RESUMEN
Background and Aims: The processes and mechanisms underlying lineage diversification are major topics in evolutionary biology. Eurasian goldenrod species of the Solidago virgaurea complex show remarkable morphological and ecological diversity in the Japanese Archipelago, with ecotypic taxa well adapted to specific environments (climate, edaphic conditions and disturbance regimes). The species complex is a suitable model to investigate the evolutionary processes of actively speciating plant groups, due to its ability to evolve in relation to environmental adaptation and its historical population dynamics. Methods: Two chloroplast markers, 18 nuclear microsatellite markers and ddRAD-sequencing were used to infer population genetic demography of S. virgaurea complex with its related species/genera. Key Results: Our analysis showed that populations in Japan form an evolutionary unit, which was genetically diverged from adjacent continental populations. The phylogenetic structure within the archipelago strongly corresponds to the geography, but interestingly there is no concordance between genetic structure and ecotypic boundaries; neighbouring populations of distinct ecotypes share a genetic background. Conclusions: We propose that the traits specific to the ecotypic entities are maintained by natural selection or are very recently generated and have little effect on the genomes, making genome-wide genetic markers unsuitable for detecting ecotypic differentiation. Furthermore, some sporadically distributed taxa (found as rheophytes and alpine plants) were repeatedly generated from a more widespread taxon in geographically distant areas by means of selection. Overall, this study showed that the goldenrod complex has a high ability to evolve, enabling rapid ecological diversification over a recent timeframe.
Asunto(s)
Solidago/genética , ADN de Cloroplastos/genética , Ecología , Variación Genética/genética , Genética de Población , Japón , Repeticiones de Microsatélite/genética , Filogenia , Filogeografía , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
Worldwide molecular research of economically important Phalaris arundinacea (Poaceae) is mainly focused on the invasions of this species from Europe to North America. Until the present study, the genetic diversity of the P. arundinacea had not been studied across the Baltic countries. The objective of this research is to evaluate the diversity of Lithuanian populations of P. arundinacea at simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci comparatively among populations of the Baltic countries, Luxembourg, and the Russian Far East (Eurasian), evaluating differentiation between Lithuanian populations and ornamental accessions, and relating these with environmental features. For six selected Lithuanian river basin populations, GBS low density SNPs were used to determine genetic diversity. Bayesian analysis showed that Eurasian populations of Phalaris arundinacea consist of two gene clusters. Statistically significant genetic differentiation among European and Eurasian populations was documented. Lithuanian genotypes growing naturally along rivers are genetically distinct from cultivated ornamentals. GBS-SNPs divided the six selected Nemunas river basins into three distinct groups with one, two, or three rivers in separate groupings for genetic diversity. Genetic diversity is primarily within, rather than among, Lithuanian, eastern European, and Eurasian populations of P. arundinacea across the continent. Thus, restoration efforts would benefit from local population seed origination.
Asunto(s)
Repeticiones de Microsatélite , Repeticiones de Microsatélite/genética , Phalaris/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Variación Genética , Europa OrientalRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The "Flora of Russia" project on iNaturalist brought together professional scientists and amateur naturalists from all over the country. Over 10,000 people were involved in the data collection. NEW INFORMATION: Within 20 months, the participants accumulated 750,143 photo observations of 6,857 species of the Russian flora. This constitutes the largest dataset of open spatial data on the country's biodiversity and a leading source of data on the current state of the national flora. About 87% of all project data, i.e. 652,285 observations, are available under free licences (CC0, CC-BY, CC-BY-NC) and can be freely used in scientific, educational and environmental activities.