Laser lead extraction in octo- and nonagenarians. A subgroup analysis from the GALLERY registry.

INTRODUCTION: In an aging population with cardiac implantable electronic devices, an increasing number of octo- and even nonagenarians present for lead extraction procedures. Those patients are considered at increased risk for surgical procedures including lead extraction. Here, we investigated safety and efficacy of transvenous lead extraction in a large patient cohort of octo- and nonagenarians. METHODS AND RESULTS: A subgroup analysis of all patients aged ≥80 years (n = 499) in the German Laser Lead Extraction Registry (GALLERY) was performed. Outcomes were compared to the nonoctogenarians from the registry. Primary extraction method was Laser lead extraction, with additional use of mechanical rotational sheaths or femoral snares, if necessary. An analysis of patient- and device characteristics, as well as an assessment of predictors for adverse events via multivariate analyses was conducted. Mean patients age was 84.3 ± 3.7 years in the octogenarians group and 64.1 ± 12.4 years in the nonoctogenarians group. The median lead dwell time was 118.0 months (78; 167) and 92.0 months [60; 133], p < .001 in the octogenarians and nonoctogenarians group, respectively. Clinical procedural success rate was achieved in 97.6% of the cases in octogenarians and 97.9% in nonoctogenarians (p = .70). Overall complication rate was 4.4% in octogenarians and 4.3% in nonoctogenarians (0.91). In octogenarians procedure-related mortality was 0.8% and all-cause in-hospital mortality was 5.4%, while in nonoctogenarians, procedure related and all-cause in-hospital mortality were 0.5% and 3.1%, respectively. A body mass index (BMI) <20 kg/m2 , was the only statistically significant predictor for procedure-related complications in octogenarians, while systemic infection, BMI ≤20 kg/m2 , procedural complications and chronic kidney disease were predictors for in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Laser lead extraction in octo- and nonagenarians is safe and effective. BMI ≤20 kg/m2 was the only statistically significant predictor for procedural complications. According to our data, advanced age should not be considered as contraindication for laser lead extraction.

Transvenous lead extraction of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: A comprehensive outcome-and risk factor analysis.

BACKGROUND: Device complications, such as infection or lead dysfunction necessitating transvenous lead extraction (TLE) are continuously rising amongst patients with transvenous implantable-cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). OBJECTIVES: Aim of this study was to characterize the procedural outcome and risk-factors of patients with indwelling 1- and 2-chamber ICD undergoing TLE. METHODS: We conducted a subgroup analysis of all ICD patients in the GALLERY (GermAn Laser Lead Extraction RegistrY) database. Predictors for procedural failure and all-cause mortality were assessed. RESULTS: We identified 842 patients with an ICD undergoing TLE with the mean age of 62.8 ± 13.8 years. A total number of 1610 leads were treated with lead dysfunction (48.5%) as leading indication for extraction, followed by device-related infection (45.4%). Lead-per-patient ratio was 1.91 ± 0.88 and 60.0% of patients had dual-coil defibrillator leads. Additional extraction tools, such as mechanical rotating dilator sheaths and snares were utilized in 6.5% of cases. Overall procedural complications occurred in 4.3% with 2.0% major complications and a procedure-related mortality of 0.8%. Clinical success rate was 97.9%. All-cause in-hospital mortality was 3.4%, with sepsis being the leading cause for mortality. Multivariate analysis revealed lead-age ≥10 years (OR:5.82, 95%CI:2.1-16.6; p = .001) as independent predictor for procedural failure. Systemic infection (OR:9.57, 95%CI:2.2-42.4; p < .001) and procedural complications (OR:8.0, 95%CI:2.8-23.3; p < .001) were identified as risk factors for all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS: TLE is safe and efficacious in patients with 1- and 2-chamber ICD. Although lead dysfunction is the leading indication for extraction, systemic device-related infection is the main driver of all-cause mortality for ICD patients undergoing TLE.

The GermAn Laser Lead Extraction RegistrY: GALLERY.

AIMS: The GermAn Laser Lead Extraction RegistrY: GALLERY is a retrospective, national multicentre registry, investigating the safety and efficacy of laser lead extraction procedures in Germany. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-four German centres that are performing laser lead extraction have participated in the registry. All patients, treated with a laser lead extraction procedure between January 2013 and March 2017, were consecutively enrolled. Safety and efficacy of laser lead extraction were investigated. A total number of 2524 consecutive patients with 6117 leads were included into the registry. 5499 leads with a median lead dwell time of 96 (62-141) months were treated. The mean number of treated leads per patient was 2.18 ± 1.02. The clinical procedural success rate was 97.86% and the complete lead removal was observed in 94.85%. Additional extraction tools were used in 6.65% of cases. The rate of procedural failure was 2.14% with lead age ≥10 years being its only predictor. The overall complication rate was 4.32%, including 2.06% major and 2.26% minor complications. Procedure-related mortality was 0.55%. Female sex and the presence of abandoned leads were predictors for procedure-related complications. The all-cause in-hospital mortality was 3.56% with systemic infection being the strongest predictor, followed by age ≥75 years and chronic kidney disease. CONCLUSION: In the GALLERY, a high success- and low procedure-related complication rates have been demonstrated. In multivariate analysis, female sex and the presence of abandoned leads were predictors for procedure-related complications, while the presence of systemic infection, age ≥75 years, and chronic kidney disease were independent predictors for all-cause mortality.

Systemic thrombo-embolic events in a middle-aged male with Loeffler endocarditis without peripheral eosinophilia-a case report.

BACKGROUND: Loeffler-endocarditis (LE) is considered a chronic restrictive cardiomyopathy and manifestation of eosinophilic myocarditis characterized by eosinophilic infiltration. LE is a rare underdiagnosed disease and associated with high morbidity and mortality. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of a 46-year-old man suffering from LE associated with thromboembolic events without peripheral eosinophilia. The patient presented with typical clinical signs of acute onset of limb ischaemia, predominantly on the right limb, indicating immediate iliacal thrombectomy and due to a severe compartment syndrome additional fasciotomy. Total occlusion also of left popliteal artery suggesting an impaired chronic and aggravated impaired perfusion indicated also urgent left sided revascularization. Subsequent echocardiography revealed severe left ventricular dysfunction with a striking amount of spontaneous echo-contrast, noticeable in the left ventricular cavity. Furthermore the initial CT scan demonstrated asymptomatic left kidney- and brain infarctions. Diagnostic workup including endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) of the left ventricle, uncovered an underlying LE without peripheral eosinophilia. CONCLUSIONS: This case demonstrates and highlights the findings, treatment and outcome of a patient with LE and associated thrombo-embolic events without peripheral eosinophilia and emphazises the importance of awareness for LE in patients presenting with an acute cardiac decompensation and thrombo-embolic events. EMB should be performed early in unstable patients unsuitable for cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging.

Atrial Fibrillation and Transvenous Lead Extraction-A Comprehensive Subgroup Analysis of the GermAn Laser Lead Extraction RegistrY (GALLERY).

Background: Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia and has been described as driver of cardiovascular morbidity and risk factor for cardiac device-related complications, as well as in transvenous lead extraction (TLE). Objectives: Aim of this study was to characterize the procedural outcome and risk-factors of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing TLE. Methods: We performed a subgroup analysis of all AF patients in the GALLERY (GermAn Laser Lead Extraction RegistrY) database. Predictors for all-cause mortality were assessed. Results: A total number of 510 patients with AF were identified with a mean age of 74.0 ± 10.3 years. Systemic infection (38.4%) was the leading cause for TLE, followed by local infection (37.5%) and lead dysfunction (20.4%). Most of the patients (45.9%) presented with pacemaker systems to be extracted. The total number of leads was 1181 with a 2.3 ± 0.96 leads/patient. Clinical procedural success was achieved in 97.1%. Occurrence of major complications was 1.8% with a procedure-related mortality of 1.0%. All-cause mortality was high with 5.9% and septic shock being the most common cause. Systemic device infection (OR: 49.73; 95% CI: 6.56−377.09, p < 0.001), chronic kidney disease (CKD; OR: 2.67; 95% CI: 1.01−7.03, p = 0.048) and a body mass index < 21 kg/m2 (OR: 6.6; 95% CI: 1.68−25.87, p = 0.007) were identified as independent predictors for all-cause mortality. Conclusions: TLE in AF patients is effective and safe, but in patients with systemic infection the mortality due to septic shock is high. Systemic infection, CKD and body mass index <21 kg/m2 are risk factors for death in patient with AF undergoing TLE.

A Simplified Approach to Pulmonary Vein Visualization during Cryoballoon Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation.

Background and Objectives: Selective pulmonary vein (PV) angiography has been established as the gold standard for PV visualization in cryoballoon (CB)-based pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). We sought to simplify this approach to reduce procedural complexity and radiation exposure. Materials and Methods: Patients with paroxysmal and recently diagnosed persistent AF undergoing CB-based PVI from January 2015 to December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients underwent either selective PV angiography or conventional left atrial (LA) angiography for PV visualization. Results: A total of 336 patients were analyzed. A total of 87 patients (26%) received PV angiography and 249 (74%) LA angiography. LA angiography required fewer cine-sequences for PV visualization, translating into a significant reduction in procedure duration, fluoroscopy time and dose area product. Additionally, less contrast medium was utilized. PV occlusion by the CB, CB temperature and time to isolation showed no significant differences. The number of CB applications and total application time (LA angiography: 1.4 ± 0.02 vs. PV Angiography: 1.6 ± 0.05; p < 0.0001; LA angiography: 297.9 ± 4.62 vs. PV-Angiography: 348.9 ± 11.03; p < 0.001, respectively) per vein were slightly but significantly higher in the PV angiography group. We observed no difference in late AF recurrence (24.7% LA angiography vs. 21.3% PV angiography; p = 0.2657). Conclusions: A simplified protocol, using LA angiography for PV visualization, entails a reduction in procedure time and radiation exposure while equally maintaining procedural efficiency and safety in both groups.

Performance and outcome of the subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator after transvenous lead extraction.

AIMS: The subcutaneous cardioverter-defibrillator (S-ICD) may be a valuable option in patients after successful transvenous lead extraction (TLE) without indication for pacemaker therapy and persistent risk of sudden cardiac death. The aim of this study was to evaluate device performance, postoperative outcome, and safety in patients who received a S-ICD after TLE compared to patients who underwent de-novo S-ICD implantation. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of all patients included into our institution's S-ICD database between September 2010 and May 2019 was conducted.The patients were divided in two groups, depending on whether they had received their S-ICD after TLE (n = 31) or de-novo (n = 113). RESULTS: The TLE group was significantly older with a mean age of 54.3 ± 15.7 versus 46.7 ± 14.4 years; p = .007. Leading S-ICD indication in the TLE group was previous infection (50%), whereas in the de-novo group the S-ICD was primarily chosen due to young patient age (74.6%). Median duration of follow-up was 527.0 versus 472.5 days, respectively; p = .576. Most common complication during follow-up was inappropriate ICD therapy (12.9% vs. 13.3%); p = 1.000. Pocket erosion/infection occurred in 3.2% versus 3.5% with no reported cases of systemic (re-)infection in either group; p = 1.000. All-cause mortality was low (6.2% vs. 2.7%) and entirely unrelated to S-ICD implantation or the device itself; p = .293. CONCLUSION: The S-ICD is a safe and effective alternative for patients after TLE with very similar results regarding device performance and postoperative outcome, when compared to patients who underwent de-novo S-ICD implantation.

Transvenous lead extraction after heart transplantation: How to avoid abandoned lead fragments.

BACKGROUND: Many patients awaiting heart transplantation (HTX) have a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED). Lead removal is often still a part of the HTX procedure. Abandoned lead fragments carry a risk for infections and prohibit magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging. This study evaluated the concept of an elective lead management algorithm after HTX. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between 2009 and 2018, 102 consecutive patients with previously implanted CIED underwent HTX. Lead removal by manual traction during HTX was performed in 74 patients until December 2014. Afterward, treatment strategy was changed and 28 patients received elective lead extraction procedures in a hybrid operating room (OR) using specialized extraction tools. Total of 74 patients with 157 leads underwent lead extraction by manual traction during HTX. The mean lead age was 32.3 ± 38.7 months. Postoperative X-ray revealed abandoned intravascular lead fragments in 31(41.9%) patients, resulting in a complete lead extraction rate of only 58.1%. The high rate of unsuccessful lead extractions led to the change in the extraction strategy in 2015. Since then, HTX was performed in 28 CIED patients. In those patients, 64 leads with a mean lead age of 53.8 ± 42.8 months were treated in an elective lead extraction procedure. No major or minor complications occurred during lead extraction. All leads could be removed completely, resulting in a procedural success rate of 100%. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that chronically implanted leads should be removed in an elective procedure, using appropriate extraction tools. This enables complete lead extraction, which reduces the infection risk in this patient population with the necessity for permanent immunosuppressive therapy and allows further MRI surveillance.

Short-term use of "ECMELLA" in the context of fulminant eosinophilic myocarditis with cardiogenic shock.

BACKGROUND: Eosinophilic myocarditis (EM) is a rare form of myocarditis. Clinical presentation is various, includes cardiogenic shock and can often be fatal. Diagnosis is based on myocardial eosinophilic infiltration in endomyocardial biopsy. Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) is often required in patients suffering from severe cardiogenic shock. Among the available MCS options the "ECMELLA" concept, a combination of left ventricular venting by Impella® device and extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is possibly able to provide the necessary time frame for diagnostics and initiation of anti-inflammatory medication in patients with fulminant myocarditis. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of a 38-year-old woman who was presented to us in severe cardiogenic shock, quickly requiring hemodynamic support by an Impella CP® device. Further dramatic hemodynamic deterioration accompanied by multi-organ dysfunction required escalation of MCS via ECLS as veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO). After histopathological diagnosis of EM, our patient was put on immunosuppressive therapy with prednisolone. Recovery of both right and left ventricular function allowed explanation of VA-ECMO on day 4 and further hemodynamic improvement allowed removal of the Impella® device on day 9. The patient was discharged after 7 weeks with fully restored cardiac function and in a good neurological state. CONCLUSIONS: In severe cardiac shock due to fulminant EM the ECMELLA concept as bridge-to-recovery seems to be a valid option to provide the required time for diagnostics and specific therapy.

Influence of energy source on early atrial fibrillation recurrences: a comparison of cryoballoon vs. radiofrequency current energy ablation with the endpoint of unexcitability in pulmonary vein isolation.

Introduction: Comparative data of early recurrence rates of atrial fibrillation (ERAF) following second-generation cryoballoon (CB-G2) and radiofrequency current (RFC) ablation for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in paroxysmal AF (PAF) are rare. We randomized PAF patients into either PVI with CB-G2 (group 1) or PVI with a combined RFC-approach applying contact force (CF) with the endpoint of unexcitability (group 2) to investigate ERAF. Methods and results: In group 1 (n = 30), CB-G2-PVI was performed. After CF-PVI in group 2 (n = 30), bipolar pacing on the ablation line and additional ablation until unexcitability was conducted. Follow-up included 48 h of in-hospital monitoring followed by 5-day Holter ECGs 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 months postablation to evaluate ERAF. Acute PVI was reached in 100% of group 2 and in 99% of group 1. Shorter procedure durations (98.0 ± 21.9 vs. 114.3 ± 18.7 min, P < 0.05) but extended fluoroscopy times (15.4 ± 3.9 vs. 10.0 ± 4.3 min, P < 0.05) were found in the CB-G2 group. Ten non-severe complications occurred (6 vs. 4 in group 1 and 2, P = 0.73). In group 2, five patients suffered from ERAF vs. seven patients in group 1 (P = 0.67). The time until the occurrence of ERAF was shorter in group 2 (1 day (q1-q3: 1-4.5)) when compared with group 1 (22 (q1-q3: 6-54) days, P = 0.025). Conclusion: ERAF rates were equal among groups; however, they occurred earlier in the initial phase after RFC ablation when compared with CB-G2. PVI utilizing cryoablation is associated with shorter procedure durations but extended fluoroscopy time while being similarly secure.

Procedural Outcome and 1-Year Follow-Up of Young Patients Undergoing Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Implantation-Insights from the German DEVICE I+II Registry.

Background: The number of young patients receiving ICDs or CRT-Ds has been increasing in recent decades and understanding the key characteristics of this special population is paramount to optimized patient care. Methods: The DEVICE I+II registry prospectively enrolled patients undergoing ICD/CRT-D implantation or revision from 50 German centers between 2007 and 2014 Data on patient characteristics, procedural outcome, adverse events, and mortality during the initial stay and 1-year follow-up were collected. All patients under the age of 45 years were identified and included in a comparative analysis with the remaining population. Results: A total number of 5313 patients were enrolled into the registry, of which 339 patients (6.4%) were under the age of 45 years. Mean age was 35.0 ± 8.2 vs. 67.5 ± 9.7 years, compared to older patients (≥45 years). Young patients were more likely to receive an ICD (90.9 vs. 69.9%, p < 0.001) than a CRT-D device (9.1 vs. 30.1%). Coronary artery disease was less common in younger patients (13.6 vs. 63.9%, p < 0.001), whereas hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (10.9 vs. 2.7%, p < 0.001) and primary cardiac electrical diseases (11.2 vs. 1.5%, p < 0.001) were encountered more often. Secondary preventive ICD was more common in younger patients (51.6 vs. 39.9%, p < 0.001). Among those patients, survival of sudden cardiac death (66.7 vs. 45.4%, p < 0.001) due to ventricular fibrillation (60.6 vs. 37.9%, p < 0.001) was the leading cause for admission. There were no detectable differences in postoperative complications requiring intervention (1.5 vs. 1.9%, p = 0.68) or in-hospital mortality (0.0 vs. 0.3%, p = 0.62). Median follow-up duration was 17.9 [13.4-22.9] vs. 16.9 [13.1-23.1] months (p = 0.13). In younger patients, device-associated complications requiring revision were more common (14.1 vs. 8.3%, p < 0.001) and all-cause 1-year-mortality after implantation was lower (2.9 vs. 7.3%, p = 0.003; HR 0.39, 95%CI: 0.2-0.75) than in older patients. Conclusions: Young patients < 45 years of age received defibrillator therapy more often for secondary prevention. Rates for periprocedural complications and in-hospital mortality were very low and without differences between groups. Young patients have lower mortality during follow-up but experienced a higher rate of postoperative complications requiring revision, potentially due to a more active lifestyle.

Infection remediation after septic device extractions: analysis of three treatment strategies including a 1-year follow-up.

Introduction: In CIED infections, all device material needs to be removed. But, especially in pacemaker-dependent patients it is often not possible to realize a device-free interval for infection remediation. In those patients, different treatment options are available, however the ideal solution needs still to be defined. Methods: This retrospective analysis includes 190 patients undergoing CIED extractions due to infection. Three different treatment algorithms were analyzed: Group 1 included 89 patients with system removal only (System removal group). In Group 2, 28 patients received an epicardial electrode during extraction procedure (Epicardial lead group) while 78 patients in group 3 (contralateral reimplantation group) received implantation of a new system contralaterally during extraction procedure. We analyzed peri- and postoperative data as well as 1-year outcomes of the three groups. Results: Patients in the system removal and epicardial lead groups were significantly older, had more comorbidities, and suffered more frequently from systemic infections than those in contralateral reimplantation group. Lead extraction procedures had comparable success rates: 95.5%, 96.4%, and 93.2% of complete lead removal in the System removal, Epicardial Lead, Contralateral re-implantation group respectively. Device reimplantation was performed in all patients in Epicardial lead and Contralateral reimplantation group, whereas only 49.4% in System removal group received device re-implantation. At 1-year follow-up, freedom from infection and absence of pocket irritation were comparable for all groups (94.7% Contralateral reimplantation group and Epicardial lead group, 100% System removal group). No procedure-related mortality was observed, whereas 1-year mortality was 3.4% in System removal group, 4.1% in Contralateral re-implantation group and 21.4% in Epicardial lead group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: In patients with CIED infection, systems should be removed completely and reimplanted after infection remediation. In pacemaker-dependent patients, simultaneous contralateral CIED re-implantation or epicardial lead placement may be performed, depending on route, severity and location of infection.

Transvenous lead extraction in patients with systemic cardiac device-related infection-Procedural outcome and risk prediction: A GALLERY subgroup analysis.

BACKGROUND: Transvenous lead extraction (TLE) has evolved as one of the most crucial treatment options for patients with cardiac device-related systemic infection (CDRSI). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to characterize the procedural outcome and risk factors of patients with CDRSI undergoing TLE. METHODS: A subgroup analysis of patients with CDRSI of the GALLERY (GermAn Laser Lead Extraction RegistrY) database was performed. Predictors for complications, procedural failure, and all-cause mortality were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 722 patients (28.6%) in the GALLERY had "systemic infection" as extraction indication. Patients with CDRSI were older (70.1 ± 12.2 years vs 67.3 ± 14.3 years; P < .001) and had more comorbidities than patients with local infections or noninfectious extraction indications. There were no differences in complete procedural success (90.6% vs 91.7%; P = .328) or major complications (2.5% vs 1.9%; P = .416) but increased procedure-related (1.4% vs 0.3%; P = .003) and all-cause in-hospital mortality (11.1% vs 0.6%; P < .001) for patients with CDRSI. Multivariate analyses revealed lead age ≥10 years as a predictor for procedural complications (odds ratio [OR] 3.23; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.58-6.60; P = .001). Lead age ≥10 years (OR 2.57; 95% CI 1.03-6.46; P = .04) was also a predictor for procedural failure. We identified left ventricular ejection fraction <30% (OR 1.70; 95% CI 1.00-2.99; P = .049), age ≥75 years (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.27-3.48; P = .004), chronic kidney disease (OR 1.92; 95% CI 1.17-3.14; P = .01), and overall procedural complications (OR 5.15; 95% CI 2.44-10.84; P < .001) as predictors for all-cause mortality. CONCLUSION: Patients with CDRSI undergoing TLE demonstrate an increased rate of all-cause in-hospital, as well as procedure-related mortality, despite having comparable procedural success rates. Given these data, it seems paramount to develop preventive strategies to detect and treat CDRSI in its earliest stages.

Safety and Efficacy of Excimer Laser Powered Lead Extractions in Obese Patients: A GALLERY Subgroup Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED)-related complications, as well as the prevalence of obesity, is rising worldwide. Transvenous laser lead extraction (LLE) has grown into a crucial therapeutic option for patients with CIED-related complications but the impact of obesity on LLE is not well understood. METHODS AND RESULTS: All patients (n = 2524) from the GermAn Laser Lead Extraction RegistrY (GALLERY) were stratified into five groups according to their body mass index (BMI, <18.5; 18.5-24.9; 25-29.9; 30-34.9; ≥35 kg/m2). Patients with a BMI ≥ 35.0 kg/m2 had the highest prevalence of arterial hypertension (84.2%, p < 0.001), chronic kidney disease (36.8%, p = 0.020) and diabetes mellitus (51.1%, p < 0.001). The rates for procedural minor (p = 0.684) and major complications (p = 0.498), as well as procedural success (p = 0.437), procedure-related (p = 0.533) and all-cause mortality (p = 0.333) were not different between groups. In obese patients (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), lead age ≥10 years was identified as a predictor of procedural failure (OR: 2.99; 95% CI: 1.06-8.45; p = 0.038). Lead age ≥10 years (OR: 3.25; 95% CI: 1,31-8.10; p = 0.011) and abandoned leads (OR: 3.08; 95% CI: 1.03-9.22; p = 0.044) were predictors of procedural complications, while patient age ≥75 years seemed protective (OR: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.08-0.93; p = 0.039). Systemic infection was the only predictor for all-cause mortality (OR: 17.68; 95% CI: 4.03-77.49; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: LLE in obese patients is as safe and effective as in other weight classes, if performed in experienced high-volume centers. Systemic infection remains the main cause of in-hospital mortality in obese patients.

Procedural outcome & risk prediction in young patients undergoing transvenous lead extraction-a GALLERY subgroup analysis.

Background: The prevalence of young patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) is steadily increasing, accompanied by a rise in the occurrence of complications related to CIEDs. Consequently, transvenous lead extraction (TLE) has become a crucial treatment approach for such individuals. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics and procedural outcomes of young patients who undergo TLE, with a specific focus on identifying independent risk factors associated with adverse events. Methods: All patients in the GALLERY (GermAn Laser Lead Extraction RegistrY) were categorized into two groups based on their age at the time of enrollment: 45 years or younger, and over 45 years. A subgroup analysis was conducted specifically for the younger population. In this analysis, predictor variables for all-cause mortality, procedural complications, and procedural failure were evaluated using multivariable analyses. Results: We identified 160 patients aged 45 years or younger with a mean age of 35.3 ± 7.6 years and 42.5% (n = 68) female patients. Leading extraction indication was lead dysfunction in 51.3% of cases, followed by local infections in 20.6% and systemic infections in 16.9%. The most common device to be extracted were implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) with 52.5%. Mean number of leads per patient was 2.2 ± 1.0. Median age of the oldest indwelling lead was 91.5 [54.75-137.5] months. Overall complication rate was 3.8% with 1.9% minor and 1.9% major complications. Complete procedural success was achieved in 90.6% of cases. Clinical procedural success rate was 98.1%. Procedure-related mortality was 0.0%. The all-cause in-hospital mortality rate was 2.5%, with septic shock identified as the primary cause of mortality. Multivariable analysis revealed CKD (OR: 19.0; 95% CI: 1.84-194.9; p = 0.018) and systemic infection (OR: 12.7; 95% CI: 1.14-142.8; p = 0.039) as independent predictor for all-cause mortality. Lead age ≥ 10 years (OR: 14.58, 95% CI: 1.36-156.2; p = 0.027) was identified as sole independent risk factor for procedural complication. Conclusion: TLE in young patients is safe and effective with a procedure-related mortality rate of 0.0%. CKD and systemic infection are predictors for all-cause mortality, whereas lead age ≥ 10 years was identified as independent risk factor for procedural complications in young patients undergoing TLE.

Benefits of routine prophylactic femoral access during transvenous lead extraction.

BACKGROUND: The number of patients requiring lead extraction has been increasing in recent years. Despite significant advances in operator experience and technique, unexpected complications may occur. Prophylactic placement of femoral sheaths allows for immediate endovascular access for emergency procedures and may shorten response time in the event of complications. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the benefits of routine prophylactic femoral access in patients undergoing transvenous lead extraction (TLE) and to evaluate the methods, frequency, and efficacy of the emergency measures used in those patients. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent TLE from January 2012 to February 2019. The data were analyzed with regard to procedural complications and deployment of emergency measures via femoral access. RESULTS: Two hundred eighty-five patients (mean age 65.3 ± 15.5 years) were included in the study. Median lead dwell time was 84 months (interquartile range 58-144). Overall complication rate was 4.2% (n = 12), with 1.8% major complications (n = 5). Clinical success rate was 97.2%. Procedure-related mortality was 1.1% (n = 3). Femoral sheaths were actively engaged in 9.1% (n = 26) of cases. Deployment of snares was the most common intervention (n = 10), followed by prophylactic (n = 6) or emergency placement (n = 1) of occlusion balloons, temporary pacing (n = 3), venous angioplasty (n = 3), diagnostic venography (n = 3), and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (n = 1). We did not observe any femoral vascular complications due to prophylactic sheath placement. CONCLUSION: Routine prophylactic placement of femoral sheaths shortens response time and quickly establishes control in the event of various complications that may occur during TLE procedures.

Cardiac Arrest and Successful Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation as a Result of a Refeeding Syndrome in a Young Female with Anorexia Nervosa.

Anorexia nervosa is a potentially life-threatening eating disorder, characterized by an abnormally low body weight. This case report illustrates a 22-year old female with cardiac arrest due to a refeeding syndrome in a patient with anorexia nervosa. It features the successful use of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a case of severe left ventricular dysfunction resulting in a favorable outcome. Conclusion. We present the first case of a cardiac arrest due to a refeeding syndrome in anorexia nervosa featuring the successful use of an extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation approach as a bridge to full recovery.