Acute cardiac autonomic and haemodynamic responses to leg and arm isometric exercise.

OBJECTIVES: Acute cardiovascular responses following a single session of isometric exercise (IE) have been shown to predict chronic adaptations in blood pressure (BP) regulation. It was hypothesised that exercises which recruit more muscle mass induce greater reductions in BP compared to exercises using smaller muscle mass. To test this hypothesis, the current study aimed to compare the acute haemodynamic and autonomic responses to a single session of isometric wall squat (IWS) and isometric handgrip (IHG) training. METHODS: Twenty-six sedentary participants performed a single IWS and IHG session in a randomised cross-over design, with training composed of 4 × 2-min contractions, with 2-min rest, at 95 HRpeak and 30% MVC respectively. Haemodynamic and cardiac autonomic variables were recorded pre, during, immediately post, and 1-h post-exercise, with the change from baseline for each variable used for comparative analysis. RESULTS: During IWS exercise, there was a significantly greater increase in systolic BP (P < 0.001), diastolic BP (P < 0.001), mean BP (P < 0.001), heart rate (P < 0.001), and cardiac output (P < 0.001), and a contrasting decrease in baroreflex effectiveness index (BEI) and cardiac baroreceptor sensitivity (cBRS). In the 10-min recovery period following IWS exercise, there was a significantly greater reduction in systolic BP (P = 0.005), diastolic BP (P = 0.006), mean BP (P = 0.003), total peripheral resistance (TPR) (P < 0.001), BEI (P = 0.003), and power spectral density (PSD-RRI) (P < 0.001). There were no differences in any variables between conditions 1-h post exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Isometric wall squat exercise involving larger muscle mass is associated with a significantly greater post-exercise hypotensive response during a 10-min recovery window compared to smaller muscle mass IHG exercise. The significantly greater reduction in TPR may be an important mechanism for the differences in BP response.

Left atrial mechanics and aortic stiffness following high intensity interval training: a randomised controlled study.

PURPOSE: High intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to improve important health parameters, including aerobic capacity, blood pressure, cardiac autonomic modulation and left ventricular (LV) mechanics. However, adaptations in left atrial (LA) mechanics and aortic stiffness remain unclear. METHODS: Forty-one physically inactive males and females were recruited. Participants were randomised to either a 4-week HIIT intervention (n = 21) or 4-week control period (n = 20). The HIIT protocol consisted of 3 × 30-s maximal cycle ergometer sprints with a resistance of 7.5% body weight, interspersed with 2-min of active unloaded recovery, three times per week. Speckle tracking imaging of the LA and M-Mode tracing of the aorta was performed pre and post HIIT and control period. RESULTS: Following HIIT, there was significant improvement in LA mechanics, including LA reservoir (13.9 ± 13.4%, p = 0.033), LA conduit (8.9 ± 11.2%, p = 0.023) and LA contractile (5 ± 4.5%, p = 0.044) mechanics compared to the control condition. In addition, aortic distensibility (2.1 ± 2.7 cm2 dyn-1 103, p = 0.031) and aortic stiffness index (- 2.6 ± 4.6, p = 0.041) were improved compared to the control condition. In stepwise linear regression analysis, aortic distensibility change was significantly associated with LA stiffness change R2 of 0.613 (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: A short-term programme of HIIT was associated with a significant improvement in LA mechanics and aortic stiffness. These adaptations may have important health implications and contribute to the improved LV diastolic and systolic mechanics, aerobic capacity and blood pressure previously documented following HIIT.

No Differences Between Beetroot Juice and Placebo on Competitive 5-km Running Performance: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

The authors examine the effect of an acute dose of beetroot juice on endurance running performance in "real-world" competitive settings. In total, 70 recreational runners (mean ± SD: age = 33.3 ± 12.3 years, training history = 11.9 ± 8.1 years, and hours per week training = 5.9 ± 3.5) completed a quasi-randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 5-km competitive time trials. Participants performed four trials separated by 1 week in the order of prebaseline, two experimental, and one postbaseline. Experimental trials consisted of the administration of 70-ml nitrate-rich beetroot juice (containing ∼4.1 mmol of nitrate, Beet It Sport®) or nitrate-depleted placebo (containing ∼0.04 mmol of nitrate, Beet It Sport®) 2.5 hr prior to time trials. Time to complete 5 km was recorded for each trial. No differences were shown between pre- and postbaseline (p = .128, coefficient variation = 2.66%). The average of these two trials is therefore used as baseline. Compared with baseline, participants ran faster with beetroot juice (mean differences = 22.2 ± 5.0 s, p < .001, d = 0.08) and placebo (22.9 ± 4.5 s, p < .001, d = 0.09). No differences in times were shown between beetroot juice and placebo (0.8 ± 5.7 s, p < .875, d = 0.00). These results indicate that an acute dose of beetroot juice does not improve competitive 5-km time-trial performance in recreational runners compared with placebo.

Center of Pressure, Vertical Ground Reaction Forces, and Neuromuscular Responses of Special-Forces Soldiers to 43-km Load Carriage in the Field.

The primary purpose of this study was to examine lateral deviations in center of pressure as a result of an extreme-duration load carriage task, with particular focus on heel contact. A total of 20 (n = 17 males and n = 3 females) soldiers from a special operation forces unit (body mass 80.72 [21.49] kg, stature 178.25 [8.75] cm, age 26 [9] y) underwent gait plantar pressure assessment and vertical jump testing before and after a 43-km load carriage event (duration 817.02 [32.66] min) carrying a total external load of 29.80 (1.05) kg. Vertical jump height decreased by 18.62% (16.85%) from 0.30 (0.08) to 0.24 (0.07) m, P < .001. Loading peak and midstance force minimum were significantly increased after load carriage (2.59 [0.51] vs 2.81 [0.61] body weight, P = .035, Glass delta = 0.44 and 1.28 [0.40] vs 1.46 [0.41] body weight, P = .015, Glass delta = 0.45, respectively) and increases in lateral center of pressure displacement were observed as a result of the load carriage task 14.64 (3.62) to 16.97 (3.94) mm, P < .029. In conclusion, load carriage instigated a decrease in neuromuscular function alongside increases in ground reaction forces associated with injury risk and center of pressure changes associated with ankle sprain risk. Practitioners should consider that possible reductions in ankle stability remain once load carriage has been completed, suggesting soldiers are still at increased risk of injury even once the load has been removed.

The effects of acute carbohydrate and caffeine feeding strategies on cycling efficiency.

To assess the effect of carbohydrate and caffeine on gross efficiency (GE), 14 cyclists (V̇O2max 57.6 ± 6.3 ml.kg-1.min-1) completed 4 × 2-hour tests at a submaximal exercise intensity (60% Maximal Minute Power). Using a randomized, counter-balanced crossover design, participants consumed a standardised diet in the 3-days preceding each test and subsequently ingested either caffeine (CAF), carbohydrate (CHO), caffeine+carbohydrate (CAF+CHO) or water (W) during exercise whilst GE and plasma glucose were assessed at regular intervals (~30 mins). GE progressively decreased in the W condition but, whilst caffeine had no effect, this was significantly attenuated in both trials that involved carbohydrate feedings (W = -1.78 ± 0.31%; CHO = -0.70 ± 0.25%, p = 0.008; CAF+CHO = -0.63 ± 0.27%, p = 0.023; CAF = -1.12 ± 0.24%, p = 0.077). Blood glucose levels were significantly higher in carbohydrate ingestion conditions (CHO = 4.79 ± 0.67 mmol·L-1, p < 0.001; CAF+CHO = 5.05 ± 0.81 mmol·L-1, p < 0.001; CAF = 4.46 ± 0.75 mmol·L-1; W = 4.20 ± 0.53 mmol·L-1). Carbohydrate ingestion has a small but significant effect on exercise-induced reductions in GE, indicating that cyclists' feeding strategy should be carefully monitored prior to and during assessment.

Home-based isometric exercise training induced reductions resting blood pressure.

PURPOSE: Isometric exercise training (IET) reduces resting blood pressure (BP). Most previous protocols impose exercise barriers which undermine its effectiveness as a potential physical therapy for altering BP. An inexpensive, home-based programme would promote IET as a valuable tool in the fight against hypertension. The aims of this study were: (a) to investigate whether home-based wall squat training could successfully reduce resting BP and (b) to explore the physiological variables that might mediate a change in resting BP. METHODS: Twenty-eight healthy normotensive males were randomly assigned to a control and a 4 week home-based IET intervention using a crossover design with a 4 week 'washout' period in-between. Wall squat training was completed 3 × weekly over 4 weeks with 48 h between sessions. Each session comprised 4 × 2 min bouts of wall squat exercise performed at a participant-specific knee joint angle relative to a target HR of 95% HRpeak, with 2 min rest between bouts. Resting heart rate, BP, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and stroke volume were taken at baseline and post each condition. RESULTS: Resting BP (systolic -4 ± 5, diastolic -3 ± 3 and mean arterial -3 ± 3 mmHg), cardiac output (-0.54 ± 0.66 L min-1) and heart rate (-5 ± 7 beats min-1) were all reduced following IET, with no change in total peripheral resistance or stroke volume compared to the control. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the wall squat provides an effective method for reducing resting BP in the home resulting primarily from a reduction in resting heart rate.

The effects of isometric wall squat exercise on heart rate and blood pressure in a normotensive population.

The isometric wall squat could be utilised in home-based training aimed at reducing resting blood pressure, but first its suitability must be established. The aim of this study was to determine a method of adjusting wall squat intensity and explore the cardiovascular responses. Twenty-three participants performed one 2 minute wall squat on 15 separate occasions. During the first ten visits, ten different knee joint angles were randomly completed from 135° to 90° in 5° increments; five random angles were repeated in subsequent visits. Heart rate and blood pressure (systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure) were measured. The heart rate and blood pressure parameters produced significant inverse relationships with joint angle (r at least -0.80; P < 0.05), demonstrating that wall squat intensity can be adjusted by manipulating knee joint angle. Furthermore, the wall squat elicited similar cardiovascular responses to other isometric exercise modes that have reduced resting blood pressure (135° heart rate: 76 ± 10 beats ∙ min(-1); systolic: 134 ± 14 mmHg; diastolic: 76 ± 6 mmHg and 90° heart rate: 119 ± 20 beats ∙ min(-1); systolic: 196 ± 18 mmHg; diastolic: 112 ± 13 mmHg). The wall squat may have a useful role to play in isometric training aimed at reducing resting blood pressure.

Isometric Exercise Training and Arterial Hypertension: An Updated Review.

Hypertension is recognised as a leading attributable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and premature mortality. Global initiatives towards the prevention and treatment of arterial hypertension are centred around non-pharmacological lifestyle modification. Exercise recommendations differ between professional and scientific organisations, but are generally unanimous on the primary role of traditional aerobic and dynamic resistance exercise. In recent years, isometric exercise training (IET) has emerged as an effective novel exercise intervention with consistent evidence of reductions in blood pressure (BP) superior to that reported from traditional guideline-recommended exercise modes. Despite a wealth of emerging new data and endorsement by select governing bodies, IET remains underutilised and is not widely prescribed in clinical practice. This expert-informed review critically examines the role of IET as a potential adjuvant tool in the future clinical management of BP. We explore the efficacy, prescription protocols, evidence quality and certainty, acute cardiovascular stimulus, and physiological mechanisms underpinning its anti-hypertensive effects. We end the review with take-home suggestions regarding the direction of future IET research.

Lactate accumulation following isometric exercise training and its relationship with reduced resting blood pressure.

The purpose of this study was (a) to assess lactate accumulation during isometric exercise, and to quantify the shifts in accumulation following isometric training; and (b) to relate any training-induced changes in lactate accumulation to reductions in resting blood pressure. Eleven male participants undertook isometric training for a 4-week period using bilateral-leg exercise. Training caused reductions in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial resting blood pressure (of -4.9 ± 6.3 mmHg, P = 0.01; -2.6 ± 3.0 mmHg, P = 0.01; and -2.6 ± 2.3 mmHg, P = 0.001 respectively; mean ± s). These were accompanied by changes in muscle activity, taken as electromyographic activity to reach a given lactate concentration (from 114 ± 22 to 131 ± 27 mV and from 136 ± 25 to 155 ± 34 mV for 3 and 4 mmol · L(-1) respectively. Training intensity expressed relative to peak lactate was correlated with reduced resting systolic and mean arterial blood pressure. Training caused significant shifts in lactate accumulation, and reductions in resting blood pressure are strongly related to training intensity, when expressed relative to pre-training peak lactate. This suggests that higher levels of local muscle anaerobiosis may promote the training-induced reductions in resting blood pressure.

Multiday load carriage decreases ability to mitigate ground reaction force through reduction of ankle torque production.

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of backpack load carriage on lower limb strength and loading rate change in a cohort that match military recruit profiles. Twenty-six participants walked on a treadmill either carrying a military load carriage system (32 kg) or unloaded for 2 h on two consecutive days. Participants ground reaction forces and strength measures were assessed using a force platform and dynamometry, respectively. Testing included assessments before and after treadmill walking on days one and two, and 24 h following day 2. When assessed by mixed methods ANOVA (alpha: 0.05) statistically significant interaction effects were observed for loading peak (p = 0.031), loading rate (p = 0.035) and plantarflexor torque dynamometry variables at 60°s-1 (p = 0.011) and 120°s-1 (p = 0.024). Repeated measures correlation highlighted associations between plantarflexor torque at 60°s-1 and loading rate (r = -0.901, p < 0.001). Load carriage reduced lower limb torque which did not recover between days. Plantarflexor torque reductions were associated with increases in loading rate. Practitioners should consider that load bearers are more likely to experience lower limb injury during multi-day load carriage. Future work should develop protocols to reduce plantarflexor torque loss in order to reduce ground reaction force change.

One year of isometric exercise training for blood pressure management in men: a prospective randomized controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: Isometric exercise training (IET) over 4-12 weeks is an effective antihypertensive intervention. However, blood pressure (BP) reductions are reversible if exercise is not maintained. No work to date has investigated the long-term effects of IET on resting BP. METHODS: We randomized 24 unmedicated patients with high-normal BP to a 1-year wall squat IET intervention or nonintervention control group. Resting BP and various clinically important haemodynamic variables, including heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were measured pre and post the 1-year study period. RESULTS: One year of IET produced statistically significant reductions in resting systolic (-8.5 ±â€Š5 mmHg, P  < 0.001) and diastolic (-7.3 ±â€Š5.8 mmHg, P  < 0.001) BP compared with the control group. There was also a significant reduction in resting HR (-4.2 ±â€Š3.7 b/min, P  = 0.009) and a significant increase in SV (11.2 ±â€Š2.8 ml, P  = 0.012), with no significant change in CO (0.12 ±â€Š2.8 l/min, P  = 0.7). TPR significantly decreased following IET (-246 ±â€Š88 dyne·s/cm 5 , P  = 0.011). Adherence to the IET sessions was 77% across all participants (3x IET sessions per week), with no participant withdrawals. CONCLUSION: This novel study supports IET as an effective long-term strategy for the management of resting BP, producing clinically important, chronic BP adaptations in patients at risk of hypertension. Importantly, this work also demonstrates impressive long-term adherence rates, further supporting the implementation of IET as a means of effective BP management in clinical populations.

Validity and reliability of RPE as a measure of intensity during isometric wall squat exercise.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Isometric exercise (IE), including wall squat training, has been shown to be effective at reducing resting blood pressure (BP). Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is also widely used as an accessible additional measure of IE intensity. Despite this, no RPE scales have been specifically designed for use with IE and it is not clear whether RPE is sensitive enough to distinguish between different lower limb IE workloads. Therefore, the aims of this study were to assess the validity and reliability of RPE as a measure of IE intensity (workload) and physiological exertion (Heart rate and BP), and to examine whether RPE is able to discern differences in wall squat workload (knee angle) at a resolution of 10-degrees, as was previous shown for heart rate (HR) and BP. METHODS: Twenty-nine male participants completed eight separate isometric wall squat testing sessions, separated by a minimum of 5-h. Each session consisted of a single 2-min isometric wall squat test, at one of five randomized workloads (knee joint angles). Three of the knee angles were repeated, a second time, to allow measurements of reliability. Throughout the exercise protocol, HR and BP were recorded continuously; values for each 30-s time-point were calculated as the mean of the proceeding 5-s, and peak values for the 2-min bout were taken as the mean results for the final 5-s of the bout. In addition, mean results for the full 2-min period were calculated. RPE was collected every 30 s. Concurrent validity was assessed by correlating RPE results with the criterion measures: Knee joint angle, HR, and BP. Differences in RPE were assessed across consecutive workloads and time-points. RESULTS: There were significant increases in RPE at each consecutive wall squat workload (P<0.001) and between each consecutive 30-s time point (P<0.001). In addition, the RPE results produced a significant inverse relationship with knee angle (r=-0.79; P<0.001) and significant positive relationships with HR (r=0.53, P<0.001) and BP (systolic: r=0.77; diastolic: r=0.62; and mean arterial pressure: r=0.70, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: RPE provides a valid and reliable measure of isometric wall squat intensity, physiological exertion and can discern between knee angles with a resolution of 10°. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS: Patients and practitioners implementing isometric exercise training for arterial blood pressure reduction can use RPE to accurately monitor the intensity of the exercise and the physiological responses.

Validity and reliability of the 'Isometric Exercise Scale' (IES) for measuring ratings of perceived exertion during continuous isometric exercise.

Isometric exercise (IE) interventions are an effective non-medical method of reducing arterial blood pressure (BP). Current methods of prescribing and controlling isometric exercise intensity often require the use of expensive equipment and specialist knowledge. However, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) may provide a more accessible means of monitoring exercise intensity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the validity of a specific Isometric Exercise Scale (IES) during a continuous incremental IE test. Twenty-nine male participants completed four incremental isometric wall squat tests. Each test consisted of five 2-min stages of progressively increasing workload. Workload was determined by knee joint angle from 135° to 95°. The tests were continuous with no rest periods between the stages. Throughout the exercise protocol, RPE (IES and Borg's CR-10), heart rate and blood pressure were recorded. A strong positive linear relationship was found between the IES and the CR-10 (r = 0.967). Likewise, strong positive relationships between the IES and wall squat duration (r = 0.849), HR (r = 0.819) and BP (r = 0.841) were seen. Intra-class correlation coefficients and coefficients of variations for the IES ranged from r = 0.81 to 0.91 and 4.5-54%, respectively, with greater reliability seen at the higher workloads. The IES provides valid and reliable measurements of RPE, exercise intensity, and the changes in physiological measures of exertion during continuous incremental IE; as such, the IES can be used as an accessible measure of exercise intensity during IE interventions.

Ambulatory blood pressure adaptations to high-intensity interval training: a randomized controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: Hypertension remains the leading cause of cardiovascular disease and premature mortality globally. Although high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an effective nonpharmacological intervention for the reduction of clinic blood pressure (BP), very little research exists regarding its effects on ambulatory BP. The aim of this study was to measure alterations in ambulatory and clinic BP following HIIT in physically inactive adults. METHODS: Forty-one participants (22.8 ±â€Š2.7 years) were randomly assigned to a 4-week HIIT intervention or control group. The HIIT protocol was performed on a cycle ergometer set against a resistance of 7.5% bodyweight and consisted of 3 × 30-s maximal sprints separated with 2-min active recovery. Clinic and ambulatory BP was recorded pre and post the control period and HIIT intervention. RESULTS: Following the HIIT intervention, 24-h ambulatory BP significantly decreased by 5.1 mmHg in sBP and 2.3 mmHg in dBP (P = 0.011 and 0.012, respectively), compared with the control group. In addition, clinic sBP significantly decreased by 6.6 mmHg compared with the control group (P = 0.021), with no significant changes in dBP and mean BP (mBP). Finally, 24-h ambulatory diastolic, daytime sBP, mBP and dBP, and night-time sBP and mBP variability significantly decreased post-HIIT compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: HIIT remains an effective intervention for the management of BP. Our findings support enduring BP reduction and improved BP variability, which are important independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

The effects of performing isometric training at two exercise intensities in healthy young males.

No previous studies have examined the effects of isometric training intensity upon resting blood pressure (BP). The aims of this study were (a) to compare the effects of leg isometric training, performed at two intensities, upon resting systolic-SBP, diastolic-DBP and mean arterial-MAP BP; and (b) to examine selected cardiovascular variables, in an attempt to explain any changes in resting BP following training. Thirty-three participants were randomly allocated to either control, high- (HI) or low-intensity (LI) training for 8 weeks. Participants performed 4 x 2 min exercise bouts 3x weekly. Resting BP was measured at baseline, 4-weeks and post-training. SBP, DBP and MAP fell significantly in both groups after training. Changes were -5.2 +/- 4.0, -2.6 +/- 2.9 and -2.5 +/- 2.2 mmHg [HI]; -3.7 +/- 3.7, -2.5 +/- 4.8 and -2.6 +/- 2.5 mmHg [LI] for SBP, DBP and MAP, respectively. There were no significant changes in BP at 4 weeks. No significant changes were observed in any of the other cardiovascular variables examined. These findings suggest that isometric training causes reductions in SBP, DBP and MAP at a range of exercise intensities, when it is performed over 8 weeks. Furthermore, it is possible to reduce resting BP using a much lower isometric exercise intensity than has previously been shown.

Partial swing golf shots: scaled from full swing or independent technique?

During practice and competition, golfers are required to use submaximal effort to hit the ball a given distance, i.e., perform a partial shot. While the full golf swing has undergone extensive research, little has addressed partial shots and the biomechanical modifications golfers employ. This study investigates the biomechanical changes between full and partial swings, and determines if the partial swing is a scaled version of the full swing. Using a repeated measures design, 13 male golfers completed a minimum of 10 swings in the full and partial swing conditions, whilst club, ball, kinematic, and kinetic parameters were recorded. Large and statistically significant reductions in body motion (centre of pressure ellipse: 33.0%, p = 0.004, d = 2.26), combined with moderate reductions in lateral shift (25.5%, p = 0.004, d = 0.33) and smaller reductions in trunk rotation (arm to vertical at top of backswing: 14.1%, p = 0.002, d = 2.58) indicate golfers favour larger reductions in proximal measures, combined with diminished reductions as variables moved distally. Furthermore, the partial swing was not found to be a scaled version of the full swing implying a new approach to coaching practices might be considered.

The Placebo and Nocebo effect on sports performance: A systematic review.

The aim of this review was to determine the magnitude of the placebo and nocebo effect on sport performance. Articles published before March 2019 were located using Medline, Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCO, Science Direct, and Scopus. Studies that examined placebo and nocebo effects of an objective dependent variable on sports performance, which included a control or baseline condition, were included in the analysis. Studies were classified into two categories of ergogenic aids: (1) nutritional and (2) mechanical. Cohen's d effect sizes were calculated from 32 studies involving 1513 participants. Small to moderate placebo effects were found for both placebo (d = 0.36) and nocebo (d = 0.37) effects and when separated by nutritional (d = 0.35) and mechanical (d = 0.47) ergogenic aids. The pooled effect size revealed a small to moderate effect size across all studies (d = 0.38). Results suggest that placebo and nocebo effects can exert a small to moderate effect on sports performance.

Familiarisation and reliability of sprint test indices during laboratory and field assessment.

The aim of the study was to assess the reliability of sprint performance in both field and laboratory conditions. Twenty-one male (mean ± s: 19 ± 1 years, 1.79 ± 0.07 m, 77.6 ± 7.1 kg) and seventeen female team sport players (mean ± s: 21 ± 4 years, 1.68 ± 0. 07 m, 62.7 ± 4.7 kg) performed a maximal 20-metre sprint running test on eight separate occasions. Four trials were conducted on a non-motorised treadmill in the laboratory; the other four were conducted outdoors on a hard-court training surface with time recorded by single-beam photocells. Trials were conducted in random order with no familiarisation prior to testing. There was a significant difference between times recorded during outdoor field trials (OFT) and indoor laboratory trials (ILT) using a non-motorised treadmill (3.47 ± 0.53 vs. 6.06 ±1.17s; p < 0.001). The coefficient of variation (CV) for time was 2.55-4.22% for OFT and 5.1-7.2% for ILT. During ILT peak force (420.9 ± 87.7N), mean force (147.2 ± 24.7N), peak power (1376.8 ± 451.9W) and mean power (514.8 ± 164.4W), and were measured. The CV for all ILT variables was highest during trial 1-2 comparison. The CV (95% confidence interval) for the trial 3-4 comparison yielded: 9.4% (7.7-12. 1%), 7.9% (6.4-10.2%), 10.1% (8.2-13.1%) and 6.2% (5.1-8.0%) for PF, MF, PP and MP and respectively. The results indicate that reliable data can be derived for single maximal sprint measures, using fixed distance protocols. However, significant differences in time/speed over 20-m exist between field and laboratory conditions. This is primarily due to the frictional resistance in the non- motorised treadmill. Measures of force and power during ILT require at least 3 familiarisations to reduce variability in test scores. Key pointsReliable data can be derived from single maximal sprint measures in both indoor and outdoor environments using fixed distance protocols.There may be significant time differences to complete fixed distance trials between the two environments.Measures of mean force, peak force and peak power during indoor trials may require multiple trials to reduce variability in test scores.