JFH1-based Core-NS2 genotype variants of HCV with genetic stability in vivo and in vitro: Important tools in the evaluation of virus neutralization.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: HCV infection continues to be a major global health burden despite effective antiviral treatments. The urgent need for a protective vaccine is hindered by the scarcity of suitable HCV-permissive animal models tractable in vaccination and challenge studies. Currently, only antibody neutralization studies in infectious cell culture systems or studies of protection by passive immunization of human liver chimeric mice offer the possibility to evaluate the effect of vaccine-induced antibodies. However, differences between culture-permissive and in vivo-permissive viruses make it a challenge to compare analyses between platforms. To address this problem, we aimed at developing genotype-specific virus variants with genetic stability both in vitro and in vivo. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We demonstrated infection of human liver chimeric mice with cell culture-adapted HCV JFH1-based Core-NS2 recombinants of genotype 1-6, with a panel of 10 virus strains used extensively in neutralization and receptor studies. Clonal re-engineering of mouse-selected mutations resulted in virus variants with robust replication both in Huh7.5 cells and human liver chimeric mice, with genetic stability. Furthermore, we showed that, overall, these virus variants have similar in vitro neutralization profiles as their parent strains and demonstrated their use for in vivo neutralization studies. CONCLUSIONS: These mouse-selected HCV recombinants enable the triage of new vaccine-relevant antibodies in vitro and further allow characterization of protection from infection in vivo using identical viruses in human liver chimeric mice. As such, these viruses will serve as important resources in testing novel antibodies and can thus guide strategies to develop an efficient protective vaccine against HCV infection.

Full-length sequence analysis of hepatitis C virus genotype 3b strains and development of an in vivo infectious 3b cDNA clone.

IMPORTANCE: HCV genotype 3b is a difficult-to-treat subtype, associated with accelerated progression of liver disease and resistance to antivirals. Moreover, its prevalence has significantly increased among persons who inject drugs posing a serious risk of transmission in the general population. Thus, more genetic information and antiviral testing systems are required to develop novel therapeutic options for this genotype 3 subtype. We determined the complete genomic sequence and complexity of three genotype 3b isolates, which will be beneficial to study its biology and evolution. Furthermore, we developed a full-length in vivo infectious cDNA clone of genotype 3b and showed its robustness and genetic stability in human-liver chimeric mice. This is, to our knowledge the first reported infectious cDNA clone of HCV genotype 3b and will provide a valuable tool to evaluate antivirals and neutralizing antibodies in vivo, as well as in the development of infectious cell culture systems required for further research.

Study of Hepatitis E Virus-4 Infection in Human Liver-Chimeric, Immunodeficient, and Immunocompetent Mice.

The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for 20 million infections worldwide per year. Although, HEV infection is mostly self-limiting, immunocompromised individuals may evolve toward chronicity. The lack of an efficient small animal model has hampered the study of HEV and the discovery of anti-HEV therapies. Furthermore, new HEV strains, infectious to humans, are being discovered. Human liver-chimeric mice have greatly aided in the understanding of HEV, but only two genotypes (HEV-1 and HEV-3) have been studied in this model. Moreover, the immunodeficient nature of this mouse model does not allow full investigation of the virus and all aspects of its interaction with the host. Recent studies have shown the susceptibility of regular and nude Balb/c mice to a HEV-4 strain (KM01). This model should allow the investigation of the interplay between HEV and the adaptive immune system of its host, and potential immune-mediated complications. Here, we assess the susceptibility of human liver-chimeric and non-humanised mice to a different HEV-4 strain (BeSW67HEV4-2008). We report that humanised mice could be readily infected with this isolate, resulting in an infection pattern comparable to HEV-3 infection. Despite these results and in contrast to KM01, non-humanised mice were not susceptible to infection with this viral strain. Further investigation, using other HEV-4 isolates, is needed to conclusively determine HEV-4 tropism and mouse susceptibility.

Novel HCV Genotype 4d Infectious Systems and Assessment of Direct-Acting Antivirals and Antibody Neutralization.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 4 is highly prevalent in the Middle East and parts of Africa. Subtype 4d has recently spread among high-risk groups in Europe. However, 4d infectious culture systems are not available, hampering studies of drugs, as well as neutralizing antibodies relevant for HCV vaccine development. We determined the consensus 4d sequence from a chronic hepatitis C patient by next-generation sequencing, generated a full-length clone thereof (pDH13), and demonstrated that pDH13 RNA-transcripts were viable in the human-liver chimeric mouse model, but not in Huh7.5 cells. However, a JFH1-based DH13 Core-NS5A 4d clone encoding A1671S, T1785V, and D2411G was viable in Huh7.5 cells, with efficient growth after inclusion of 10 additional substitutions [4d(C5A)-13m]. The efficacies of NS3/4A protease- and NS5A- inhibitors against genotypes 4a and 4d were similar, except for ledipasvir, which is less potent against 4d. Compared to 4a, the 4d(C5A)-13m virus was more sensitive to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies AR3A and AR5A, as well as 4a and 4d patient plasma antibodies. In conclusion, we developed the first genotype 4d infectious culture system enabling DAA efficacy testing and antibody neutralization assessment critical to optimization of DAA treatments in the clinic and for vaccine design to combat the HCV epidemic.

Viral Interference of Hepatitis C and E Virus Replication in Novel Experimental Co-Infection Systems.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) constitutes a global health problem, while hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the major cause of acute viral hepatitis globally. HCV/HEV co-infections have been poorly characterized, as they are hampered by the lack of robust HEV cell culture systems. This study developed experimental models to study HCV/HEV co-infections and investigate viral interference in cells and humanized mice. METHODS: We used state-of-the art human hepatocytes tissue culture models to assess HEV and HCV replication in co- or super-transfection settings. Findings were confirmed by co- and super-infection experiments in human hepatocytes and in vivo in human liver chimeric mice. RESULTS: HEV was inhibited by concurrent HCV replication in human hepatocytes. This exclusion phenotype was linked to the protease activity of HCV. These findings were corroborated by the fact that in HEV on HCV super-infected mice, HEV viral loads were reduced in individual mice. Similarly, HCV on HEV super-infected mice showed reduced HCV viral loads. CONCLUSION: Direct interference of both viruses with HCV NS3/4A as the determinant was observed. In vivo, we detected reduced replication of both viruses after super-infection in individual mice. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of HCV-HEV co-infections and should contribute to its clinical management in the future.

Animal Models to Study Hepatitis C Virus Infection.

With more than 71 million chronically infected people, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major global health concern. Although new direct acting antivirals have significantly improved the rate of HCV cure, high therapy cost, potential emergence of drug-resistant viral variants, and unavailability of a protective vaccine represent challenges for complete HCV eradication. Relevant animal models are required, and additional development remains necessary, to effectively study HCV biology, virus-host interactions and for the evaluation of new antiviral approaches and prophylactic vaccines. The chimpanzee, the only non-human primate susceptible to experimental HCV infection, has been used extensively to study HCV infection, particularly to analyze the innate and adaptive immune response upon infection. However, financial, practical, and especially ethical constraints have urged the exploration of alternative small animal models. These include different types of transgenic mice, immunodeficient mice of which the liver is engrafted with human hepatocytes (humanized mice) and, more recently, immunocompetent rodents that are susceptible to infection with viruses that are closely related to HCV. In this review, we provide an overview of the currently available animal models that have proven valuable for the study of HCV, and discuss their main benefits and weaknesses.