Effect Modification of Selenium Supplementation by Intake and Serum Concentrations of Antioxidants on the Development of Metachronous Colorectal Adenoma.

BACKGROUND: Selenium (Se) is a trace element that has been investigated as a potential chemopreventive agent for colorectal cancer. Dietary intake of other antioxidant nutrients may modify the effect of Se. OBJECTIVE: We examined the association between intake and serum concentrations of retinol, ß-carotene, ß-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein/zeaxanthin, and α- and γ-tocopherol and the development of metachronous colorectal adenoma, and if these nutrients modified the effect of Se. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of 1874 participants from the Se Trial with data for antioxidant intake, as well as a subcohort of 508 participants with serum biomarker concentrations. RESULTS: Statistically significantly lower odds for the development of metachronous adenoma were observed for those participants in the highest tertile of intake for lutein/zeaxanthin compared to the lowest, with an OR (95% CI) of 0.72 (0.56-0.94). No effect modification for intake of any nutrient was observed. However, circulating concentrations of lycopene exhibited statistically significant effect modification of selenium supplementation (p < 0.06). CONCLUSION: These findings show that intake and circulating concentrations of antioxidant nutrients were not consistently associated with reduced odds for the development of metachronous lesions, although blood concentrations of lycopene may modify the effect of selenium supplementation.

Genome-Wide Association Study of Metachronous Colorectal Adenoma Risk among Participants in the Selenium Trial.

Genetic variants related to colorectal adenoma may help identify those who are at highest risk of colorectal cancer development or illuminate potential chemopreventive strategies. The purpose of this genome-wide association study was to identify genetic variants that are associated with risk of developing a metachronous colorectal adenoma among 1,215 study participants of European descent from the Selenium Trial. Associations of variants were assessed with logistic regression analyses and validated in an independent case-control study population of 1,491 participants from the Colorectal Cancer Study of Austria (CORSA). No statistically significant genome-wide associations between any variant and metachronous adenoma were identified after correction for multiple comparisons. However, an intron variant of FAT3 gene, rs61901554, showed a suggestive association (P = 1.10 × 10-6) and was associated with advanced adenomas in CORSA (P = 0.04). Two intronic variants, rs12728998 and rs6699944 in NLRP3 were also observed to have suggestive associations with metachronous lesions (P = 2.00 × 10-6) in the Selenium Trial and were associated with advanced adenoma in CORSA (P = 0.03). Our results provide new areas of investigation for the genetic basis of the development of metachronous colorectal adenoma and support a role for FAT3 involvement in the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway leading to colorectal neoplasia.Trial Registration number: NCT00078897 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

Sulindac Improves Stiffness and Quality of Life in Women Taking Aromatase Inhibitors for Breast Cancer.

PURPOSE: To examine benefit of sulindac for relief of musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) in patients stable on aromatase inhibitors (AIs). METHODS: Sulindac was evaluated at 150 mg twice daily for effects on MSS at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months in 50 postmenopausal women stable on AI therapy for a median of 12.5 months for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. A separate, non-randomized group of 50 similar patients was observed for change in MSS over 12 months. MSS severity was assessed using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) Index and Brief Pain Inventory Short Form (BPI-SF). The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General form (FACT-G) measured quality of life (QOL). Change in MSS and QOL across time was assessed in each group using linear mixed effects models. RESULTS: Stiffness, not pain, was the main complaint at baseline. At 12 months, sulindac patients reported decreases (improvements) in mean (95% CI) Total WOMAC score [- 5.85 (- 9.73, - 1.96)] and WOMAC pain [- 5.40 (- 10.64, - 0 .18)], Stiffness [- 9.53 (- 14.98, - 4.08)] and Physical Function [- 5.61 (- 9.62, - 1.60)] subscales, but not BPI-SF worst pain. Among sulindac patients with higher baseline MSS severity, 35% experienced ≥ 50% improvement in Total WOMAC and Total FACT-G scores [6.18 (2.08, 10.27); P = 0.003]. For the observation group, MSS and QOL did not improve over 12 months, even among those with higher baseline MSS severity. CONCLUSIONS: Sulindac may relieve MSS in AI patients, especially physical function and stiffness. Randomized controlled trials should further evaluate NSAIDs on AI-MSS and AI adherence. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER AND DATE OF REGISTRATION: NCT01761877, December, 2012.

A randomized controlled trial of metformin in women with components of metabolic syndrome: intervention feasibility and effects on adiposity and breast density.

PURPOSE: Obesity is a known risk factor for post-menopausal breast cancer and may increase risk for triple negative breast cancer in premenopausal women. Intervention strategies are clearly needed to reduce obesity-associated breast cancer risk. METHODS: We conducted a Phase II double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of metformin in overweight/obese premenopausal women with components of metabolic syndrome to assess the potential of metformin for primary breast cancer prevention. Eligible participants were randomized to receive metformin (850 mg BID, n = 76) or placebo (n = 75) for 12 months. Outcomes included breast density, assessed by fat/water MRI with change in percent breast density as the primary endpoint, anthropometric measures, and intervention feasibility. RESULTS: Seventy-six percent in the metformin arm and 83% in the placebo arm (p = 0.182) completed the 12-month intervention. Adherence to study agent was high with more than 80% of participants taking ≥ 80% assigned pills. The most common adverse events reported in the metformin arm were gastrointestinal in nature and subsided over time. Compared to placebo, metformin intervention led to a significant reduction in waist circumference (p < 0.001) and waist-to-hip ratio (p = 0.019). Compared to placebo, metformin did not change percent breast density and dense breast volume but led to a numerical but not significant decrease in non-dense breast volume (p = 0.070). CONCLUSION: We conclude that metformin intervention resulted in favorable changes in anthropometric measures of adiposity and a borderline decrease in non-dense breast volume in women with metabolic dysregulation. More research is needed to understand the impact of metformin on breast cancer risk reduction. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02028221. Registered January 7, 2014, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02028221.

3,3'-Diindolylmethane Exhibits Significant Metabolism after Oral Dosing in Humans.

3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM), a major phytochemical derived from ingestion of cruciferous vegetables, is also a dietary supplement. In preclinical models, DIM is an effective cancer chemopreventive agent and has been studied in a number of clinical trials. Previous pharmacokinetic studies in preclinical and clinical models have not reported DIM metabolites in plasma or urine after oral dosing, and the pharmacological actions of DIM on target tissues is assumed to be solely via the parent compound. Seven subjects (6 males and 1 female) ranging from 26-65 years of age, on a cruciferous vegetable-restricted diet prior to and during the study, took 2 BioResponse DIM 150-mg capsules (45.3 mg DIM/capsule) every evening for one week with a final dose the morning of the first blood draw. A complete time course was performed with plasma and urine collected over 48 hours and analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. In addition to parent DIM, two monohydroxylated metabolites and 1 dihydroxylated metabolite, along with their sulfate and glucuronide conjugates, were present in both plasma and urine. Results reported here are indicative of significant phase 1 and phase 2 metabolism and differ from previous pharmacokinetic studies in rodents and humans, which reported only parent DIM present after oral administration. 3-((1H-indole-3-yl)methyl)indolin-2-one, identified as one of the monohydroxylated products, exhibited greater potency and efficacy as an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist when tested in a xenobiotic response element-luciferase reporter assay using Hepa1 cells. In addition to competitive phytochemical-drug adverse reactions, additional metabolites may exhibit pharmacological activity highlighting the importance of further characterization of DIM metabolism in humans. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: 3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM), derived from indole-3-carbinol in cruciferous vegetables, is an effective cancer chemopreventive agent in preclinical models and a popular dietary supplement currently in clinical trials. Pharmacokinetic studies to date have found little or no metabolites of DIM in plasma or urine. In marked contrast, we demonstrate rapid appearance of mono- and dihydroxylated metabolites in human plasma and urine as well as their sulfate and glucuronide conjugates. The 3-((1H-indole-3-yl)methyl)indolin-2-one metabolite exhibited significant aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist activity, emphasizing the need for further characterization of the pharmacological properties of DIM metabolites.

Genome-Wide Association Study of Response to Selenium Supplementation and Circulating Selenium Concentrations in Adults of European Descent.

BACKGROUND: Selenium (Se) is a trace element that has been linked to many health conditions. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified variants for blood and toenail Se levels, but no GWAS has been conducted to date on responses to Se supplementation. OBJECTIVES: A GWAS was performed to identify the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with changes in Se concentrations after 1 year of supplementation. A GWAS of basal plasma Se concentrations at study entry was conducted to evaluate whether SNPs for Se responses overlap with SNPs for basal Se levels. METHODS: A total of 428 participants aged 40-80 years of European descent from the Selenium and Celecoxib Trial (Sel/Cel Trial) who received daily supplementation with 200 µg of selenized yeast were included for the GWAS of responses to supplementation. Plasma Se concentrations were measured from blood samples collected at the time of recruitment and after 1 year of supplementation. Linear regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship between each SNP and changes in Se concentrations. We further examined whether the identified SNPs overlapped with those related to basal Se concentrations. RESULTS: No SNP was significantly associated with changes in Se concentration at a genome-wide significance level. However, rs56856693, located upstream of the NEK6, was nominally associated with changes in Se concentrations after supplementation (P = 4.41 × 10-7), as were 2 additional SNPs, rs11960388 and rs6887869, located in the dimethylglycine dehydrogenase (DMGDH)/betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase (BHMT) region (P = 0.01). Alleles of 2 SNPs in the DMGDH/BHMT region associated with greater increases in Se concentrations after supplementation were also strongly associated with higher basal Se concentrations (P = 8.67 × 10-8). CONCLUSIONS: This first GWAS of responses to Se supplementation in participants of European descent from the Sel/Cel Trial suggests that SNPs in the NEK6 and DMGDH/BHMT regions influence responses to supplementation.

A prospective, single-arm, open-label, non-randomized, phase IIa trial of a nonavalent prophylactic HPV vaccine to assess immunogenicity of a prime and deferred-booster dosing schedule among 9-11 year-old girls and boys - clinical protocol.

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are indicated for the prevention of cancers and genital warts caused by vaccine-covered HPV types. Although the standard regimen requires a two or three-dose vaccine series, there is emerging data suggesting that a single dose of the bivalent or quadrivalent HPV vaccine generates persistently positive antibody titers. No similar data is yet available for the nonavalent HPV vaccine, currently the only HPV vaccine available in the United States. The overall objective of our study is to assess the stability and kinetics of antibody titers for 24 months following a single dose of the nonavalent HPV vaccine among preteen girls and boys. METHODS: This is a prospective, single-arm, open-label, non-randomized, Phase IIa trial among 9-11 year-old girls and boys to determine the immunogenicity after a single dose of the nonavalent HPV vaccine (GARDASIL® 9) over 24 months, with a deferred booster dose at 24 months and an optional booster at 30 months after the first dose. Participants provide blood specimens at 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 months after the first dose. Serologic geometric mean titers (GMT) of the nine vaccine types (HPV 16/18/ 6/11/31/33/45/52/58) will be measured at each time point. The primary objective is to determine the stability of type-specific serologic GMT of HPV16 and HPV18 between the 6- vs. 12-month, 12- vs. 18-month, and 18- vs. 24-month visits. Secondary objectives are to determine the stability of type-specific serologic GMT of the other HPV types (HPV 6/11/31/33/45/52/58) between the visits and to assess safety and reactogenicity after each vaccine dose. DISCUSSION: Single dose HPV vaccination could simplify the logistics and reduce costs of HPV vaccination in the US and across the world. This study will contribute important immunogenicity data on the stability and kinetics of type-specific antibody titers and inform feasibility of the single dose HPV vaccination paradigm. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02568566 . Registered on October 6, 2015.

Beta-Glucuronidase Catalyzes Deconjugation and Activation of Curcumin-Glucuronide in Bone.

The biological basis for documented in vivo bone-protective effects of turmeric-derived curcumin is unclear since curcumin is barely detectable in serum, being rapidly conjugated to form what is thought to be an inactive glucuronide. Studies were therefore undertaken to test the postulate that antiresorptive effects of curcumin require deconjugation within bone to form the bioactive aglycone and that ß-glucuronidase (GUSB), a deconjugating enzyme expressed by hematopoietic marrow cells, facilitates this site-specific transformation. Consistent with this postulate, aglycone, but not glucuronidated, curcumin inhibited RANKL-stimulated osteoclastogenesis, a key curcumin target in bone. Aglycone curcumin, expressed relative to total curcumin, was higher in bone marrow than in serum of curcumin-treated C57BL/6J mice, while remaining a minor component. Ex vivo, under conditions preventing further metabolism of the unstable aglycone, the majority of curcumin-glucuronide delivered to marrow in vivo was hydrolyzed to the aglycone, a process that was inhibited by treatment with saccharolactone, a GUSB inhibitor, or in mice having reduced (C3H/HeJ) or absent (mps/mps) GUSB activity. These findings suggest that curcumin, despite low systemic bioavailability, may be enzymatically activated (deconjugated) within GUSB-enriched bone to exert protective effects, a metabolic process that could also contribute to bone-protective effects of other highly glucuronidated dietary polyphenols.

A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of diindolylmethane for breast cancer biomarker modulation in patients taking tamoxifen.

PURPOSE: Diindolylmethane (DIM), a bioactive metabolite of indole-3-carbinol found in cruciferous vegetables, has proposed cancer chemoprevention activity in the breast. There is limited evidence of clinically relevant activity of DIM or long-term safety data of its regular use. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to determine the activity and safety of combined use of BioResponse DIM® (BR-DIM) with tamoxifen. METHODS: Women prescribed tamoxifen (n = 130) were randomly assigned oral BR-DIM at 150 mg twice daily or placebo, for 12 months. The primary study endpoint was change in urinary 2/16α-hydroxyestrone (2/16α-OHE1) ratio. Changes in 4-hydroxyestrone (4-OHE1), serum estrogens, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), breast density, and tamoxifen metabolites were assessed. RESULTS: Ninety-eight women (51 placebo, 47 DIM) completed intervention; compliance with treatment was >91%. BR-DIM increased the 2/16α-OHE1 ratio (+3.2 [0.8, 8.4]) compared to placebo (-0.7 [-1.7, 0.8], P < 0.001). Serum SHBG increased with BR-DIM compared to placebo (+25 ± 22 and +1.1 ± 19 nmol/L, respectively). No change in breast density measured by mammography or by MRI was observed. Plasma tamoxifen metabolites (endoxifen, 4-OH tamoxifen, and N-desmethyl-tamoxifen) were reduced in women receiving BR-DIM versus placebo (P < 0.001). Minimal adverse events were reported and did not differ by treatment arm. CONCLUSION: In patients taking tamoxifen for breast cancer, daily BR-DIM promoted favorable changes in estrogen metabolism and circulating levels of SHBG. Further research is warranted to determine whether BR-DIM associated decreases in tamoxifen metabolites, including effects on endoxifen levels, attenuates the clinical benefit of tamoxifen. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01391689.

Phase II study of metformin for reduction of obesity-associated breast cancer risk: a randomized controlled trial protocol.

BACKGROUND: Two-thirds of U.S. adult women are overweight or obese. High body mass index (BMI) and adult weight gain are risk factors for a number of chronic diseases, including postmenopausal breast cancer. The higher postmenopausal breast cancer risk in women with elevated BMI is likely to be attributable to related metabolic disturbances including altered circulating sex steroid hormones and adipokines, elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, and insulin resistance. Metformin is a widely used antidiabetic drug that has demonstrated favorable effects on metabolic disturbances and as such may lead to lower breast cancer risk in obese women. Further, the anti-proliferative effects of metformin suggest it may decrease breast density, an accepted biomarker of breast cancer risk. METHODS/DESIGN: This is a Phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of metformin in overweight/obese premenopausal women who have elements of metabolic syndrome. Eligible participants will be randomized to receive metformin 850 mg BID (n = 75) or placebo (n = 75) for 12 months. The primary endpoint is change in breast density, based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquired fat-water features. Secondary outcomes include changes in serum insulin levels, serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 to insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3 ratio, serum IGF-2 levels, serum testosterone levels, serum leptin to adiponectin ratio, body weight, and waist circumference. Exploratory outcomes include changes in metabolomic profiles in plasma and nipple aspirate fluid. Changes in tissue architecture as well as cellular and molecular targets in breast tissue collected in a subgroup of participants will also be explored. DISCUSSION: The study will evaluate whether metformin can result in favorable changes in breast density, select proteins and hormones, products of body metabolism, and body weight and composition. The study should help determine the potential breast cancer preventive activity of metformin in a growing population at risk for multiple diseases. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02028221 . Registered on January 2, 2014. Grant #: 1R01CA172444-01A1 awarded on Sept 11, 2013.

Metabolomic characterization of nipple aspirate fluid by (1)H NMR spectroscopy and GC-MS.

Nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) is a noninvasively obtained biofluid from the duct openings of the breast. NAF components are constantly secreted, metabolized, and reabsorbed by the epithelial lining of the lactiferous ducts of the breast. NAF has been studied as a potential breast tissue surrogate for the discovery of novel breast cancer risk, early detection, and treatment response biomarkers. We report the first unsupervised metabolite characterization of nipple aspirate fluid using NMR and GC-MS using convenience samples previously collected from four premenopausal and four postmenopausal women. A total of 38 metabolites were identified using the two analytical techniques, including amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates. Analytical reproducibility of metabolites in NAF by GC-MS was high across different extraction and analysis days. Overall, 31 metabolites had a coefficient of variation below 20%. By GC-MS, there were eight metabolites unique to NAF, 19 unique to plasma, and 24 shared metabolites. Correlative analysis of shared metabolites between matched NAF and plasma samples from pre- and postmenopausal women shows almost no correlations, with the exception being lactic acid, which was significantly negatively correlated (R(2) = 0.57; P = 0.03). These results suggest that NAF is metabolically distinct from plasma and that the application of metabolomic strategies may be useful for future studies investigating breast cancer risk and intervention response biomarkers.

A pilot clinical study of resveratrol in postmenopausal women with high body mass index: effects on systemic sex steroid hormones.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer risk is partially determined by several hormone-related factors. Preclinical and clinical studies suggested that resveratrol may modulate these hormonal factors. METHODS: We conducted a pilot study in postmenopausal women with high body mass index (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) to determine the clinical effect of resveratrol on systemic sex steroid hormones. Forty subjects initiated the resveratrol intervention (1 gm daily for 12 weeks) with six withdrawn early due to adverse events (AEs). Thirty-four subjects completed the intervention. RESULTS: Resveratrol intervention did not result in significant changes in serum concentrations of estradiol, estrone, and testosterone but led to an average of 10% increase in the concentrations of sex steroid hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Resveratrol intervention resulted in an average of 73% increase in urinary 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1) levels leading to a favorable change in urinary 2-OHE1/16α-OHE1 ratio. One participant had asymptomatic Grade 4 elevation of liver enzymes at the end of study intervention. Two subjects had Grade 3 skin rashes. The remaining adverse events were Grade 1 or 2 events. The most common adverse events were diarrhea and increased total cholesterol, reported in 30% and 27.5% of the subjects, respectively. CONCLUSION: We conclude that among overweight and obese postmenopausal women, daily 1 gm dose of resveratrol has favorable effects on estrogen metabolism and SHBG. Further placebo-controlled studies are needed to confirm our findings on these hormone-related breast cancer risk factors and the attribution of the adverse effects observed in the study population. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01370889.

Results of a phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Polyphenon E in women with persistent high-risk HPV infection and low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

OBJECTIVE: In vitro data and pilot data suggest that green tea catechins may possess chemopreventive activity for cervical cancer and precursor lesions. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Polyphenon E (decaffeinated and enriched green tea catechin extract) in women with persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN1) to evaluate the potential of Polyphenon E for cervical cancer prevention. METHODS: Ninety-eight eligible women were randomized to receive either Polyphenon E (containing 800 mg epigallocatechin gallate) or placebo once daily for 4 months. The primary study outcome was oncogenic HPV clearance and clearance of CIN1. RESULTS: Polyphenon E was shown to be acceptable, safe and well tolerated. There was no difference in the response rate by treatment allocation. Complete response, defined as negative for high-risk HPV and normal histopathology, was noted in 7 (17.1%) and 6 (14.6%) women in the Polyphenon E and placebo arms, respectively. Progression, defined as persistent oncogenic HPV with histopathologic evidence of progression, was more common in the Polyphenon E group than in the placebo group [6 (14.6%) vs. 3 (7.7%)]. CONCLUSION: Based on the largest randomized placebo-controlled trial of a green tea extract for HPV related cervical disease, we conclude that 4 months of Polyphenon E intervention did not promote the clearance of persistent high-risk HPV and related CIN1. Further studies may be necessary to better delineate the risk factors for persistent HPV infection and biology of the disease to facilitate the evaluation of chemopreventive strategies.

Inhibition of UV-Induced Stress Signaling and Inflammatory Responses in SKH-1 Mouse Skin by Topical Small-Molecule PD-L1 Blockade.

The immune checkpoint ligand PD-L1 has emerged as a molecular target for skin cancer therapy and might also hold promise for preventive intervention targeting solar UV light-induced skin damage. In this study, we have explored the role of PD-L1 in acute keratinocytic photodamage testing the effects of small-molecule pharmacological inhibition. Epidermal PD-L1 upregulation in response to chronic photodamage was established using immunohistochemical and proteomic analyses of a human skin cohort, consistent with earlier observations that PD-L1 is upregulated in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Topical application of the small-molecule PD-L1 inhibitor BMS-202 significantly attenuated UV-induced activator protein-1 transcriptional activity in SKH-1 bioluminescent reporter mouse skin, also confirmed in human HaCaT reporter keratinocytes. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that BMS-202 antagonized UV induction of inflammatory gene expression. Likewise, UV-induced cleavage of procaspase-3, a hallmark of acute skin photodamage, was attenuated by topical BMS-202. NanoString nCounter transcriptomic analysis confirmed downregulation of cutaneous innate immunity- and inflammation-related responses, together with upregulation of immune response pathway gene expression. Further mechanistic analysis confirmed that BMS-202 antagonizes UV-induced PD-L1 expression both at the mRNA and protein levels in SKH-1 epidermis. These data suggest that topical pharmacological PD-L1 antagonism using BMS-202 shows promise for skin protection against photodamage.

Differences in Metabolomic Profiles by Birthplace in Mexican-Origin Hispanic Men Who Participated in a Weight Loss Lifestyle Intervention.

Birthplace, as a proxy for environmental exposures (e.g., diet), may influence metabolomic profiles and influence risk of cancer. This secondary analysis investigated metabolomic profile differences between foreign and U.S.-born Mexican-origin (MO) Hispanic men to shed light on potential mechanisms through which foreign- and U.S.-born individuals experience differences in cancer risk and risk factors. Plasma samples from MO Hispanic men (N = 42) who participated in a previous lifestyle intervention were collected pre-and post-intervention. Metabolomic profiles were characterized from samples using ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF). Models were visualized using supervised orthogonal projections to latent structures-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Progenesis QI was used for peak integration and metabolite identification. Plasma metabolomic profiles differed between foreign- and U.S.-born pre-intervention (R2 = .65) and post-intervention (R2 = .62). Metabolomic profiles differed pre- versus post-intervention (R2 = .35 and R2 = .65) for the foreign- and U.S.-born group, respectively. Both endogenous metabolites and dietary components characterized differences between foreign- and U.S.-born participants pre- and post-intervention. Plasma metabolomic profiles from MO Hispanic men differed by birthplace. These results advance our understanding of relevant exposures that may affect cancer risk among MO Hispanic men born abroad or in the United States.

Feasibility of 5-fluorouracil and imiquimod for the topical treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN) 2/3.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the feasibility (as measured by tolerability and safety) and efficacy of topical 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and imiquimod for the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2/3. METHODS: This pilot prospective study was conducted in women aged 18-45 years with p16+ CIN 2/3. Participants underwent an 8-week alternating regimen of self-applied 5% 5-FU on weeks 1, 3, 5, and 7 and physician-applied imiquimod on weeks 2, 4, 6, and 8. Adverse events (AEs) were collected by symptom diary and clinical exam. Feasibility was measured by tolerability and safety (AEs) of the study intervention. Tolerability was assessed as the number of participants able to apply 50% or more of the treatment doses. The safety outcome was calculated as the number of participants who experienced "specified AEs" defined as possibly, probably, or definitely related grade 2 or worse AE or grade 1 genital AEs (blisters, ulcerations, or pustules) lasting more than 5 days. The efficacy of the intervention was determined by histology and high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing was done after treatment. RESULTS: The median age of the 13 participants was 27 ± 2.9 years. Eleven (84.61%) participants applied 50% or more of the treatment. All participants reported grade 1 AEs; 6 (46.15%) reported grade 2 AEs; and 0 reported grade 3/4 AEs. Three (23.08%) participants had specified AEs. Histologic regression to normal or CIN 1 among those completing 50% or more of the treatment doses was observed in 10 (90.91%) participants, and 7 (63.63%) tested negative for hr-HPV at the end of the study. CONCLUSIONS: Topical treatment for CIN 2/3 with 5-FU/imiquimod is feasible, with preliminary evidence of efficacy. Topical therapies need further investigation as adjuncts or alternatives to surgical therapy for CIN 2/3.

HPV16/18 Antibody Responses After a Single Dose of Nonavalent HPV Vaccine.

OBJECTIVES: A single dose of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine would simplify logistics and reduce costs of vaccination programs worldwide. We conducted a phase IIa trial to determine the stability of HPV type-specific antibody responses after a single dose of the nonavalent HPV vaccine, Gardasil9. METHODS: Two hundred-and-one healthy 9 to 11-year-old girls and boys were enrolled at 2 centers in the United States to receive a prime dose of the nonavalent vaccine at baseline, a delayed dose at month 24, and an optional third dose at month 30. Blood samples were collected to measure HPV type-specific antibodies at baseline and at 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 months after the prime dose. The primary outcomes were serum HPV16 and HPV18 antibody responses. RESULTS: In both girls and boys, geometric mean concentrations of HPV16 and HPV18 antibodies increased at 6 months, declined between months 6 to 12, and then remained stable and high (at 20- and 10-times those at baseline for HPV16 and HPV18, respectively) throughout months 12, 18, and 24 (prebooster) visits. Both HPV16 and HPV18 antibody responses demonstrated anamnestic boosting effect at 30-months after the delayed (24-month) booster dose. CONCLUSIONS: A single dose of the nonavalent HPV vaccine induced persistent and stable HPV16 and HPV18 antibody responses up to 24 months. This study contributes important immunogenicity data to inform feasibility of the single dose HPV vaccination paradigm. Further research is needed to assess the long-term antibody stability and individual clinical and public health benefit of the single dose schedule.

Oxylipins as Biomarkers for Aromatase Inhibitor-Induced Arthralgia (AIA) in Breast Cancer Patients.

Aromatase inhibitor-induced arthralgia (AIA) presents a major problem for patients with breast cancer but is poorly understood. This prospective study explored the inflammatory metabolomic changes in the development of AIA. This single-arm, prospective clinical trial enrolled 28 postmenopausal women with early-stage (0-3) ER+ breast cancer starting adjuvant anastrozole. Patients completed the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial (BCPT) Symptom Checklist and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) at 0, 3, and 6 months. The plasma levels of four polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and 48 oxylipins were quantified at each timepoint. The subscores for WOMAC-pain and stiffness as well as BCPT-total, hot flash, and musculoskeletal pain significantly increased from baseline to 6 months (all p < 0.05). PUFA and oxylipin levels were stable over time. The baseline levels of 8-HETE were positively associated with worsening BCPT-total, BCPT-hot flash, BCPT-musculoskeletal pain, WOMAC-pain, and WOMAC- stiffness at 6 months (all p < 0.05). Both 9-HOTrE and 13(S)-HOTrE were related to worsening hot flash, and 5-HETE was related to worsening stiffness (all p < 0.05). This is the first study to prospectively characterize oxylipin and PUFA levels in patients with breast cancer starting adjuvant anastrozole. The oxylipin 8-HETE should be investigated further as a potential biomarker for AIA.

A Phase 2, Double-blind, Randomized Controlled Trial of PROSTVAC in Prostate Cancer Patients on Active Surveillance.

BACKGROUND: There is an unmet clinical need for interventions to prevent disease progression in patients with localized prostate cancer on active surveillance (AS). OBJECTIVE: To determine the immunologic response to the PROSTVAC vaccine and the clinical indicators of disease progression in patients with localized prostate cancer on AS. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This was a phase 2, double-blind, randomized controlled trial in 154 men with low- or intermediate-risk prostate cancer on AS. INTERVENTION: Participants were randomized (2:1) to receive seven doses of subcutaneous PROSTVAC, a vaccinia/fowlpox viral vector-based immunotherapy containing a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) transgene and three T-cell co-stimulatory molecules, or an empty fowlpox vector (EV) over 140 d. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The primary outcome was the change from baseline in CD4 and CD8 T-cell infiltration in biopsy tumor tissue. Key secondary outcomes were safety and changes in prostate biopsy tumor pathology, peripheral antigen-specific T cells, and serum PSA. Continuous variables were compared using nonparametric tests. Categorical variables were compared using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: The PROSTVAC/EV vaccination was well tolerated. All except one participant completed the vaccination series. Changes in CD4 or CD8 density in biopsy tumor tissue did not differ between the PROSTVAC and EV arms. The proportions of patients with Gleason upgrading to grade group 3 after treatment was similar between the arms. There were no differences in postvaccination peripheral T-cell responses or the PSA change from baseline to 6-mo post-treatment follow-up between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this first-of-kind trial of immunotherapy in patients on AS for prostate cancer, PROSTVAC did not elicit more favorable prostate tissue or peripheral T-cell responses than the EV. There was no difference between the arms in clinicopathologic effects. Despite the null findings, this is the first study reporting the feasibility and acceptability of an immunotherapy intervention in the AS setting. PATIENT SUMMARY: We looked at responses after an experimental prostate cancer vaccine in patients with prostate cancer on active surveillance (AS). Participants who received the vaccine did not show more favorable outcomes than those receiving the control. Despite these findings, this is the first report showing the feasibility and acceptability of immunotherapy for prostate cancer in patients on AS.

Randomized Crossover Trial Evaluating Detoxification of Tobacco Carcinogens by Broccoli Seed and Sprout Extract in Current Smokers.

Consumption of cruciferous vegetables, rich in the isothiocyanate glucoraphanin, is associated with reduced risk of tobacco-related cancers. Sulforaphane, released by hydrolysis of glucoraphanin, potently induces cytoprotective phase II enzymes. Sulforaphane decreased the incidence of oral cancer in the 4NQO carcinogenesis model. In residents of Qidong, China, broccoli seed and sprout extracts (BSSE) increased detoxification of air pollutants benzene and acrolein, also found in tobacco smoke. This randomized, crossover trial evaluated detoxification of tobacco carcinogens by the BSSE Avmacol® in otherwise healthy smokers. Participants were treated for 2 weeks with both low and higher-dose BSSE (148 µmol vs. 296 µmol of glucoraphanin daily), separated by a 2-week washout, with randomization to low-high vs. high-low sequence. The primary endpoint was detoxification of benzene, measured by urinary excretion of its mercapturic acid, SPMA. Secondary endpoints included bioavailability, detoxification of acrolein and crotonaldehyde, modulation by GST genotype, and toxicity. Forty-nine participants enrolled, including 26 (53%) females with median use of 20 cigarettes/day. Low and higher-dose BSSE showed a mean bioavailability of 11% and 10%, respectively. Higher-dose BSSE significantly upregulated urinary excretion of the mercapturic acids of benzene (p = 0.04), acrolein (p < 0.01), and crotonaldehyde (p = 0.02), independent of GST genotype. Retention and compliance were high resulting in early study completion. In conclusion, BSSE significantly upregulated detoxification of the tobacco carcinogens benzene, acrolein, and crotonaldehyde in current tobacco smokers.