Iron oxide@chlorophyll clustered nanoparticles eliminate bladder cancer by photodynamic immunotherapy-initiated ferroptosis and immunostimulation.

The escape of bladder cancer from immunosurveillance causes monotherapy to exhibit poor efficacy; therefore, designing a multifunctional nanoparticle that boosts programmed cell death and immunoactivation has potential as a treatment strategy. Herein, we developed a facile one-pot coprecipitation reaction to fabricate cluster-structured nanoparticles (CNPs) assembled from Fe3O4 and iron chlorophyll (Chl/Fe) photosensitizers. This nanoassembled CNP, as a multifunctional theranostic agent, could perform red-NIR fluorescence and change the redox balance by the photoinduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and attenuate iron-mediated lipid peroxidation by the induction of a Fenton-like reaction. The intravesical instillation of Fe3O4@Chl/Fe CNPs modified with 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid (CPBA) may target the BC wall through glycoproteins in the BC cavity, allowing local killing of cancer cells by photodynamic therapy (PDT)-induced singlet oxygen and causing chemodynamic therapy (CDT)-mediated ferroptosis. An interesting possibility is reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment from immunosuppressive to immunostimulatory after PDT-CDT treatment, which was demonstrated by the reduction of PD-L1 (lower "off" signal to the effector immune cells), IDO-1, TGF-ß, and M2-like macrophages and the induction of CD8+ T cells on BC sections. Moreover, the intravesical instillation of Fe3O4@Chl/Fe CNPs may enhance the large-area distribution on the BC wall, improving antitumor efficacy and increasing survival rates from 0 to 91.7%. Our theranostic CNPs not only demonstrated combined PDT-CDT-induced cytotoxicity, ROS production, and ferroptosis to facilitate treatment efficacy but also opened up new horizons for eliminating the immunosuppressive effect by simultaneous PDT-CDT.

A universal strategy for the fabrication of single-photon and multiphoton NIR nanoparticles by loading organic dyes into water-soluble polymer nanosponges.

The development of optical organic nanoparticles (NPs) is desirable and widely studied. However, most organic dyes are water-insoluble such that the derivatization and modification of these dyes are difficult. Herein, we demonstrated a simple platform for the fabrication of organic NPs designed with emissive properties by loading ten different organic dyes (molar masses of 479.1-1081.7 g/mol) into water-soluble polymer nanosponges composed of poly(styrene-alt-maleic acid) (PSMA). The result showed a substantial improvement over the loading of commercial dyes (3.7-50% loading) while preventing their spontaneous aggregation in aqueous solutions. This packaging strategy includes our newly synthesized organic dyes (> 85% loading) designed for OPVs (242), DSSCs (YI-1, YI-3, YI-8), and OLEDs (ADF-1-3, and DTDPTID) applications. These low-cytotoxicity organic NPs exhibited tunable fluorescence from visible to near-infrared (NIR) emission for cellular imaging and biological tracking in vivo. Moreover, PSMA NPs loaded with designed NIR-dyes were fabricated, and photodynamic therapy with these dye-loaded PSMA NPs for the photolysis of cancer cells was achieved when coupled with 808 nm laser excitation. Indeed, our work demonstrates a facile approach for increasing the biocompatibility and stability of organic dyes by loading them into water-soluble polymer-based carriers, providing a new perspective of organic optoelectronic materials in biomedical theranostic applications.

Off-Resonance SERS Nanoprobe-Targeted Screen of Biomarkers for Antigens Recognition of Bladder Normal and Aggressive Cancer Cells.

The discovery of different binding receptors to allow rapid and high-sensitivity detection via a noninvasive urine test has become the goal for urothelial carcinoma (UC) diagnosis and surveillance. In this study, we developed a new screening membrane receptor platform for bladder cancer cells by integrating surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP)-modified AuAg nanohollows upon NIR laser excitation. AuAg nanohollows have an absorption band at ∼630 nm, and slightly off-resonance 785 nm laser excitation is used for minimal photothermal effect. Using the same carbodiimide cross-linker chemistry to conjugate anti-EGFR, transferrin (TF), 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid (CPBA), folic acid (FA), and hyaluronic acid (HA) molecules, by screening the 4-ATP SERS signals intensity, we demonstrated that the targeting efficiency with the cost-effective CPBA molecule is comparable with the conjugation of anti-EGFR antibody to aggressive T24 cancer cells (high-grade), while weak intensity 4-ATP SERS responses to targets were obtained by grade-I RT4 bladder cancer cells, NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells, and SV-HUC1 bladder normal cells. This SERS nanoprobe platform makes primary bladder carcinoma screening from in vitro to ex vivo more straightforward. Our demonstration offers exciting potential for SERS screening of specific receptors on cancer cells of different grades and facilitates new opportunities ranging from surface engineering of SERS material tags to SERS imaging-guided and targeted phototherapy of cancer cells by controlling the laser powers.

Harnessing the Power of Sugar-Based Nanoparticles: A Drug-Free Approach to Enhance Immune Checkpoint Inhibition against Glioblastoma and Pancreatic Cancer.

Cancer cells have a high demand for sugars and express diverse carbohydrate receptors, offering opportunities to improve delivery with multivalent glycopolymer materials. However, effectively delivering glycopolymers to tumors while inhibiting cancer cell activity, altering cellular metabolism, and reversing tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) polarization to overcome immunosuppression remains a challenging area of research due to the lack of reagents capable of simultaneously achieving these objectives. Here, the glycopolymer-like condensed nanoparticle (∼60 nm) was developed by a one-pot carbonization reaction with a single precursor, promoting multivalent interactions for the galactose-related receptors of the M2 macrophage (TAM) and thereby regulating the STAT3/NF-κB pathways. The subsequently induced M2-to-M1 transition was increased with the condensed level of glycopolymer-like nanoparticles. We found that the activation of the glycopolymer-like condensed galactose (CG) nanoparticles influenced monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT-4) function, which caused inhibited lactate efflux (similar to inhibitor effects) from cancer cells. Upon internalization via galactose-related endocytosis, CG NPs induced cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to dual functionalities of cancer cell death and M2-to-M1 macrophage polarization, thereby reducing the tumor's acidic microenvironment and immunosuppression. Blocking the nanoparticle-MCT-4 interaction with antibodies reduced their toxicity in glioblastoma (GBM) and affected macrophage polarization. In orthotopic GBM and pancreatic cancer models, the nanoparticles remodeled the tumor microenvironment from "cold" to "hot", enhancing the efficacy of anti-PD-L1/anti-PD-1 therapy by promoting macrophage polarization and activating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and dendritic cells (DCs). These findings suggest that glycopolymer-like nanoparticles hold promise as a galactose-elicited adjuvant for precise immunotherapy, particularly in targeting hard-to-treat cancers.

Dual-plasmonic Au@Cu7S4 yolk@shell nanocrystals for photocatalytic hydrogen production across visible to near infrared spectral region.

Near infrared energy remains untapped toward the maneuvering of entire solar spectrum harvesting for fulfilling the nuts and bolts of solar hydrogen production. We report the use of Au@Cu7S4 yolk@shell nanocrystals as dual-plasmonic photocatalysts to achieve remarkable hydrogen production under visible and near infrared illumination. Ultrafast spectroscopic data reveal the prevalence of long-lived charge separation states for Au@Cu7S4 under both visible and near infrared excitation. Combined with the advantageous features of yolk@shell nanostructures, Au@Cu7S4 achieves a peak quantum yield of 9.4% at 500 nm and a record-breaking quantum yield of 7.3% at 2200 nm for hydrogen production in the absence of additional co-catalysts. The design of a sustainable visible- and near infrared-responsive photocatalytic system is expected to inspire further widespread applications in solar fuel generation. In this work, the feasibility of exploiting the localized surface plasmon resonance property of self-doped, nonstoichiometric semiconductor nanocrystals for the realization of wide-spectrum-driven photocatalysis is highlighted.

Novel metal peroxide nanoboxes restrain Clostridioides difficile infection beyond the bactericidal and sporicidal activity.

Clostridioides difficile spores are considered as the major source responsible for the development of C. difficile infection (CDI), which is associated with an increased risk of death in patients and has become an important issue in infection control of nosocomial infections. Current treatment against CDI still relies on antibiotics, which also damage normal flora and increase the risk of CDI recurrence. Therefore, alternative therapies that are more effective against C. difficile bacteria and spores are urgently needed. Here, we designed an oxidation process using H2O2 containing PBS solution to generate Cl- and peroxide molecules that further process Ag and Au ions to form nanoboxes with Ag-Au peroxide coat covering Au shell and AgCl core (AgAu-based nanoboxes). The AgAu-based nanoboxes efficiently disrupted the membrane structure of bacteria/spores of C. difficile after 30-45 min exposure to the highly reactive Ag/Au peroxide surface of the nano structures. The Au-enclosed AgCl provided sustained suppression of the growth of 2 × 107 pathogenic Escherichia coli for up to 19 days. In a fecal bench ex vivo test and in vivo CDI murine model, biocompatibility and therapeutic efficacy of the AuAg nanoboxes to attenuate CDI was demonstrated by restoring the gut microbiota and colon mucosal structure. The treatment successfully rescued the CDI mice from death and prevented their recurrence mediated by vancomycin treatment. The significant outcomes indicated that the new peroxide-derived AgAu-based nanoboxes possess great potential for future translation into clinical application as a new alternative therapeutic strategy against CDI.

Surfactant-Free Green Synthesis of Au@Chlorophyll Nanorods for NIR PDT-Elicited CDT in Bladder Cancer Therapy.

The facile and straightforward fabrication of NIR-responsive theranostic materials with high biocompatibility is still an unmet need for nanomedicine applications. Here, we used a natural photosensitizer, iron chlorophyll (Chl/Fe), for the J-aggregate template-assisted synthesis of Au@Chl/Fe nanorods with high stability. The assembly of a high amount of Chl/Fe J-aggregate onto the Au surface enabled red-NIR fluorescence for monitoring and tracking residential tumor lesions. The Chl/Fe moieties condensed on the nanorods could change the redox balance by the photon induction of reactive oxygen species and attenuate iron-mediated lipid peroxidation by inducing a Fenton-like reaction. After conjugation with carboxyphenylboronic acid (CPBA) to target the glycoprotein receptor on T24 bladder cancer (BC) cells, the enhanced delivery of Au@Chl/Fe-CPBA nanorods could induce over 85% cell death at extremely low concentrations of 0.16 ppm[Au] at 660 nm and 1.6 ppm[Au] at 785 nm. High lipid peroxidation, as shown by BODIPY staining and GSH depletion, was observed when treated T24 cells were exposed to laser irradiation, suggesting that preliminary photodynamic therapy (PDT) can revitalize Fenton-like reaction-mediated chemodynamic ferroptosis in T24 cells. We also manipulated the localized administration of Au@Chl-Fe combined with PDT at restricted regions in orthotopic tumor-bearing mice to cure malignant BC successfully without recurrence. By intravesical instillation of the Au@Chl/Fe-CPBA nanorods, this localized treatment could prevent the material from entering the systemic circulation, thus minimizing systemic toxicity. Upon activating NIR-PDT-elicited chemodynamic therapy, ultrasound imaging revealed almost complete tumor remission. Anti-tumor efficacy and survival benefit were achieved with a green photosensitizer.

Polyaniline-Based Glyco-Condensation on Au Nanoparticles Enhances Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer.

Lung cancer is considered among the deadliest cancers with a poor prognosis. Au@PG nanoparticles (NPs) are gold (Au)-based NPs featuring a polyaniline-based glyco structure (PG) generated from the polymerization of ortho-nitrophenyl-ß-d-galactopyranoside (ONPG) with promising M1 macrophage polarization activity, resulting in tumor remodeling and from a cold to a hot microenvironment, which promotes the cytotoxic T cell response and tumor inhibition. The combination of Au@PG NPs and anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapy improved tumor inhibition and immunosuppression, accompanied by the secretion of immunogenic cytokines. A one-pot synthetic method was developed to achieve glyco-condensation during the formation of Au@PG NPs, which induced macrophage polarization more efficiently than Au@glucose, Au@mannose, and Au@galactose NPs. The switch from M2 to M1 macrophages was dependent on NP size, with smaller Au@PG NPs performing better than larger ones, with effectiveness ranked as follows: 32.2 nm ≈ 29.8 nm < 26.4 nm < 18.3 nm. Cellular uptake by endocytosis induced size-dependent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which resulted in the activation of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), leading to immune modulations and macrophage polarization. Our results suggested the promising potential of Au@PG NPs in lung cancer immunotherapy.

Degradable NIR-PTT Nanoagents with a Potential Cu@Cu2O@Polymer Structure.

Cu@Cu2O@PSMA polymer nanoparticles (Cu@Cu2O@polymer NPs) with near-infrared (NIR) absorption were successfully synthesized in a single-step oxidation reaction of Cu@PSMA polymer NPs at 100 °C for 20 min. The shape, structure, and optical properties of the Cu@Cu2O@polymer NPs were tailorable by controlling the reaction parameters, for example, using the initial Cu@PSMA polymer NP as a template and varying the halide ion content, heating temperature, and reaction time. The Cu@Cu2O@polymer NPs exhibited robust NIR absorption between 650 and 710 nm and possessed superior oxidation resistance in water and culture media. In vitro assays demonstrated the low cytotoxicity of the Cu@Cu2O@PSMA polymer NPs to HeLa cells through an improved cell viability, high IC50, low injury incidence from the supernatant of the partly dissociated Cu@Cu2O@PSMA polymer NPs, and minor generation of reactive oxygen species. More importantly, we demonstrated that the inorganic Cu-based nanocomposite [+0.34 V vs normal hydrogen electrode (NHE)] was degradable in an endogenous H2O2 (+1.78 V vs NHE) environment. Cu ions were detected in the urine of mice, which illustrates the possibility of extraction after the degradation of the Cu-based particles. 'After an treatment of the HeLa cells with the Cu@Cu2O@polymer NPs and a 660 nm light-emitting diode, the photoablation of 50 and 90% cells was observed at NP doses of 20 and 50 ppm, respectively. These results demonstrate that NIR-functional and moderate redox-active Cu@Cu2O@polymer NPs are potential next-generation photothermal therapy (PTT) nanoagents because of combined features of degradation resistance in the physiological environment, enabling the delivery of efficient PTT, a possibly improved ability to selectively harm cancer cells by releasing Cu ions under high-H2O2 and/or low-pH conditions, and ability to be extracted from the body after biodegradation.