Reinforcing Effects of Poly(D-Lactide)-g-Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes on Polylactide Nanocomposites.

Polylactide (PLA) nanocomposites with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) grafted with poly(L-lactide) or poly(D-lactide) were prepared by solution casting, and their thermal and mechanical properties were evaluated. MWNTs containing hydroxyl groups were treated by ring-opening polymerization of either L-lactide or D-lactide. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that the MWNT surfaces had been modified by the PLLA or PDLA chains. The thermal properties were measured by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The mechanical properties were examined using a universal testing machine. The morphology of the fractured surfaces of the PLA nanocomposites was observed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. PDLA-g-MWNTs were dispersed more uniformly compared to PLLA-g-MWNTs in the PLA matrix. The incorporation of PDLA-g-MWNTs greatly improved the tensile strength of the nanocomposites regardless of the contents. Thermal analysis revealed different characteristics at specific composites depending on the type of modification.

Synergistic effects of alkylated graphene oxide on the properties of polypropylene-based carbon nanocomposites.

Polypropylene (PP)/carbon black (CB)-alkylated graphene oxide (AGO) hybrid nanocomposites were prepared via solution process and the synergistic effects of AGO on the properties of the PP/CB nanocomposites were investigated. AGO at a content of only 0.2 wt% formed an overlapped network structure in the PP matrix and affected the electrical, thermal and mechanical properties of the PP/CB nanocomposites. Specifically, PP/CB (5 wt%)-AGO (0.2 wt%) nanocomposites exhibited an electrical percolation threshold at lower CB contents than the PP/CB nanocomposites did, and the sheet resistance was decreased to 2.3 x 10(7) omega/sq. The thermal degradation temperature and recrystallization temperature of the PP/CB (10 wt%) nanocomposites were increased by 11.3 and 1.6 degrees C, respectively, by the addition of 0.2 wt% AGO. In addition, the Young's modulus of the PP/CB (10 wt%) nanocomposite was increased from 438.1 to 540.1 MPa.

Effects of carbon black-carbon nanotube complex fillers on the properties of isotactic polypropylene nanocomposites.

In this study, the reinforcing effects of carbon black (CB) and carbon nanotube (CNT) complex fillers on the properties of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) nanocomposites were investigated using various methods. The surface of the CNTs was modified using a linear alkyl chain in order to create a homogeneous CNT dispersion in the iPP matrix. When the CB content that was incorporated in the iPP matrix increased, the thermal and mechanical properties of the iPP/CB nanocomposites were enhanced. Additionally these enhancements in the properties were similarly induced by introducing a small amount of alkylated CNTs (a-CNTs). In contrast, the CB/a-CNT complex filler was more effective for the iPP nanocomposites than the CB or a-CNT single filler in terms of the thermal stability and the electrical properties. However, the mechanical properties of the CB/a-CNT complex filler incorporated iPP nanocomposites were poorer than the only a-CNT incorporated iPP nanocomposites. Additionally, the complex filler did not overcome the nucleation behavior of the a-CNTs in the re-crystallization of iPP.

Characterization of electrospun poly(p-dioxanone) and poly(p-dioxanone)/clay nanocomposite fibers.

PPDO was successfully electrospun into continuous, ultrafine fibers by using DMSO as solvent for the first time. The concentration of PPDO in DMSO and the electrospinning temperature were optimized. PPDO/LAP nanocomposites were also electrospun in DMSO. At 70 degrees C, ultrafine PPDO fibers were obtained from 35 wt% solution and the PPDO/LAP nanocomposite fibers were yielded from 55 wt% solution. Electrospun fibers of the PPDO/LAP nanocomposites showed higher degree of crystallinity due to the presence of embedded nanoparticles.

Dispersion of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in aqueous silk fibroin solutions.

A simple method was developed to densely assemble multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) onto single native spider silk and silkworm silk fibers in aqueous system. The interactions between the MWCNTs and the silk fibroin were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the role of pure silk fibroin in dispersing MWCNTs in aqueous systems was also assessed.

Nanofibers with very fine core-shell morphology from anisotropic micelle of amphiphilic crystalline-coil block copolymer.

A novel and facile strategy, combining anisotropic micellization of amphiphilic crystalline-coil copolymer in water and reassembly during single spinneret electrospinning, was developed for preparing nanofibers with very fine core-shell structure. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene glycol-block-poly(p-dioxanone) (PEG-b-PPDO) were used as the shell and the crystallizable core layer, respectively. The core-shell structure could be controllably produced by altering concentration of PEG-b-PPDO, and the chain length of the PPDO block. The morphology of the nanofibers was investigated by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). X-ray rocking curve measurements were performed to investigate the degree of ordered alignment of the PPDO crystalline lamellae in the nanofiber. The results suggested that the morphology of nanoparticles in spinning solution plays very important role in determining the phase separation of nanofibers. The amphiphilic PEG-b-PPDO copolymer self-assembled into star anise nanoaggregates in water solution induced by the crystallization of PPDO blocks. When incorporated with PVA, the interaction between PVA and PEG-b-PPDO caused a morphological transition of the nanoaggregates from star anise to small flake. For flake-like particles, their flat surface is in favor of compact stacking of PPDO crystalline lamellae and interfusion of amorphous PPDO in the core of nanofibers, leading to a relatively ordered alignment of PPDO crystalline lamellae and well-defined core-shell phase separation. However, for star anise-like nanoaggregates, their multibranched morphology may inevitably prohibit the compact interfusion of PPDO phase, resulting in a random microphase separation.

Plasmonic nanohybrid with ultrasmall Ag nanoparticles and fluorescent dyes.

We investigate a hybrid nanocomposite combining fluorescent dyes and ultrasmall (<3 nm) silver nanocrystals in a block copolymer micelle. Although the metal nanoparticles are significantly smaller than the electromagnetic skin depth, we observe a modification of the exciton lifetime and the nonradiative energy transfer among the dyes. This behavior is absent in a control experiment with dyes whose energetic levels are far from the plasmonic resonance, establishing the plasmonic nature of the interaction.

Strong interfacial attrition developed by oleate/layered double hydroxide nanoplatelets dispersed into poly(butylene succinate).

Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) nanocomposite structure was studied as a function of the filler percentage loading. The resulting state of dispersion was evaluated by XRD and TEM, and the interfacial attrition between PBS chain and lamellar platelets by the melt rheological properties. Hybrid organic inorganic (O/I) layered double hydroxide (LDH) organo-modified by oleate anions was used as filler. It was found that the confinement supplied by the LDH framework forces the interleaved organic molecule to be more distant from each other than in the case of oleate salt, this having as an effect to decrease strongly the homonuclear intermolecular (1)H(1)H dipolar interaction. An additional consequence of this relatively free molecular rotation, affecting the (13)C CPMAS response as well, is to facilitate the delamination of the 2D-stacked layers during extrusion since an quasi-exfoliated PBS:Mg(2)Al/oleate structure is observed for filler loading lower than 5% w/w. This is in association to a non-linear viscoelasticity in the low-omega region and the observed shear-thinning tendency compares better than other PBS:silicate nanocomposite derivatives and is here explained by the presence of a percolated LDH nanoparticle network. Indeed the plastic deformation in the low-omega region is found to be restricted by well-dispersed LDH tactoids in association with a rather strong attrition phenomenon between tethered oleate anions and PBS chains.