Fe2O3 exhibited the highest removal efficiency of 87.7 % for the sulfur-containing gas at 600 °C with an outstanding removal efficiency of 99.5 % for H2S. CuO and CaO were slightly inferior to Fe2O3, with desulfurization efficiencies of 75.9 % and 45.2 % in the gas when added at 5 %. Fe2O3 also demonstrated a notable efficacy in eliminating benzothiophene, the most abundant sulfur compound in pyrolysis oil, with a removal efficiency of 78.1 %. Molecular dynamics simulations and experiments showed that the desulfurization mechanism of Fe2O3 involved the bonding of Fe-S, the breakage of C-S, dehydrogenation and oxygen migration process, which promoted the conversion of Fe2O3 to FeO, FeS and Fe2(SO4)3. Meanwhile, Fe2O3 enhanced the cyclization and dehydrogenation reaction, facilitating the upgrade of oil and gas (monocyclic aromatics to 57.4 % and H2 to 22.3 %). This study may be helpful for the clean and high-value conversion of waste tires.

Web-based newborn screening system for metabolic diseases: machine learning versus clinicians.

BACKGROUND: A hospital information system (HIS) that integrates screening data and interpretation of the data is routinely requested by hospitals and parents. However, the accuracy of disease classification may be low because of the disease characteristics and the analytes used for classification. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to describe a system that enhanced the neonatal screening system of the Newborn Screening Center at the National Taiwan University Hospital. The system was designed and deployed according to a service-oriented architecture (SOA) framework under the Web services .NET environment. The system consists of sample collection, testing, diagnosis, evaluation, treatment, and follow-up services among collaborating hospitals. To improve the accuracy of newborn screening, machine learning and optimal feature selection mechanisms were investigated for screening newborns for inborn errors of metabolism. METHODS: The framework of the Newborn Screening Hospital Information System (NSHIS) used the embedded Health Level Seven (HL7) standards for data exchanges among heterogeneous platforms integrated by Web services in the C# language. In this study, machine learning classification was used to predict phenylketonuria (PKU), hypermethioninemia, and 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA-carboxylase (3-MCC) deficiency. The classification methods used 347,312 newborn dried blood samples collected at the Center between 2006 and 2011. Of these, 220 newborns had values over the diagnostic cutoffs (positive cases) and 1557 had values that were over the screening cutoffs but did not meet the diagnostic cutoffs (suspected cases). The original 35 analytes and the manifested features were ranked based on F score, then combinations of the top 20 ranked features were selected as input features to support vector machine (SVM) classifiers to obtain optimal feature sets. These feature sets were tested using 5-fold cross-validation and optimal models were generated. The datasets collected in year 2011 were used as predicting cases. RESULTS: The feature selection strategies were implemented and the optimal markers for PKU, hypermethioninemia, and 3-MCC deficiency were obtained. The results of the machine learning approach were compared with the cutoff scheme. The number of the false positive cases were reduced from 21 to 2 for PKU, from 30 to 10 for hypermethioninemia, and 209 to 46 for 3-MCC deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: This SOA Web service-based newborn screening system can accelerate screening procedures effectively and efficiently. An SVM learning methodology for PKU, hypermethioninemia, and 3-MCC deficiency metabolic diseases classification, including optimal feature selection strategies, is presented. By adopting the results of this study, the number of suspected cases could be reduced dramatically.

The reusing of waste bio-oil as additive on enhanced urea-based selective non-catalytic reduction denitrification.

Pyrolysis polygeneration has been proven to be effective in solid waste recycling, while cleaner production is hindered by nitrogen oxide emissions and waste oil utilization. In this study, waste bio-oil was proposed as additive for promoting urea-based selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) denitrification efficiency to establish bio-oil reusing process and the influence of waste bio-oil on promoting SNCR denitrification were investigated. Then the effects of temperature, bio-oil components and fly ash on SNCR denitrification characteristics were explored. The results illustrated that 5 wt% bio-oil additives would widen the optimum denitrification temperature window by 24.8 % (from 210.25 to 262.43 °C), reduce the reduction temperature by 62.11 °C (from 944.04 to 881.93 °C), and increase the denitrification efficiency by 21 %. Among the main components in waste bio-oil, acetic acid was more effective than phenol and furfural in promoting SNCR denitrification under 900 °C, a large amount of OH was produced to promote the reduction of NH3 and HNCO. In addition, the existence of fly ash could promote urea oxidation and reduce denitrification efficiency because of the catalytic effect of CaO and Fe2O3 on urea oxidation.

Hydrogen-rich syngas production from biomass gasification using biochar-based nanocatalysts.

Nanocatalysts are beneficial for tar elimination and syngas production during biomass gasification. In this study, novel biochar-based nanocatalysts loaded with Ni/Ca/Fe nanoparticles was prepared by one-step impregnation method for catalytic steam gasification of biomass. Results showed that the metal particles were evenly distributed with the particle size of less than 20 nm. With the introduction of nanoparticles, H2 yield and tar conversion were obviously increased. Ni and Fe particles help to maintain the stability of the carrier microporous structure. Fe loaded biochar showed the best catalytic gasification performance, with 87% tar conversion and 42.46 mmol/g H2 production. The catalytic effect of Fe was also higher than that of Ni and Ca if deducting the influence of carrier consumption. It demonstrated that Fe-loaded biochar was a promising catalyst candidate for hydrogen-rich syngas production from biomass gasification.

Preparation of carbon nanotubes by catalytic pyrolysis of dechlorinated PVC.

Plastic waste is attracting growing interest for its utilization potential as a valuable resource. However, conventional thermochemical methods can hardly achieve high-value utilization of certain plastics, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) characterized with high chlorine content. Here, a low-temperature aerobic pretreatment method was introduced to realize high-efficiency dechlorination of PVC, and then the dechlorinated PVC was used to prepare carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by a catalytic pyrolysis. The results demonstrate that oxygen can significantly promote the HCl release in a pretty low-temperature range (260-340 °C). Chlorine was almost completely eliminated at 280 °C under 20 % oxygen concentration. Compared to untreated PVC, using the dechlorinated PVC as raw material, higher carbon deposition was obtained and over 60 % CNTs could be collected from the carbon deposition. This study provides a high-value utilization way for the production of CNTs from waste PVC.

Production mechanism of high-quality carbon black from high-temperature pyrolysis of waste tire.

High-temperature pyrolysis of waste tires is a promising method to produce high-quality carbon black. In this study, carbon black formation characteristics were investigated during tire pyrolysis at 1000-1300 °C with residence times of < 1 s, 1-2 s, and 2-4 s. It is shown that with temperature increasing from 1000 °C to 1300 °C carbon black yield was increased from 10% to 27% with residence times of 2-4 s. Carbon black exhibited a core-shell nanostructure over 1100 °C and the graphitization degree was promoted with the temperature and residence time. While the mean particle diameter decreased with the temperature to 69 nm at 1300 °C and further increased by residence time. The molecular-level evolution from tire to initial carbon black was further revealed by reactive force field molecular dynamics simulations. Light oil, gas, and radicals were transformed to initial cyclic molecules and long carbon chains via carbon-addition-hydrogen-migration, H-abstraction-C2H2-addition, and radical-chain reactions, subsequently forming PAHs. The coupling of PAHs aliphatic side chains formed large graphene layers that gradually bent to fullerene-like cores and generated incipient carbon black. The process mechanism from volatiles evolution to carbon black was proposed, which may be helpful for obtaining high-quality carbon black from high-temperature pyrolysis of waste tires.

Correlation of Cyr61 and CTGF in placentas from the late pre-eclamptic pregnancy.

It is thought that a shallow invasion of the maternal decidua by extravillous trophoblasts (EVT) is associated with the development of pre-eclampsia. Here, we focus on the expression of the proangiogenic proteins Cyr61 and CTGF in the human placenta during normal pregnancy compared with that in the late pre-eclamptic placenta. Cyr61 and CTGF are expressed in the extravillous trophoblast and in endothelial cells. We found the expression of Cyr61 was significantly decreased in pre-eclamptic placentas compared with matched controls. In contrast, the CTGF expression level was upregulated in pre-eclamptic placentas. There was a negative correlation between Cyr61 and CTGF. These results suggest that decreased Cyr61 and overexpressed CTGF may play a part in the development of pre-eclampsia.

Nonrenewable energy cost and greenhouse gas emissions of a "pig-biogas-fish" system in China.

The purpose of this study is to assess the energy savings and emission reductions of the present rural biogas system in China. The life cycle assessment (LCA) method is used to analyze a "pig-biogas-fish" system in Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China. The nonrenewable energy cost and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the system, including the pigsty, the biogas digester, and the fishpond, are taken into account. The border definition is standardized because of the utilization of the database in this paper. The results indicate that the nonrenewable energy consumption intensity of the "pig-biogas-fish" system is 0.60 MJ/MJ and the equivalent CO2 emission intensity is 0.05 kg CO2-eq/MJ. Compared with the conventional animal husbandry system, the "pig-biogas-fish" system shows high renewability and GHG reduction benefit, which indicates that the system is a scientific and environmentally friendly chain combining energy and ecology.

[Targeted therapy of malignant glioma by a chimeric fusion toxin composed of IL-13 and Pseudomonas exotoxin in vitro].

OBJECTIVE: To examine the antitumor activity of IL-13PE38 on solid malignant glioma cells in vitro and to investigate its relationship between the antitumor activity of IL-13PE38 and the expression level of IL-13Rα2 in malignant glioma. METHODS: Ten fresh tissues of anaplastic glioma and 11 fresh tissues of glioblastoma multiforme were obtained during craniotomy at First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College between June 2009 and December 2010. All fresh glioma cells were cultured in vitro with IL-13PE38. Then the cytotoxicity of IL-13PE38 was determined by colorimetric MTS proliferation assay and the SR (survival rate) calculated. The expression level of IL-13Rα2 was studied by immunohistochemical SABC method in 21 cases of malignant glioma. And the value of integrated optical density (IOD) was examined by computer assisted pathological image analysis system. The correlation between the IOD of IL-13Rα2 and the SR of malignant glioma cells was also studied. RESULTS: (1) There were strongly positive expression of IL-13Rα2 in most cases (19/21, 90%). And the expression level of IL-13Rα2 in glioblastoma multiforme was higher than the expression level of IL-13Rα2 in anaplastic glioma (P < 0.05). (2) As the fresh malignant glioma cells were cultured with IL-13PE38 of same concentration, the number of surviving cells decreased in different degrees. The survival rate of 14 cases were < 70% and 9 cases < 50%. And the survival rate of anaplastic glioma cells was higher than that of glioblastoma multiforme cells (P < 0.05). (3) The IOD of IL-13Rα2 and the SR of malignant glioma cells were strongly negatively correlated (r = -0.093, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: A low concentration of IL-13PE38 shows a high level of cytotoxicity for solid malignant glioma cells. And its cytotoxic efficiency depends on the expression level of IL-13Rα2.

Pyrolysis of boron-crosslinked lignin: Influence on lignin softening and product properties.

In this study, ammonium borate was used as an additive to inhibit lignin softening during the pyrolysis process, and the influence on the pyrolysis process and product characteristics were investigated with potential mechanism being explored in depth. Results showed that with boron addition, glassy transition temperature and thermal stability of lignin increased, and the yield of gas and liquid decreased, while the content of CO, CO2 and H2 increased. Simultaneously, liquid oil showed higher content of simple phenols, especially the diphenols which the maximum reached 80% with 3%BN at 650 ℃, while the yield of heavy components (300 âˆ¼ 400 Da) decreased. With regard to B-doped char, oxygenic groups and specific surface area (509 m2/g of 5%BN at 650 ℃) increased greatly. Increasing temperature promoted the transformation of B doping form from BC2O to BCO2.

In-situ polymerized composite polymer electrolyte with cesium-ion additive enables dual-interfacial compatibility in all-solid-state lithium-metal batteries.

Solid composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) that combine the advantages of inorganic and organic electrolytes are regarded as the most appealing candidates for all-solid-state lithium-metal batteries (ASSLMBs). Nonetheless, the interfacial incompatibility issues resulting from poor cathode/electrolyte contact and uncontrolled dendrite growth on Li anode are fundamentally challenging for the development of ASSLMBs. Herein, we design a solid CPE with dual-interface compatibility based on in-situ thermal polymerization of a precursor solution containing polymer monomer, cesium-ion (Cs+), and inorganic Li+ conductor. The resultant Cs+ containing CPE creates intimate interface contact with the cathode while achieving high interfacial stability with the Li-metal anode. Accordingly, this solid electrolyte can perform reversible Li plating/stripping over 750 h at 0.3 mA cm-2 and a critical current density (CCD) of 0.8 mA cm-2, in sharp contrast with its Cs+-free counterpart (failure after 11 h and a CCD of 0.5 mA cm-2). Furthermore, the full ASSLMBs (Li|LiFePO4) enable decent capacity retention of 90% over 100 cycles at 0.5C and high Coulombic efficiency of nearly 100%. Therefore, constructing solid-state electrolytes with dual-interfacial compatibility may be an effective avenue to achieve high-performance ASSLMBs.

Coeffect of pyrolysis temperature and potassium phosphate impregnation on characteristics, stability, and adsorption mechanism of phosphorus-enriched biochar.

Potassium phosphate (K3PO4)-impregnated bamboo was pyrolyzed at temperatures ranging from 350 to 950 °C to explore the coeffect of pyrolysis temperature and K3PO4 impregnation on biochar's characteristics and adsorption behavior. The degree of aromatization and graphitization in phosphorus-enriched biochars (PRBCs) rose as temperature increased, whereas H/C and O/C ratios, pH value, and O-containing group content decreased. The pre-aging impact of K3PO4 impregnation results in increased stability and adsorption performance of PRBCs. Adsorption mechanism of PRBCs to heavy metal varies from pyrolysis temperature. Micropores dominate medium-temperature PRBCs (prepared at 550 âˆ¼ 750 °C), possessing the highest P-containing group content (116 % that of PRBC-350) and maximal adsorption capacity (greater than289 mg/g). The medium-temperature PRBCs adsorb Cd (II) via the role of O-containing groups, PO43-, and P2O74-, mainly by reactions of organic complexation, precipitation and inorganic complexation, respectively. 550 °C is the optimal pyrolysis temperature for both energy saving and heavy metal adsorption.

Simultaneous removal of cadmium, lead, chromate by biochar modified with layered double hydroxide with sulfide intercalation.

In this study, a novel KOH-activated biochar modified with Mg2Al-LDH with S2- intercalation (KBC-LDH-S) was proposed for simultaneous adsorption of anions and cations. The adsorption capacity, thermodynamic and kinetic studies, effects of initial temperature and solution pH were investigated. Furthermore, the adsorption characteristics in both single and ternary Pb-Cd-Cr systems were investigated. Comparing with bare biochar, the adsorption capacity of KBC-LDH-S was increased by 387.8 % for Cd2+ (190.4 mg/g), 358.1 % for Pb2+ (392.2 mg/g), 1106.0 % for total Cr (170.7 mg/g) and 4602 % for Cr6+ (833.8 mg/g). The S2- intercalation effectively increased the adsorption capacity of CrO42- by 3370 % and promoted simultaneous adsorption. The interlayer anion exchange and redox reaction occurred between CrO42- and S2- to generate Cr3+, and then promoted the adsorption of CrO42-. Besides, the adsorption amount and total removal efficiency first increased and then decreased with the increasing concentration in the Pb-Cd-Cr ternary system.