Experimental and computational modeling for signature and biomarker discovery of renal cell carcinoma progression.

BACKGROUND: Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) is difficult to treat with 5-year survival rate of 10% in metastatic patients. Main reasons of therapy failure are lack of validated biomarkers and scarce knowledge of the biological processes occurring during RCC progression. Thus, the investigation of mechanisms regulating RCC progression is fundamental to improve RCC therapy. METHODS: In order to identify molecular markers and gene processes involved in the steps of RCC progression, we generated several cell lines of higher aggressiveness by serially passaging mouse renal cancer RENCA cells in mice and, concomitantly, performed functional genomics analysis of the cells. Multiple cell lines depicting the major steps of tumor progression (including primary tumor growth, survival in the blood circulation and metastatic spread) were generated and analyzed by large-scale transcriptome, genome and methylome analyses. Furthermore, we performed clinical correlations of our datasets. Finally we conducted a computational analysis for predicting the time to relapse based on our molecular data. RESULTS: Through in vivo passaging, RENCA cells showed increased aggressiveness by reducing mice survival, enhancing primary tumor growth and lung metastases formation. In addition, transcriptome and methylome analyses showed distinct clustering of the cell lines without genomic variation. Distinct signatures of tumor aggressiveness were revealed and validated in different patient cohorts. In particular, we identified SAA2 and CFB as soluble prognostic and predictive biomarkers of the therapeutic response. Machine learning and mathematical modeling confirmed the importance of CFB and SAA2 together, which had the highest impact on distant metastasis-free survival. From these data sets, a computational model predicting tumor progression and relapse was developed and validated. These results are of great translational significance. CONCLUSION: A combination of experimental and mathematical modeling was able to generate meaningful data for the prediction of the clinical evolution of RCC.

Quantification of oxygen transfer coefficients in simulated hydrocarbon-based bioprocesses in a bubble column bioreactor.

This study investigates the overall volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (KLa) in multiphase hydrocarbon-based bioprocess under a range of hydrocarbon concentrations (HC), solid loadings (deactivated yeast) (SL) and superficial gas velocities (UG) in a bubble column reactor (BCR). KLa increased with increasing UG in the air-water system; due to an increase in the number of small bubbles which enhanced gas holdup. In air-water-yeast systems, the initial addition of yeast increased KLa significantly. Further increases in SL reduced KLa, due to increases in the bubble size with increasing SL. KLa decreased when HC was added in air-water-hydrocarbon systems. However, UG, SL and HC affected KLa differently in air-water-yeast-hydrocarbon systems: an indication of the complex interactions between the yeast and hydrocarbon phases which changed the system's hydrodynamics and therefore affected KL. This work illustrates the effect of the operating conditions (SL, HC and UG) on oxygen transfer behaviour in multiphase systems.

Inference of Low and High-Grade Glioma Gene Regulatory Networks Delineates the Role of Rnd3 in Establishing Multiple Hallmarks of Cancer.

Gliomas are a highly heterogeneous group of brain tumours that are refractory to treatment, highly invasive and pro-angiogenic. Glioblastoma patients have an average survival time of less than 15 months. Understanding the molecular basis of different grades of glioma, from well differentiated, low-grade tumours to high-grade tumours, is a key step in defining new therapeutic targets. Here we use a data-driven approach to learn the structure of gene regulatory networks from observational data and use the resulting models to formulate hypothesis on the molecular determinants of glioma stage. Remarkably, integration of available knowledge with functional genomics datasets representing clinical and pre-clinical studies reveals important properties within the regulatory circuits controlling low and high-grade glioma. Our analyses first show that low and high-grade gliomas are characterised by a switch in activity of two subsets of Rho GTPases. The first one is involved in maintaining normal glial cell function, while the second is linked to the establishment of multiple hallmarks of cancer. Next, the development and application of a novel data integration methodology reveals novel functions of RND3 in controlling glioma cell migration, invasion, proliferation, angiogenesis and clinical outcome.

A Network Biology Approach Identifies Molecular Cross-Talk between Normal Prostate Epithelial and Prostate Carcinoma Cells.

The advent of functional genomics has enabled the genome-wide characterization of the molecular state of cells and tissues, virtually at every level of biological organization. The difficulty in organizing and mining this unprecedented amount of information has stimulated the development of computational methods designed to infer the underlying structure of regulatory networks from observational data. These important developments had a profound impact in biological sciences since they triggered the development of a novel data-driven investigative approach. In cancer research, this strategy has been particularly successful. It has contributed to the identification of novel biomarkers, to a better characterization of disease heterogeneity and to a more in depth understanding of cancer pathophysiology. However, so far these approaches have not explicitly addressed the challenge of identifying networks representing the interaction of different cell types in a complex tissue. Since these interactions represent an essential part of the biology of both diseased and healthy tissues, it is of paramount importance that this challenge is addressed. Here we report the definition of a network reverse engineering strategy designed to infer directional signals linking adjacent cell types within a complex tissue. The application of this inference strategy to prostate cancer genome-wide expression profiling data validated the approach and revealed that normal epithelial cells exert an anti-tumour activity on prostate carcinoma cells. Moreover, by using a Bayesian hierarchical model integrating genetics and gene expression data and combining this with survival analysis, we show that the expression of putative cell communication genes related to focal adhesion and secretion is affected by epistatic gene copy number variation and it is predictive of patient survival. Ultimately, this study represents a generalizable approach to the challenge of deciphering cell communication networks in a wide spectrum of biological systems.

ChainRank, a chain prioritisation method for contextualisation of biological networks.

BACKGROUND: Advances in high throughput technologies and growth of biomedical knowledge have contributed to an exponential increase in associative data. These data can be represented in the form of complex networks of biological associations, which are suitable for systems analyses. However, these networks usually lack both, context specificity in time and space as well as the distinctive borders, which are usually assigned in the classical pathway view of molecular events (e.g. signal transduction). This complexity and high interconnectedness call for automated techniques that can identify smaller targeted subnetworks specific to a given research context (e.g. a disease scenario). RESULTS: Our method, named ChainRank, finds relevant subnetworks by identifying and scoring chains of interactions that link specific network components. Scores can be generated from integrating multiple general and context specific measures (e.g. experimental molecular data from expression to proteomics and metabolomics, literature evidence, network topology). The performance of the novel ChainRank method was evaluated on recreating selected signalling pathways from a human protein interaction network. Specifically, we recreated skeletal muscle specific signaling networks in healthy and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) contexts. The analysis showed that ChainRank can identify main mediators of context specific molecular signalling. An improvement of up to factor 2.5 was shown in the precision of finding proteins of the recreated pathways compared to random simulation. CONCLUSIONS: ChainRank provides a framework, which can integrate several user-defined scores and evaluate their combined effect on ranking interaction chains linking input data sets. It can be used to contextualise networks, identify signaling and regulatory path amongst targeted genes or to analyse synthetic lethality in the context of anticancer therapy. ChainRank is implemented in R programming language and freely available at https://github.com/atenyi/ChainRank.

Characterization of mutations in the PAS domain of the EvgS sensor kinase selected by laboratory evolution for acid resistance in Escherichia coli.

Laboratory-based evolution and whole-genome sequencing can link genotype and phenotype. We used evolution of acid resistance in exponential phase Escherichia coli to study resistance to a lethal stress. Iterative selection at pH 2.5 generated five populations that were resistant to low pH in early exponential phase. Genome sequencing revealed multiple mutations, but the only gene mutated in all strains was evgS, part of a two-component system that has already been implicated in acid resistance. All these mutations were in the cytoplasmic PAS domain of EvgS, and were shown to be solely responsible for the resistant phenotype, causing strong upregulation at neutral pH of genes normally induced by low pH. Resistance to pH 2.5 in these strains did not require the transporter GadC, or the sigma factor RpoS. We found that EvgS-dependent constitutive acid resistance to pH 2.5 was retained in the absence of the regulators GadE or YdeO, but was lost if the oxidoreductase YdeP was also absent. A deletion in the periplasmic domain of EvgS abolished the response to low pH, but not the activity of the constitutive mutants. On the basis of these results we propose a model for how EvgS may become activated by low pH.

Process development and intensification for enhanced production of Bacillus lipopeptides.

The growing interest in Bacillus lipopeptides for high-value applications has driven process design, development and optimization for enhanced lipopeptide production. Traditional optimization approaches have been directed towards improving the overall titres by modification of media components and environmental parameters, almost exclusively in submerged cultures. Carbon and nitrogen sources, trace elements and oxygen availability have all been demonstrated to exhibit significant influences on lipopeptide yield, productivity and selectivity. This insight into process-linked kinetics, especially selectivity, has led to the introduction of novel process intensification and integration strategies which further promote process efficiency, and which include foam fractionation, inverse fluidization, rotating disc contacting and microfiltration with recycle. These strategies have not only transformed the production capabilities, but have also successfully integrated upstream production with downstream purification through cell retention and in situ product removal. This review analyses and critically discusses the impact of process conditions and process optimization strategies for improving lipopeptide production kinetics, specifically highlighting the emerging trend of process intensification and integration strategies and further, proposes a heuristic route to enhance lipopeptide production.

Efferocytosis reprograms the tumor microenvironment to promote pancreatic cancer liver metastasis.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a highly metastatic disease and macrophages support liver metastases. Efferocytosis, or engulfment of apoptotic cells by macrophages, is an essential process in tissue homeostasis and wound healing, but its role in metastasis is less well understood. Here, we found that the colonization of the hepatic metastatic site is accompanied by low-grade tissue injury and that efferocytosis-mediated clearance of parenchymal dead cells promotes macrophage reprogramming and liver metastasis. Mechanistically, progranulin expression in macrophages is necessary for efficient efferocytosis by controlling lysosomal acidification via cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and the degradation of lysosomal cargo, resulting in LXRα/RXRα-mediated macrophage conversion and upregulation of arginase 1. Pharmacological blockade of efferocytosis or macrophage-specific genetic depletion of progranulin impairs macrophage conversion, improves CD8+ T cell functions, and reduces liver metastasis. Our findings reveal how hard-wired functions of macrophages in tissue repair contribute to liver metastasis and identify potential targets for prevention of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma liver metastasis.

Whole genome DNA methylation and mutational profiles identify novel changes in proliferative verrucous leukoplakia.

OBJECTIVE: Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is a rare form of oral leukoplakia with a relatively high transformation rate resulting in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Molecular analysis of PVL at the genome level is limited and has only identified molecular similarities between PVL and OSCC. However, the clinical profile of PVL suggests that molecular differences may be more important. STUDY DESIGN: Whole exome sequencing of 5 PVL-associated OSCC (PVL-OSCC) and paired blood samples was used to identify somatic mutations common to the tumors. Whole methylome analysis of samples from 4 PVL-associated OSCC and 3 OSCC of non-PVL origin samples was conducted to explore differential methylation. RESULTS: In contrast to conventional OSCC, PVL-associated OSCC showed infrequent TP53 mutation and altered spectra of PIK3CA and NOTCH1 mutations. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering identified 63 probes that discriminated between PVL-associated OSCC and OSCC of non-PVL origin. Differences in methylation were most significant for divalent metal ion transport, particularly calcium movement. CONCLUSIONS: Specific differences in mutation and methylation profiles between PVL-derived OSCC and OSCC of non-PVL origin suggest differences in their transformation pathways. Further studies of early PVL lesions may identify markers of transformation that are also applicable to more common oral premalignant disorders such as oral epithelial dysplasia.

The use of telehealth-supported stewardship activities in acute-care and long-term care settings: An implementation effectiveness trial.

BACKGROUND: We assessed the implementation of telehealth-supported stewardship activities in acute-care units and long-term care (LTC) units in Veterans' Administration medical centers (VAMCs). DESIGN: Before-and-after, quasi-experimental implementation effectiveness study with a baseline period (2019-2020) and an intervention period (2021). SETTING: The study was conducted in 3 VAMCs without onsite infectious disease (ID) support. PARTICIPANTS: The study included inpatient providers at participating sites who prescribe antibiotics. INTERVENTION: During 2021, an ID physician met virtually 3 times per week with the stewardship pharmacist at each participating VAMC to review patients on antibiotics in acute-care units and LTC units. Real-time feedback on prescribing antibiotics was given to providers. Additional implementation strategies included stakeholder engagement, education, and quality monitoring. METHODS: The reach-effectiveness-adoption-implementation-maintenance (RE-AIM) framework was used for program evaluation. The primary outcome of effectiveness was antibiotic days of therapy (DOT) per 1,000 days present aggregated across all 3 sites. An interrupted time-series analysis was performed to compare this rate during the intervention and baseline periods. Electronic surveys, periodic reflections, and semistructured interviews were used to assess other RE-AIM outcomes. RESULTS: The telehealth program reviewed 502 unique patients and made 681 recommendations to 24 providers; 77% of recommendations were accepted. After program initiation, antibiotic DOT immediately decreased in the LTC units (-30%; P < .01) without a significant immediate change in the acute-care units (+16%; P = .22); thereafter DOT remained stable in both settings. Providers generally appreciated feedback and collaborative discussions. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of our telehealth program was associated with reductions in antibiotic use in the LTC units but not in the smaller acute-care units. Overall, providers perceived the intervention as acceptable. Wider implementation of telehealth-supported stewardship activities may achieve reductions in antibiotic use.

A systems biology approach identifies molecular networks defining skeletal muscle abnormalities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an inflammatory process of the lung inducing persistent airflow limitation. Extensive systemic effects, such as skeletal muscle dysfunction, often characterize these patients and severely limit life expectancy. Despite considerable research efforts, the molecular basis of muscle degeneration in COPD is still a matter of intense debate. In this study, we have applied a network biology approach to model the relationship between muscle molecular and physiological response to training and systemic inflammatory mediators. Our model shows that failure to co-ordinately activate expression of several tissue remodelling and bioenergetics pathways is a specific landmark of COPD diseased muscles. Our findings also suggest that this phenomenon may be linked to an abnormal expression of a number of histone modifiers, which we discovered correlate with oxygen utilization. These observations raised the interesting possibility that cell hypoxia may be a key factor driving skeletal muscle degeneration in COPD patients.

Implementation of a Pharmacist-Led Culture and Susceptibility Review System in Urgent Care and Outpatient Settings.

BACKGROUND: Increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance is an urgent public health threat. The purpose of this project is to implement a pharmacist-managed culture review service to decrease and prevent inappropriate use of antibiotics. This service will intervene in cases of mismatched antibiotic-bacteria combinations to decrease health care provider (HCP) and nursing interruptions, improve patient outcomes, and enhance prescribing practices to reduce occurrence of antibiotic resistance. OBSERVATIONS: Patients requiring changes in antibiotic therapy after culture and susceptibility results were identified through the electronic health record. After results were returned, pharmacists assessed the antibiotic for appropriateness. If the isolated organism was not susceptible to the empiric antibiotic, the pharmacist adjusted the regimen, counseled the patient, documented the intervention electronically, and notified the HCP via an electronic note. Follow-up phone calls assessed for adverse effects and answered patient questions. Pharmacists could change antibiotic therapy without contacting HCPs because of an antimicrobial stewardship care coordination agreement between HCPs and pharmacists. Previously, HCPs were responsible for evaluating culture and susceptibility results as well as adjusting antimicrobial regimens. After implementing this project, 10 interventions were made out of 320 patients from August 2019 to February 2020. CONCLUSIONS: Appropriateness of antibiotic therapy through antimicrobial stewardship could help combat the significant public health issue of antibiotic resistance.

Assessing technical and biological variation in SWATH-MS-based proteomic analysis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells.

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) exhibits variable clinical course and response to therapy, but the molecular basis of this variability remains incompletely understood. Data independent acquisition (DIA)-MS technologies, such as SWATH (Sequential Windowed Acquisition of all THeoretical fragments), provide an opportunity to study the pathophysiology of CLL at the proteome level. Here, a CLL-specific spectral library (7736 proteins) is described alongside an analysis of sample replication and data handling requirements for quantitative SWATH-MS analysis of clinical samples. The analysis was performed on 6 CLL samples, incorporating biological (IGHV mutational status), sample preparation and MS technical replicates. Quantitative information was obtained for 5169 proteins across 54 SWATH-MS acquisitions: the sources of variation and different computational approaches for batch correction were assessed. Functional enrichment analysis of proteins associated with IGHV mutational status showed significant overlap with previous studies based on gene expression profiling. Finally, an approach to perform statistical power analysis in proteomics studies was implemented. This study provides a valuable resource for researchers working on the proteomics of CLL. It also establishes a sound framework for the design of sufficiently powered clinical proteomics studies. Indeed, this study shows that it is possible to derive biologically plausible hypotheses from a relatively small dataset.

Transcriptome Profiling Reveals New Insights into the Immune Microenvironment and Upregulation of Novel Biomarkers in Metastatic Uveal Melanoma.

Metastatic uveal melanoma (mUM) to the liver is incurable. Transcriptome profiling of 40 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded mUM liver resections and 6 control liver specimens was undertaken. mUMs were assessed for morphology, nuclear BAP1 (nBAP1) expression, and their tumour microenvironments (TME) using an "immunoscore" (absent/altered/high) for tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and macrophages (TAMs). Transcriptomes were compared between mUM and control liver; intersegmental and intratumoural analyses were also undertaken. Most mUM were epithelioid cell-type (75%), amelanotic (55%), and nBAP1-ve (70%). They had intermediate (68%) or absent (15%) immunoscores for TILs and intermediate (53%) or high (45%) immunoscores for TAMs. M2-TAMs were dominant in the mUM-TME, with upregulated expression of ANXA1, CD74, CXCR4, MIF, STAT3, PLA2G6, and TGFB1. Compared to control liver, mUM showed significant (p < 0.01) upregulation of 10 genes: DUSP4, PRAME, CD44, IRF4/MUM1, BCL2, CD146/MCAM/MUC18, IGF1R, PNMA1, MFGE8/lactadherin, and LGALS3/Galectin-3. Protein expression of DUSP4, CD44, IRF4, BCL-2, CD146, and IGF1R was validated in all mUMs, whereas protein expression of PRAME was validated in 10% cases; LGALS3 stained TAMs, and MFGEF8 highlighted bile ducts only. Intersegmental mUMs show differing transcriptomes, whereas those within a single mUM were similar. Our results show that M2-TAMs dominate mUM-TME with upregulation of genes contributing to immunosuppression. mUM significantly overexpress genes with targetable signalling pathways, and yet these may differ between intersegmental lesions.

Transoral laser microsurgery and radiotherapy for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: Equitable survival and enhanced function compared with contemporary standards of care.

INTRODUCTION: We describe the 5-year oncological and functional outcomes of transoral laser microsurgery, neck dissection (TLM + ND) and adjuvant radiotherapy (PORT) used to treat patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma. The effectiveness of external carotid artery (ECA) ligation in reducing post-operative bleeding, and fibrin glue following ND in reducing wound drainage and length of hospital stay is reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective case review of consecutive patients undergoing TLM between 2006 and 2017 used the Kaplan-Meier Estimator and Log-Rank Test for univariate, time-to-event analyses, and Cox-Proportionate Hazard modelling for multivariate analysis. RESULTS: 264 consecutive patients were included. Mean follow-up was 49.4 months. 219 (82.9%) patients received PORT. Five-year overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and disease-specific survival (DSS) rates were 74.9%, 73.7%, and 86.2%, respectively. Five-year locoregional control was 89.4%. 65.5% of cases were Human papillomavirus associated (HPV+), for whom OS, DFS and DSS was 85.6%, 84.7% and 92.7%, respectively, and demonstrated significantly higher OS (hazard ratio (HR) 0.28, CI 0.16-0.49, p < 0.0001), DFS (HR 0.28, CI 0.17-0.47, p < 0.0001) and DSS (HR 0.2, CI 0.09-0.44, <0.001). Post-operative oropharyngeal bleeding occurred in 23 patients (8.7%), of which 5 were major/severe, in patients without ECA ligation. Fibrin glue significantly reduced neck drain output (p < 0.001), and length of hospital stay (p < 0.001). One-year gastrostomy dependence rate was 2.3%. CONCLUSIONS: TLM + ND + PORT results in favourable 5-year survival and locoregional control rates, and low feeding tube dependency rates. ECA ligation and fibrin glue appear to reduce major post-operative haemorrhage, wound drainage and length of hospital stay.

Deciphering the complex role of thrombospondin-1 in glioblastoma development.

We undertook a systematic study focused on the matricellular protein Thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) to uncover molecular mechanisms underlying the role of THBS1 in glioblastoma (GBM) development. THBS1 was found to be increased with glioma grades. Mechanistically, we show that the TGFß canonical pathway transcriptionally regulates THBS1, through SMAD3 binding to the THBS1 gene promoter. THBS1 silencing inhibits tumour cell invasion and growth, alone and in combination with anti-angiogenic therapy. Specific inhibition of the THBS1/CD47 interaction using an antagonist peptide decreases cell invasion. This is confirmed by CD47 knock-down experiments. RNA sequencing of patient-derived xenograft tissue from laser capture micro-dissected peripheral and central tumour areas demonstrates that THBS1 is one of the gene with the highest connectivity at the tumour borders. All in all, these data show that TGFß1 induces THBS1 expression via Smad3 which contributes to the invasive behaviour during GBM expansion. Furthermore, tumour cell-bound CD47 is implicated in this process.

A novel panel of differentially-expressed microRNAs in breast cancer brain metastasis may predict patient survival.

Breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) is an area of unmet clinical need. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been linked to the metastatic process in breast cancer (BC). In this study, we aim to determine differentially-expressed miRNAs utilising primary BCs that did not relapse (BCNR, n = 12), primaries that relapsed (BCR) and their paired (n = 40 pairs) brain metastases (BM) using the NanoString™ nCounter™ miRNA Expression Assays. Significance analysis of microarrays identified 58 and 11 differentially-expressed miRNAs between BCNR vs BCR and BCR vs BM respectively and pathway analysis revealed enrichment for genes involved in invasion and metastasis. Four miRNAs, miR-132-3p, miR-199a-5p, miR-150-5p and miR-155-5p, were differentially-expressed within both cohorts (BCNR-BCR, BCR-BM) and receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis (p = 0.00137) and Kaplan-Meier survival method (p = 0.0029, brain metastasis-free survival; p = 0.0007, overall survival) demonstrated their potential use as prognostic markers. Ingenuity pathway enrichment linked them to the MET oncogene, and the cMET protein was overexpressed in the BCR (p < 0.0001) and BM (p = 0.0008) cases, compared to the BCNRs. The 4-miRNAs panel identified in this study could be potentially used to distinguish BC patients with an increased risk of developing BCBM and provide potential novel therapeutic targets, whereas cMET-targeting warrants further investigation in the treatment of BCBM.

Kinome-wide transcriptional profiling of uveal melanoma reveals new vulnerabilities to targeted therapeutics.

Metastatic uveal melanoma (UM) is invariably fatal, usually within a year of diagnosis. There are currently no effective therapies, and clinical studies employing kinase inhibitors have so far demonstrated limited success. This is despite common activating mutations in GNAQ/11 genes, which trigger signalling pathways that might predispose tumours to a variety of targeted drugs. In this study, we have profiled kinome expression network dynamics in various human ocular melanomas. We uncovered a shared transcriptional profile in human primary UM samples and across a variety of experimental cell-based models. The poor overall response of UM cells to FDA-approved kinase inhibitors contrasted with much higher sensitivity to the bromodomain inhibitor JQ1, a broad transcriptional repressor. Mechanistically, we identified a repressed FOXM1-dependent kinase subnetwork in JQ1-exposed cells that contained multiple cell cycle-regulated protein kinases. Consistently, we demonstrated vulnerability of UM cells to inhibitors of mitotic protein kinases within this network, including the investigational PLK1 inhibitor BI6727. We conclude that analysis of kinome-wide signalling network dynamics has the potential to reveal actionable drug targets and inhibitors of potential therapeutic benefit for UM patients.

Improving Rapid Response Recognition: A Simulation Collaborative.

New graduate nurses (NGNs) are not fully prepared to recognize and react to rapidly declining patient conditions. Academic curricula typically do not target education related to rapid response events. A study was conducted to evaluate if a collaborative simulation between senior nursing students and NGNs would develop and improve the knowledge and skills needed to recognize and react to a patient who is rapidly deteriorating. Outcomes showed that participants made gains in the areas of competence, prioritization, and communication. This model can be used by other nurses in professional development to increase NGN competence, confidence, and safety.