Associations between interleukin-10, -12, and - 18 and periodontal health and disease: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the levels of Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), and Interleukin-18 (IL-18) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of subjects with advanced periodontitis (SIII-SIV) compared to healthy controls and evaluated their correlations with clinical measurements. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved subjects (n = 60) diagnosed with stage III grade B-C (n = 13) to stage IV grade C (n = 17) periodontitis, and periodontally healthy controls (n = 30). Clinical periodontal measurements involved full-mouth. The concentrations of IL-10, IL-12, and IL-18 were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in IL-12 level and IL-18/IL-10 ratio between the healthy and periodontitis groups (p = 0.413, p = 0.636, respectively). The IL-10 and IL-18 levels were significantly higher in the periodontitis group than in controls (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). Significant associations were observed between the periodontitis and IL-10 and IL-18 levels (OR = 1.46, %95 CI 1.19-1.795; OR = 1.13, %95 CI 1.059-1.207, respectively) (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: There was a correlation between pocket depth and the presence of IL-18 and a strong association between periodontitis and a high level of IL-18. However, there were no direct correlations among the three biomarkers and IL-18/IL-10 ratio, indicating that their roles in periodontal health are complex and multidimensional. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Understanding the cytokine dynamics in GCF provides valuable insights into their potential clinical implications for periodontal disease diagnosis, risk assessment, and tailored therapeutic interventions.

Interleukin-6, -17, and -35 levels in association with clinical status in stage III and stage IV periodontitis: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: This study compared the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, and IL-35 in the gingival crevicular fluid of periodontally healthy participants with individuals who had stage III and IV periodontitis. METHODS: In total, 60 participants with stage III grade B-C (n = 12)-stage IV grade C (n = 18) periodontitis and 30 healthy controls were included in this cross-sectional study. Full-mouth clinical periodontal measurements were performed. Concentrations of IL-6, IL-17, and IL-35 were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Parametric/nonparametric methods, Pearson's/Spearman's correlation, and logistic regression methods were used for data analyses. RESULTS: The periodontitis group exhibited significantly higher levels of IL-6, IL-17, and IL-35 compared with the healthy group (p < 0.001). IL-17 levels had a positive correlation with pocket depth (PD) (r = 0.395; p = 0.031) in the periodontitis group. IL-6, IL-17, and IL-35 levels were associated with periodontitis (odds ratio [OR] = 1.344, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.159-1.56; OR = 1.063, 95% CI = 1.025-1.102; OR = 1.261, 95% CI = 1.110-1.434, respectively) (p < 0.001, p = 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). Full-mouth and sampling sites PD and clinical attachment loss (CAL) values were significantly higher in the periodontitis group than in the healthy group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed upregulated levels of IL-6, IL-17, and IL-35 in periodontitis patients compared to healthy individuals. IL-17 shows a correlation with increased PD. These findings suggest a potential association between these cytokines and severe and advanced periodontitis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov with this identifier NCT05306860 on 24/01/2022.

Influence of Clinical Decontamination Techniques on the Surface Characteristics of SLA Titanium Implant.

The study aims: 1. To perform diode laser, titanium (Ti) brush, and Ti curette treatment on sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) Ti surfaces, with/without H2O2 and CHX, 2. To investigate the influence of decontamination techniques on implant surface topography and hydrophilicity. Diode laser, Ti brush, and Ti curette treatments were performed on the Grade 4 Ti discs, with/without treatment with 3% H2O2 solution or 0.2% CHX. Surface characteristics were investigated via SEM, optical profilometry, and water contact angle meter. SEM findings revealed flat and scratched areas when treated with Ti curette and Ti brush. For diode laser, SEM showed melting in specific areas. Ra and Rt values were lower in all test groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). The adjunctive chemical treatment showed negligible effects in SEM images and surface roughness measurements compared to laser and mechanical treatment-only groups. H2O2 treatment resulted in enhanced hydrophilicity in either treatment modalities with a significant difference compared to the negative control group (p < 0.05). In all test groups, the hydrophilicity was enhanced compared to the negative control group (p < 0.05). Diode laser treatment had the least disruptive effect on the Ti surface characteristics. The use of other mechanical methods caused significant alterations in the surface roughness.

An atypical form of necrotizing periodontitis.

BACKGROUND: Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis/periodontitis are considered necrotizing periodontal diseases. This case report presents an atypical form of necrotizing periodontitis, which does not fit into this classification. METHODS: A 12-year-old child was referred to our clinic for gingival inflammation, extensive alveolar bone loss, and tooth mobility. Clinical and microbiologic examinations were carried out, and radiographs were taken. Clinical examination revealed soft and hard tissue destruction up to the mucogingival junction at the right maxillary premolar and mandibular incisors. Unusual infections or abnormalities in systemic functions were not detected through clinical and laboratory evaluations made at the Pediatrics Department, Istanbul University. Although an intensive established treatment protocol for necrotizing periodontitis was completed, management of long-standing health conditions could not be achieved because of recurrence of the disease, which caused us to repeat this treatment protocol at short intervals. RESULTS: Investigation led to a diagnosis of an atypical form of necrotizing periodontitis because the disease had a recurrent acute phase even under a standard treatment protocol. CONCLUSIONS: Our patient exhibits an unusual, necrotizing form of periodontal disease. The reason for the rapid rate of periodontal disease progression remains unclear.

Oral hygiene habits and oral health status of female adolescents under state protection: a pilot study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to evaluate oral health status and oral hygiene practices of female adolescents under state protection. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifty-five female participants between the age of 12 and 18 who are under the care of The Child Protection Institution were included in this study. Self-administered questionnaires were used to obtain information regarding knowledge of oral health and habits. Dental caries status was scored according to the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO), using the indices of Decayed (D), Missing (M), Filled (F), Surfaces (S) (DMFS). In addition, Gingival Index (GI) and Plaque Index (PI) were recorded during periodontal assessment. Data was statistically analyzed by using Oneway analysis of variance, Tukey's HSD and Student's t tests. RESULTS: Fourteen children had dental fear and 52.7% of them were not satisfied with their esthetic appearance. Although 78.2% of the children knew that brushing prevents dental caries, only 18 of them were brushing regularly twice per day. Mean DMFS, GI and PI scores were 13.18±5.68, 1.35±0.37 and 1.33±0.45, respectively. Only 20% of the children were using dental floss. There was statistically no significant difference between the DMFS scores of the children in terms of flossing. However, the difference between the mean GI and PI of the same group was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Children under state protection were found to have a reasonable knowledge of the causes of dental caries and gum bleeding. Therefore, adequate management of this positive attitude can significantly improve the oral health of this population.

Adjunctive use of antibiotics in periodontal therapy.

Periodontal diseases are infectious diseases with a mixed microbial aetiology and marked inflammatory response leading to destruction of underlying tissue. Periodontal therapy aims to eliminate pathogens associated with the disease and attain periodontal health. Periodontitis is generally treated by nonsurgical mechanical debridement and regular periodontal maintenance care. Periodontal surgery may be indicated for some patients to improve access to the root surface; however, mechanical debridement alone may not be helpful in all cases. In such cases, adjunctive systemic antibiotic therapy remains the treatment of choice. It can reach microorganisms at the base of the deep periodontal pockets and furcation areas via serum, and also affects organisms residing within gingival epithelium and connective tissue. This review aims to provide an update on clinical issues regarding when and how to prescribe systemic antibiotics in periodontal therapy. The points discussed are the mode of antibiotic action, susceptible periodontal pathogens, antibiotic dosage, antibiotic use in treatment of periodontal disease, and mechanism of bacterial resistance to each antibiotic.

Short term effects of periodontal therapy on inflammatory markers in patients with type-2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the influence of periodontal therapy on glycosylated hemoglobin and fasting blood glucose and serum levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in chronic periodontitis (CP) patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and in controls. METHODS: A total of 30 periodontal patients, 15 of which were systemically healthy (control group), and 15 were T2DM patients (test group) were included in this study. This prospective study was carried out at Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey between February 2011 and December 2013. Plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, periodontal probing depth, and clinical attachment level were assessed and recorded at baseline, one, and 3 months after therapy. Serum samples were collected at the same time-points and analyzed using Luminex assay for the levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α. The change in the metabolic control was also monitored. RESULTS: All clinical parameters were significantly improved after the periodontal therapy in both groups (p less than l0.001). Glycosylated hemoglobin levels were decreased; however, the difference was not significant (p more than 0.05). Fasting blood glucose levels were decreased one month after therapy, and increased at 3 months. Patients with T2DM had significantly higher levels of circulating IL-8 at each time point, and TNF-α (p less than 0.05) at baseline. The IL-4 and IL-10 levels were decreased at one month after therapy (p more than 0.05). CONCLUSION: Periodontal therapy has limited impact on the serum levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α. Metabolic control levels were not influenced by periodontal therapy.

Plasma and salivary total antioxidant capacity in healthy controls compared with aggressive and chronic periodontitis patients.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the plasma and salivary total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) in patients with generalized chronic periodontitis (CP), generalized aggressive periodontitis (AgP), and periodontally healthy controls. METHODS: This cross-sectional study includes of 88 individuals seeking dental treatment at the Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey between January 2011 and March 2012. Fifteen AgP patients were compared with 21 healthy controls (C1), while 36 CP patients were compared with 16 healthy controls (C2). Clinical periodontal measurements were recorded, and plasma and saliva samples were collected. The TAOC of the plasma and saliva samples were determined using a commercially available colorimetric kit. RESULTS: The plasma TAOC of both AgP and CP patients was significantly lower for C1 and C2. The salivary TAOC of CP patients was significantly lower for C2, but there was no significant difference between AgP patients and C1. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that severe periodontitis may be associated with a lower plasma antioxidant capacity. The reduced antioxidant capacity in patients with severe periodontitis, especially with aggressive forms may be an important contributing factor to severe tissue destruction.

Impact of metronidazole and amoxicillin combination on matrix metalloproteinases-1 and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases balance in generalized aggressive periodontitis.

OBJECTIVE: Generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) is a complex periodontal disease affecting the entire dentition with a rapid destruction of the periodontium and resulting in loss of teeth. We hypothesized that better clinical healing of adjunctive use of amoxicillin plus metronidazole combination may be related to the effect of this combination therapy to restore imbalance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMP) which is associated with connective tissue and alveolar bone destruction in patients with GAgP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight subjects diagnosed with GAgP were recruited. Patients were randomly assigned to test or control groups. MMP-1/TIMP-1 ratio was compared between groups receiving scaling and root planning (SRP) alone (control) or in combination with amoxicillin plus metronidazole (test). Clinical periodontal variables were measured. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were obtained and analyzed for MMP-1 and TIMP-1. Measurements were taken at baseline and repeated at 3 and 6 months after therapy. RESULTS: Total MMP-1 levels were significantly decreased in both groups (P < 0.05) at 3 and 6 months. MMP-1 concentration levels showed a similar pattern to MMP-1 total levels decreasing significantly at 3 months (P < 0.05). TIMP-1 concentration levels increased in the test group throughout the study period, while the difference did not reach statistical significance (P > 0.05). TIMP-1/MMP-1 balance was restored in test group at 6 months significantly better than the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that metronidazole and amoxicillin combination as an adjunct to SRP results in better clinical healing through restoring TIMP-1/MMP-1 balance.

Clinical evaluation of free gingival graft shrinkage in horizontal and vertical dimensions.

PURPOSE: To assess the shrinkage of Free Gingival Graft (FGG) in horizontal and vertical dimensions and calculate the changes in the surface area of the transplanted tissue in a 3 months period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: total of 30 FGG were placed aiming to increase attached gingiva around recession sites. Vertical recessions, horizontal recessions, surface area, plaque index, gingival index, periodontal probing depth and clinical attachment level were assesed at baseline, 1 and 3 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Graft shrinkage between baseline and 1 month was more evident than 1 to 3 months in either dimensions. Both horizontal and vertical dimensions were significantly decreased (p<0.001) at 1 and 3 months post operatively. There was no significant change in PI and GI scores postoperatively compared to baseline (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The shrinkage of vertical and horizontal dimensions of the grafts were almost equal unlike the literature. In addition, the different dimensional changes observed in individual level deserve further research.

The role of activated cytotoxic T cells in etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease: does it harm or does it heal?

The objective of this study was to determine the phenotypic profile of blood mononuclear cells, specifically CD8(+)/CD28(+) cells, in patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) and chronic periodontitis (CP) in peripheral blood and in blood obtained from periodontal defect site which might contribute to tissue damage. 13 GAgP, 11 chronic periodontitis (CP) and 5 healthy controls (H) were included in the study. Plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BoP), periodontal probing depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded. Blood from the base of periodontal defect site and peripheral blood from the antecubital vein were obtained. Relative counts of CD45(+), CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+)/CD28(+), CD8(+)/CD28(-), CD19(+), CD16(+)/CD56(+)/CD3, CD3(+)/CD16(+)/CD56(+) receptors were determined with two color flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies. BoP, PPD and CAL were significantly higher in both periodontitis groups than healthy controls (p <0.05). Activated cytotoxic T cells, CD8(+)/CD28(+) cells, were significantly elevated in GAgP and CP groups compared to HC both in blood obtained from defect site and blood obtained from systemic circulation (p <0.05). GAgP and CP patients have an increased levels of activated cytotoxic T cells as a result of inflammation which may cause severe tissue damage that lead to severe and rapid loss of periodontal tissues.

Comparison of manual toothbrushes with different bristle designs in terms of cleaning efficacy and potential role on gingival recession.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to compare the efficacy of plaque control and potential effects on gingival recession of the toothbrushes with angled and straight bristles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 40 healthy dental students (25 females and 15 males; age range: 23-25 years) participated and two study groups were constituted. Participants were randomly distributed into two groups to use either angled or standard design manual tooth brushes with soft bristles. Oral hygiene indicators and soft tissue levels were monitored for 6 months. Plaque index, gingival index (GI), probing depth, clinical attachment level, and bleeding on probing were measured at six sites. Vertical recession (VR) and horizontal recession (HR) were also recorded. All measurements were repeated at 3 and 6 months. RESULTS: Plaque scores were reduced significantly at 6 months compared to baseline in both groups (P < 0.05 and P < 0.005 in criss-cross and standard design brushes, respectively). Mean GI scores of the criss-cross design were reduced significantly at 6 months (P < 0.05). Inter-group comparisons revealed that gingival recession (GR) values were not statistically significant (P > 0.05) at baseline, 3 and 6 months suggesting no pronounced impact of bristle design in terms of GR (VR = 0.596, HR = 0.572; VR = 0.884, HR = 0.572; VR = 0.884, HR = 0.572 in the groups). CONCLUSIONS: Bristle design has little impact on plaque removal capacity of a toothbrush. Both designs are safe enough to prevent GR as long as soft bristle material is used.