Time-Dependent Proteomic Signatures Associated with Embryogenic Callus Induction in Carica papaya L.

Sex segregation increases the cost of Carica papaya production through seed-based propagation. Therefore, in vitro techniques are an attractive option for clonal propagation, especially of hermaphroditic plants. Here, we performed a temporal analysis of the proteome of C. papaya calli aiming to identify the key players involved in embryogenic callus formation. Mature zygotic embryos used as explants were treated with 20 µM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid to induce embryogenic callus. Total proteins were extracted from explants at 0 (zygotic embryo) and after 7, 14, and 21 days of induction. A total of 1407 proteins were identified using a bottom-up proteomic approach. The clustering analysis revealed four distinct patterns of protein accumulation throughout callus induction. Proteins related to seed maturation and storage are abundant in the explant before induction, decreasing as callus formation progresses. Carbohydrate and amino acid metabolisms, aerobic respiration, and protein catabolic processes were enriched throughout days of callus induction. Protein kinases associated with auxin responses, such as SKP1-like proteins 1B, accumulated in response to callus induction. Additionally, regulatory proteins, including histone deacetylase (HD2C) and argonaute 1 (AGO1), were more abundant at 7 days, suggesting their role in the acquisition of embryogenic competence. Predicted protein-protein networks revealed the regulatory role of proteins 14-3-3 accumulated during callus induction and the association of proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation and hormone response. Our findings emphasize the modulation of the proteome during embryogenic callus initiation and identify regulatory proteins that might be involved in the activation of this process.

Proteomic profiling of royal jelly produced by Apis mellifera L. exposed to food containing herbicide-based glyphosate.

Royal jelly (RJ) is rich in protective elements associated with collective immune defenses in the hive of Apis mellifera. Exposure of bees to glyphosate-based herbicides causes ultrastructural changes in the hypopharyngeal glands and a reduction in the production of RJ. However, the effects of glyphosate-based herbicides on the protein composition of RJ and consequences for the hive are unknown. Thus, we performed proteomic profiling of royal jelly produced in hives of A. mellifera exposed to food containing 1,5 µL of Roundup® (2.16 mg. g-1 of glyphosate). The production of RJ was carried out in six hives, following the method of artificial production of queens. The combs containing 80 grafting cells were introduced into the hives, and the collection of royal jelly was performed after 72 h. Two treatments were determined based on hive feeding and the hive as the experimental unit: Control and "Roundup®". Royal jelly from the Roundup® treatment hives was compared to the Control hives. Proteins with differences in expression were identified by mass spectrometry. Only the proteins present in all three biological replicates were considered in the differential abundance analysis, using Student's t-test (p-value < 0.05, two-tailed). Hives that received food containing Roundup®, analysis showed alterations in protein profile in the RJ produced therein. In total, 24 proteins were identified, and the accumulation of Major royal jelly protein 3 (MRJP3) was downregulated, showing a significant reduction in hives exposed to food containing Roundup® in relation to control hives (t = 0.0017). MRJP3 acts analogously to polyclonal antigen-antibody reactions, performing functions related to immunity in bees of different ages and castes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate changes in the proteomic profile of RJ caused by glyphosate-based herbicides, indicating its negative effects on the nutrition and social immunity of bees.

Adaptability and stability of Coffea canephora to dynamic environments using the Bayesian approach.

The objective of this work was to use the Bayesian approach, modeling the interaction of coffee genotypes with the environment, using a bisegmented regression to identify stable and adapted genotypes. A group of 43 promising genotypes of Coffea canephora was chosen. The genotypes were arranged in a randomized block design with three replications of seven plants each. The experimental plot was harvested four years in the study period, according to the maturation cycle of each genotype. The proposed Bayesian methodology was implemented in the free program R using rstanarm and coda packages. It was possible to use previous information on coffee genotypes as prior information on parameter distributions of an Adaptability and Stability model, which allowed obtaining shorter credibility intervals and good evidence of low bias in the model by the determination coefficient. After fine adjustments in the approach, it was possible to make inferences about the significant GxE interaction and to discriminate the coffee genotypes regarding production, adaptability, and stability. This is still a new approach for perennials, and since it allows more accurate estimates it can be advantageous when planning breeding programs. The Z21 genotype is recommended to compose part of selected genetic material for highly technical farmers, as it responds very well to the favorable environment, being one of the most productive and with excellent stability.

Multi-Environment and Multi-Year Bayesian Analysis Approach in Coffee canephora.

This work aimed to use the Bayesian approach to discriminate 43 genotypes of Coffea canephora cv. Conilon, which were cultivated in two producing regions to identify the most stable and productive genotypes. The experiment was a randomized block design with three replications and seven plants per plot, carried out in the south of Bahia and the north of Espírito Santo, environments with different climatic conditions, and evaluated during four harvests. The proposed Bayesian methodology was implemented in R language, using the MCMCglmm package. This approach made it possible to find great genetic divergence between the materials, and detect significant effects for both genotype, environment, and year, but the hyper-parametrized models (block effect) presented problems of singularity and convergence. It was also possible to detect a few differences between crops within the same environment. With a model with lower residual, it was possible to recommend the most productive genotypes for both environments: LB1, AD1, Peneirão, Z21, and P2.

Revealing the differential protein profiles behind the nitrogen use efficiency in popcorn (Zea mays var. everta).

We investigated the proteomic profiles of two popcorn inbred lines, P2 (N-efficient and N-responsive) and L80 (N-inefficient and nonresponsive to N), under low (10% of N supply) and high (100% of N supply) nitrogen environments, associated with agronomic- and physiological-related traits to NUE. The comparative proteomic analysis allowed the identification of 79 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) in the comparison of high/low N for P2 and 96 DAPs in the comparison of high/low N for L80. The NUE and N uptake efficiency (NUpE) presented high means in P2 in comparison to L80 at both N levels, but the NUE, NUpE, and N utilization efficiency (NUtE) rates decreased in P2 under a high N supply. DAPs involved in energy and carbohydrate metabolism suggested that N regulates enzymes of alternative pathways to adapt to energy shortages and that fructose-bisphosphate aldolase may act as one of the key primary nitrate responsive proteins in P2. Proteins related to ascorbate biosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism increased their regulation in P2, and the interaction of L-ascorbate peroxidase and Fd-NiR may play an important role in the NUE trait. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the proteomic changes taking place in contrasting inbred lines, providing useful information on the genetic improvement of NUE in popcorn.

Bayesian ridge regression shows the best fit for SSR markers in Psidium guajava among Bayesian models.

Markers are an important tool in plant breeding, which can improve conventional phenotypic breeding, generating more accurate information outcoming better decision making. This study aimed to apply and compare the fit of different Bayesian models BRR, BayesA, BayesB, BayesB (setting the value from very low to [Formula: see text] = [Formula: see text]), BayesC and Bayesian Lasso (LASSO) for predictions of the genomic genetic values of productivity and quality traits of a guava population. The models were fitted for traits fruit mass, pulp mass, soluble solids content, fruit number, and production per plant in the genomic prediction with SSR markers, obtained through the CTAB extraction method with 200 primers. The Bayesian ridge regression model showed the best results for all traits and was chosen to predict the individual's genomic values according to the cross-validation data. A good stabilization of the Markov and Monte Carlo chains was observed with the mean values close to the observed phenotypic means. Heritabilities showed good predictive accuracy. The model showed strong correlations between some traits, allowing indirect selection.

Regional Heritability Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci Controlling Traits Related to Growth and Productivity in Popcorn (Zea mays L.).

The method of regional heritability mapping (RHM) has become an important tool in the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling traits of interest in plants. Here, RHM was first applied in a breeding population of popcorn, to identify the QTLs and candidate genes involved in grain yield, plant height, kernel popping expansion, and first ear height, as well as determining the heritability of each significant genomic region. The study population consisted of 98 S1 families derived from the 9th recurrent selection cycle (C-9) of the open-pollinated variety UENF-14, which were genetically evaluated in two environments (ENV1 and ENV2). Seventeen and five genomic regions were mapped by the RHM method in ENV1 and ENV2, respectively. Subsequent genome-wide analysis based on the reference genome B73 revealed associations with forty-six candidate genes within these genomic regions, some of them are considered to be biologically important due to the proteins that they encode. The results obtained by the RHM method have the potential to contribute to knowledge on the genetic architecture of the growth and yield traits of popcorn, which might be used for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs.

Phenotyping Latin American Open-Pollinated Varieties of Popcorn for Environments with Low Water Availability.

Drought is a common abiotic stress in tropical and subtropical regions that limits the growth and development of agricultural crops, mainly impacting grain yield. Acting through plant breeding is the most viable alternative for obtaining genotypes more tolerant of environments with stress. This work aims to select popcorn genotypes for environments with drought and to identify discriminating traits for the evaluation of drought tolerance in popcorn germplasm. Fifteen Latin American populations of popcorn were evaluated in water stress (WS) and well-watered (WW) conditions. The evaluated traits were based in morpho-agronomic, physiological and radicular descriptors. Data were submitted to individual and joint ANOVA and GT Biplot analysis. Variability was detected between populations for all traits in both conditions. The drought caused a reduction of 30.61% and 3.5% in grain yield and popping expansion, respectively. Based in GT biplot analysis, 880POP was the most stable in WS and WW, being indicated as a promising population for cultivation in environments with water limitation. This study is going to allow the establishment of a collection of great importance to maize germplasm and to provide information to facilitate the process of selection in breeding programs focused on drought tolerance.

Impact of Bayesian Inference on the Selection of Psidium guajava.

Perennial breeding species demand substantial investment in various resources, mainly the required time to obtain adult and productive plants. Estimating several genetic parameters in these species, in a more confidence way, means saving resources when selecting a new genotype. A model using the Bayesian approach was compared with the frequentist methodology for selecting superior genotypes. A population of 17 families of full-siblings of guava tree was evaluated, and the yield, fruit mass, and pulp mass were measured. The Bayesian methodology suggest more accurate estimates of variance components, as well as better results to fit of model in a cross-validation. Proper priori for Bayesian model is very important to convergency of chains, mainly for small datasets. Even with poor priori, Bayesian was better than frequentist approach.

Probable monthly rainfall associated with distinct biomes of Mato Grosso do Sul state / Precipitação mensal provável associada aos diferentes biomas do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul

The aim of this study was to determine the probable monthly rainfall for the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, considering the level of 75% probability, and study the spatial distribution associated with its different biomes. The rainfall data of 32 stations (sites) in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul were collected in the period 1954-2013. In each of the 384 series, the average monthly rainfall was calculated, for at least 30 years of observation. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov adhesion test was applied to the rainfall time series to check the fit of the data to a normal distribution. The likely fallout was estimated at 75% probability, using the normal probability distribution and, subsequently, it was adopted the method of Ordinary Kriging interpolation mathematics to spatial data. Based on the likely monthly precipitation estimated, the State of Mato Grosso do Sul possess three distinct periods, with the precipitation associated with different biomes: the rainy season (between the months November to March, where increased precipitation occurred in the Savanna biome), dry season (between the months from June to August, when the highest rainfall occurred in the Atlantic Forest) and transition period (April and May and September and October).

O objetivo estudo foi determinar a precipitação mensal provável para o Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, considerando o nível de 75% probabilidade e estudar sua distribuição espacial associada aos seus diferentes biomas. Os dados de precipitação pluvial de 32 estações (locais) do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul foram coletados do período de 1954 a 2013. Em cada uma das 384 séries temporais de precipitação pluvial mensal calculou-se a média, com no mínimo 30 anos de observação. Foi aplicado o teste de aderência de Kolmogorov-Smirnov nas 364 séries temporais de precipitação pluvial mensal para verificar o ajuste dos dados a distribuição normal. A precipitação provável foi estimada a 75% de probabilidade, utilizando-se a distribuição de probabilidade normal e, posteriormente, foi adotado o método de interpolação matemática da Krigagem Ordinária para espacialização dos dados. Com base na precipitação mensal provável, estimada pela distribuição normal a 75% de probabilidade, o Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul possuí três períodos distintos, estando à precipitação associada aos diferentes biomas: período chuvoso (entre os meses de novembro a março, onde as maiores precipitações ocorrem no bioma Cerrado), período seco (entre os meses de junho a agosto, onde as maiores precipitações ocorrem no bioma Mata Atlântica) e período de transição (meses de abril e maio e setembro e outubro).

Macronutrients release by green manure species grown in cerrado/pantanal ecotone / Liberação de macronutrientes por espécies de adubação verde cultivadas no ecótono cerrado/pantanal

Assessing the nutrient release by cover crops species, especially those used in green manure, is important for planning activities aimed at the higher economic return. The use of these species in order to improve the growing conditions in the transition region between the Cerrado and Pantanal biomes, which have particular characteristics, may be a viable alternative. This study aimed to evaluate the amount of biomass produced and macronutrients released in this biomass by different green manure species grown in the Cerrado/Pantanal ecotone. The trial was carried out from April 2013 to June 2014 in the Plant Science sector at State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Aquidauana-MS (Brazil). Experimental design was completely randomized arranged in time split plot, with four replications. First factor consisted of seven species of green manure, while the second were seven evaluation times (months). The variables evaluated were: dry mass of shoot and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) contents as a function of time. For all variables evaluated there was significant interaction between the green manure species and the collection months. Vegetable cover showed different rates of decomposition and nutrient release. Mucuna aterrima was the species that produced higher amounts of dry mass and nutrient content. After four months of cutting the plants, green manure species do not differentiate between the amounts of released nutrients.

Avaliar a liberação de nutrientes por espécies de plantas de cobertura, especialmente aquelas utilizadas na adubação verde é importante para o planejamento das atividades objetivando o maior retorno econômico. O uso dessas espécies afim de se melhorar as condições de cultivo na região de transição entre os biomas do Cerrado e Pantanal que possuem características particulares, pode ser uma alternativa viável. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as taxas de liberação de macronutrientes de diferentes espécies de adubação verde cultivadas no ecótono Cerrado/Pantanal. O experimento foi realizado entre os meses de abril de 2013 a junho de 2014 no setor de Fitotecnia da Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Aquidauana-MS. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado disposto em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator consistiu em sete espécies de adubação verde, enquanto o segundo em sete épocas (meses) de avaliação. As variáveis avaliadas foram: massa seca da parte aérea e quantidades de nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg) e enxofre (S) liberados em função do tempo. Para todas as variáveis avaliadas houve interação significativa entre as espécies de adubação verde vezes os meses de coleta. As coberturas vegetais apresentaram distintas taxas de decomposição e de liberação de nutrientes. Mucuna aterrima foi à espécie que produziu maiores quantidades de massa seca e disponibilizou as maiores quantidades de nutrientes. Após quatro meses de corte das plantas, as espécies de adubação verde não diferiram entre si quanto as quantidades liberadas de nutrientes.

Correlations and genetic parameters in maize hybrids / Correlações e parâmetros genéticos em híbridos de milho

The study of the genetic control of agronomic traits and heritage through estimates of genetic parameters of a population allows inferences about its genetic variability and which can be expected of gain with selection. Know the correlations among traits of interest for selection allows to the breeder know the degree of association among traits of economic importance, given that the selection of certain trait changes the behavior of the other. With the aim to estimate genetic parameters and identify agronomic traits correlated with the grain yield of maize hybrids, an experiment was conducted at the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul - University Unit of Aquidauana (UEMS/UUA). The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. Treatments consisted of 20 maize hybrids. The traits evaluated were: plant height, first ear height, stem diameter, ear diameter, ear length, number of rows per ear, number of kernels per row, hundred grain weight and grain yield. The hybrids XB9010, P30F53, 20A78HX, XB6012, P3340, AG9010 and XB7253, obtained the highest grain yield and mass of one hundred grains. The population has a genetic variability and potential for selection of all traits. Based on the evaluated genetic parameters, mass of hundred grains can be used at the direct selection of genotypes with high grain yield.

O estudo do controle genético de caracteres agronômicos através de estimativas de parâmetros genéticos de uma população permite inferências sobre sua variabilidade genética e o ganho esperado com a seleção. Conhecer as correlações entre caracteres de interesse para a seleção permite ao melhorista saber o grau de associação entre os caracteres de importância econômica, uma vez que a seleção de determinado caráter altera o comportamento do outro. Com o objetivo de estimar os parâmetros genéticos e identificar quais caracteres agronômicos estão correlacionados com a produtividade de grãos de híbridos de milho, um experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul - Unidade Universitária de Aquidauana (UEMS/UUA). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições Os tratamentos consistiram de 20 híbridos de milho. Os caracteres avaliados foram: altura de plantas, altura de inserção da primeira espiga, diâmetro do colmo, diâmetro da espiga, comprimento da espiga, número de fileiras por espiga, número de grãos por fileira, massa de cem grãos e produtividade de grãos. Os híbridos XB9010, P30F53, 20A78HX, XB6012, P3340, AG9010 e XB7253 obtiveram as maiores massa de cem grãos e produtividade. A população possui variabilidade genética e potencial para seleção de todos os caracteres. Com base nos parâmetros genéticos avaliados, a massa de cem grãos pode ser usada na seleção direta de genótipos com alta produtividade de grãos.

Number of cuts for estimating forage productivity in P. maximum / Número de cortes para estimativa da produtividade de forragem em P. Maximum

The evaluation of the coefficient of repeatability (r) allows verify if the superiority or initial inferiority of an individual remains over the measurements, being important for genetic breading programs with forages. Thus, this research aimed to determine the minimum number of cuts for selection with greater efficiency and reliability and to phenotypic stabilization of P. maximum cultivars. The experiment was conducted during the months of September 2011 to October 2012 at the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul. It were used three P. maximum cultivars (Massai, Mombaça and Tanzânia) for evaluation of dry mass of leaves and stems and total dry mass in six cuts. From this cuts, it was estimated the coefficient of r repeatability by methods ANOVA, principal components (correlation and covariance matrices) and structural analysis, as well as the required number of cuts based on pre-established coefficients of determination (0.80, 0.85, 0.90, 0.95 and 0.99). Seven harvests are necessary to discriminate with 85% accuracy in P. maximum cultivars based on the traits dry mass of leaves, dry mass of stems and total dry mass. The exclusion of the first three harvests promotes increase in coefficients of repeatability and determination due to forage production stabilization of P. maximum cultivars.

A avaliação do coeficiente de repetibilidade permite verificar se a superioridade ou a inferioridade inicial de um indivíduo mantém-se ao longo das medições, sendo importante para programas de melhoramento genético com forrageiras. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo determinar o número mínimo de cortes para a seleção com maior eficiência e confiabilidade e para a estabilização fenotípica de cultivares de P. maximum. O experimento foi conduzido durante os meses de setembro de 2011 a outubro de 2012 na Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul. Foram utilizadas três cultivares de P. maximum (Massai, Mombaça e Tanzânia) para avaliação da massa seca das folhas, colmos e total em seis cortes. A partir de destes cortes, estimou-se o coeficiente de repetibilidade pelos métodos da ANOVA, componentes principais (matriz de correlação e covariância) e Análise estrutural, bem como o número de cortes necessários com base em coeficientes de determinação pré-estabelecidos (0,80, 0,85, 0,90, 0,95 e 0,99). Sete cortes são necessárias para discriminar com precisão de 85% cultivares de P. maximum com base nos caracteres massa seca de folhas, colmos e total. A exclusão das três primeiras colheitas promove aumento da repetibilidade e determinação coeficientes devido à estabilização da produção de forragem de cultivares de P. maximum.

Dimensionamento amostral para a estimação da média de precipitação pluvial mensal em locais do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul / Sample size for estimating the means monthly rainfall in locations of Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o tamanho de amostra, em número de anos, para a estimação da média de precipitação pluvial mensal em locais do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul e verificar sua variabilidade espaço-temporal. Utilizaram-se os dados de precipitação pluvial do período de 1954 a 2013, coletados do Sistema de Informações Hidrológicas da Agência Nacional de Águas - ANA. Em cada uma das 384 séries temporais (12 meses × 32 locais), calcularam-se a média e o desvio padrão e testaram-se a aleatoriedade e a normalidade dos dados. Verificou-se a homogeneidade de variâncias entre os meses em cada local e entre os locais em cada mês. Calculou-se o tamanho de amostra em cada mês e local. O tamanho de amostra (número de anos) para a estimação da média de precipitação pluvial mensal é dependente do mês e do local. Para os meses e locais estudados, 63 anos de observações são suficientes para estimar a média de precipitação pluvial mensal, para um erro de estimação igual a 45% da média estimada, com grau de confiança de 95%.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine the sample size, in number of years, to estimate the means monthly rainfall in locations of Mato Grosso do Sul and verify its spacetemporal variability. It was used the rainfall data for the period 1954-2013, collected from the Hydrological Information System of the National Water Agency - ANA. The means and standard deviation were calculated for each of the 384 time series (12 months x 32 locations) and the aleatory and normality data were tested. Then it was verified the homogeneity of variance among months in each locality and among locality in each month and it was determined the sample size to estimate the means monthly rainfall in each month and locality. The sample size (number of years) to estimate the means monthly rainfall is dependent on the month and locality. One concluded that 63 years of data are enough to predict the average monthly rainfall, with an estimation error equal to 45% of estimated average, with a degree confidence of 95%.

Altitude and geographic coordinates to estimate monthly rainfall in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul / Altitude e coordenadas geográficas na estimativa da chuva mensal no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul

Adjustment of multiple linear regression equations has allowed estimating the value of a certain climatological variable according to geographical coordinates with acceptable degree of accuracy. The aim of this study was to verify if the average monthly rainfall could be estimated according to the altitude, latitude and longitude in Mato Grosso do Sul State (MS). Rainfall data of 32 stations of MS were collected from 1954 to 2013. It were formed 384 time series (12 months × 32 sites), with different numbers of years of observations in each series. On each of the 384 monthly rainfall time series it was calculated the average (a), at least 30 years of observation, forming 12 matrices 32 x 4 (32 sites x 4 variables: altitude, latitude, longitude and monthly rainfall). It was estimated for each matrix the Pearson's linear correlation coefficient among the variables, performing the multicollinearity diagnosis for each matrix. Correlations were unfolded by path analysis in direct and indirect effects and in each month it was used the multiple linear regression model. The altitude and latitude have greater effect on the spatial distribution of rainfall in MS. The multiple linear regression equations generated in this study will subsidize researches of crop zoning, indication for sowing times, irrigation, determination of yield potential, climate risks zoning and credit and agricultural insurance.

O ajuste de equações de regressão linear múltipla tem possibilitado que se estime o valor de uma determinada variável climatológica em função das coordenadas geográficas com grau aceitável de acurácia. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar se a chuva mensal média pode ser estimada em função da altitude, latitude e longitude no Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul (MS). Os dados pluviométricos de 32 estações do MS foram coletados do período de 1954 a 2013. Formaram-se 384 séries temporais (12 meses × 32 locais), com número diferenciado de anos de observações em cada série. Em cada série temporal de chuva mensal calculou-se a média, formando-se 12 matrizes de 32 x 4 (32 locais e 4 variáveis: altitude, latitude, longitude e chuva mensal). Estimou-se para cada matriz o coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson entre as variáveis, realizando-se o diagnóstico multicolinearidade para cada matriz. As correlações foram desdobradas, por meio da análise de trilha, em efeitos diretos e indiretos e em cada mês foi usado o modelo de regressão linear múltipla. A altitude e latitude exercem maior efeito na distribuição espacial da chuva no MS. As equações de regressão linear múltipla geradas neste estudo subsidiarão trabalhos de zoneamento de culturas, indicação de épocas de semeadura, irrigação, determinação de potencial de rendimento, zoneamento de riscos climáticos, crédito e seguro agrícola.

Functions of probability for fitting monthly rainfall in sites of Mato Grosso do Sul state / Funções de probabilidade para ajuste da chuva mensal em locais do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul

The identification of the probability distribution function for the representation of the monthly rainfall is relevant in agricultural planning, mainly regard to the establishment of crops. The aim of this work was to verify the probability distribution (exponential, gamma or normal) which best fits to data monthly rainfall of 14 sites in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Rainfall data of 14 stations (sites) of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul it were obtained from the National Water Agency (ANA) database, collected in the period 1975 - 2013. At each of the 168 time series of monthly rainfall was applied the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to assess the fit to probability distributions exponential, gamma and normal. The normal probability distribution presented the best fit to monthly rainfall series of Mato Grosso do Sul and it can be used for the estimation the monthly rainfall, especially in the rainy season months (October to March). The exponential probability distribution can be used for the estimation of monthly rainfall in the driest months of the year (May to September). Thus, we recommend that these distributions be used in future research, aimed to estimate the probable rainfall for the Mato Grosso do Sul State.

A identificação da função de distribuição de probabilidade para representação da chuva mensal é relevante no planejamento agrícola, sobretudo no que diz respeito à instalação de culturas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar qual a distribuição de probabilidade (exponencial, gama ou normal) se ajusta melhor aos dados de precipitação pluvial mensal de 14 locais do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul. Os dados pluviométricos de 14 estações (locais) do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul foram obtidos do Banco de Dados da Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA), coletados do período de 1975 a 2013. Em cada uma das 168 séries temporais de chuva mensal aplicou-se o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para avaliar o ajuste às distribuições de probabilidade exponencial, gama e normal. A distribuição de probabilidade normal apresentou melhor ajuste as séries de chuva mensal do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, podendo ser utilizada para estimativa da precipitação pluvial mensal, principalmente, nos meses de período chuvoso (outubro a março). A distribuição de probabilidade exponencial pode ser utilizada para estimativa da chuva mensal nos meses mais secos do ano (maio a setembro). Desta forma, recomendamos que estas distribuições sejam utilizadas em futuras pesquisas, que visem estimar a precipitação provável para o Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul.

Doses of phosphorus on initial development and forage production of cultivars of Panicum maximum / Doses de fósforo no desenvolvimento inicial e produção de forragem de cultivares de Panicum maximum

Phosphorus shortage in the Savanna is one of the main limiting factors for forage production and directly responsible for the degradation of pastures in this Brazilian region. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing doses of P on the initial development and forage production of four cultivars of P. maximum. The experiment was conducted during the months of December 2010 to May 2011 at Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Unit of Aquidauana-MS. It was used the completely randomized design in a factorial scheme 4x5, with four replications. The experimental unit consists of polyethylene pots with 5 L capacity arranged in countertop in greenhouse. The first factor consisted of four P. maximum cultivars (Massai, Mombaça, Áries and Atlas), while the second factor consists of five doses of phosphorus (0, 5, 10, 30 and 45 mg dm-3). It was evaluated the following morphometric traits: plant height, length and width of the leaf blade, number of tillers, dry mass of shoot and of roots at 60 DAS. The approximate dose of 25 mg dm-3 of phosphorus provided better initial development and forage production in all cultivars evaluated of Panicum maximum. Mombaça cultivar has better initial development and forage production about to the others.

A escassez de fósforo no Cerrado é um dos principais fatores limitantes para a produção de forragem e responsável diretamente pela degradação das pastagens nesta região brasileira. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses crescentes de P sobre o desenvolvimento inicial e produção de forragem de quatro cultivares de Panicum maximum. O experimento foi conduzido durante os meses de dezembro de 2010 a maio de 2011 na Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Unidade Universitária de Aquidauana, MS. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, no esquema fatorial 4x5, com quatro repetições. A unidade experimental consistiu de potes de polietileno com capacidade de 5 L dispostos em bancadas na estufa. O primeiro fator foi composto por quatro cultivares de P. maximum (Massai, Mombaça, Áries e Atlas), enquanto o segundo fator consistiu de cinco doses de fósforo (0, 5, 10, 30 e 45 mg dm-3). Foram avaliados os seguintes caracteres morfométricos: altura de plantas, comprimento e largura da lâmina foliar, número de perfilhos, massa seca da parte aérea e das raízes aos 60 dias após a semeadura. A dose aproximada de 25 mg dm-3 de fósforo proporcionou melhor desenvolvimento inicial e produção de forragem em todas as cultivares de Panicum maximum avaliadas. A cultivar Mombaça apresentou melhor desenvolvimento inicial e produção de forragem em relação às demais.

Acúmulo de massa seca na soja em resposta a aplicação foliar com silício sob condições de déficit hídrico / Dry mass in soybean in response to application leaf with silicon under conditions of water deficit

A adubação foliar com silício tem promovido diversas ações benéficas às plantas, dentre elas está a maior tolerância à deficiência hídrica, contudo, para a cultura da soja, são escassas informações destes benefícios nesta condição. Assim, objetivou-se, neste estudo, avaliar o efeito da aplicação de silício, via foliar, no acúmulo de massa seca da soja em seus estádios reprodutivos, onde a cultura sofreu deficiência hídrica durante os mesmos. O experimento foi realizado no setor de Fitotecnia da Unidade Universitária de Aquidauana - Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram representadas pela cultivar de soja 5DR615, as subparcelas consistiram na aplicação (com e sem) de silício, cuja fonte utilizada foi o KSi. Mensurou-se a altura e identificou-se o estádio de desenvolvimento de todas as plantas, separando-as em haste + ramos, folhas + pecíolos, cápsulas de vagens e sementes, para avaliação quanto ao acúmulo de matéria seca. Em condições de déficit hídrico, a aplicação foliar de silício na soja proporcionou um desenvolvimento normal das plantas, gerando maior acúmulo de massa seca de haste + ramos, folhas + pecíolos, cápsulas de vagens e sementes durante toda sua fase reprodutiva, sendo os maiores valores obtidos no estádio R6 (35 dias após R2).

The foliar fertilization with silicon has promoted several actions beneficial to plants, among them is greater drought tolerance, however, for the soybean, there is little information on these benefits in this condition. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of silicon on leaf, the dry matter accumulation of soybean in their reproductive stages, where the crop water stress suffered during the same. The experiment was carried out at the Plant Science Unit Aquidauana University - State University of Mato Grosso do Sul. The statistical design was a randomized block split plot with four replications. The plots were represented by cultivar 5DR615, the subplots consisted of the application (with or without) silicon, whose source was used KSi. Was measured the height and identified the development stage of all plants, separating them into stem + branches, leaves + petioles, pods capsules and seed. Foliar applications of silicon increased dry matter accumulation during the reproductive stage of soybean, where the highest values occurred in the R6 stage. Under conditions of water deficit, foliar application of silicon on soybean provided normal plant development, generating greater dry mass of stem + branches, leaves + petioles, pods capsules and seeds throughout their reproductive phase, with the highest values obtained at R6 stage (35 days after R2).

Path analysis in soybean genotypes as function of growth habit / Análise de trilha em genótipos de soja em função do hábito de crescimento

Aiming to identify quantitative descriptors directly or indirectly related to grain yield and to verify whether this relationship depends of the growth habit of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), an experiment was conducted at Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul ­Aquidauana Unit, in a soil classified as Ultisol sandy loam texture. The experimental design was randomized block with four replications. The treatments consisted of six soybean genotypes, being three determinate growth habit and three indeterminate. The following descriptors were evaluated: plant height (PH), first pod insertion height (PIH), number of ramifications per plant (NR), number of pods (NP), mass of hundred grains (MHG) and grains yield (YIE). The data of each parameter of genotypes with determinate and indeterminate growth habit for each genetic class were compared by t-test at 5% probability. The results obtained showed that genotypes with indeterminate growth habit are more productive compared to those who have determinate growth habit. It is recommended simultaneous selection of the descriptors NP and NR for genotypes with determinate growth habit and PH, NP and NR for genotypes with indeterminate growth.

Objetivando identificar descritores quantitativos relacionados direta ou indiretamente ao rendimento de grãos e verificar se esta relação depende do hábito de crescimento da soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), foi conduzido um experimento na Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul ­ Unidade Aquidauana, em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo de textura arenosa. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de seis genótipos de soja, sendo 3 de hábito de crescimento determinado e 3 indeterminado. Foram avaliados os seguintes descritores: altura de plantas (PH), altura de inserção da primeira vagem (PIH), número de ramificações por planta (NR), número de vagens (NP), massa de cem grãos (MHG) e rendimento de grãos (YIE). Os dados de cada variável dos genótipos de hábito de crescimento determinado e indeterminado para cada classe genética foram comparados pelo teste t a 5% de probabilidade. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os genótipos de hábito de crescimento indeterminado foram mais produtivos comparados aos de hábito determinado. Recomenda-se a seleção simultânea dos descritores NP e NR para genótipos de hábito de crescimento determinado e PH, NP e NR para genótipos de crescimento indeterminado.

Correlations and path analysis on oil content of castor genotypes / Correlações e análise de trilha sobre o teor de óleo de genótipos de mamona

With the aim of to evaluate the correlation and the direct and indirect effects of morphological descriptors on oil content of castor (Ricinus communis L.) genotypes, an experiment was conducted in the agricultural years 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 at Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul ­ Unit of Aquidauana (UEMS/UUA). The experimental design used was randomized blocks with three replications. The treatments consisted of seven castor genotypes (BRS Energia, IAC-2028, IAC-Guarani, BRS Nordestina, BRS Paraguaçu, IAC-80 and IAC-226). The following descriptors were evaluated: plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), number of bunches (NB), number of fruits (NF), mass of fruits (MF), mass of hundred seeds (MHS) and oil content (OC). Initially, it was determined the following genetic parameters: genotypic variance, environmental variance, coefficient of experimental variation, coefficient of genotypic variation, heritability, environmental correlations, phenotypic correlations and genetic correlations. The phenotypic correlations were deployed by path analysis in estimates of direct and indirect effects, and preceded the diagnosis of multicollinearity in explanatory variables and independent explanatory variables on the OC (primary dependent variable). The results indicated that the direct and indirect selection of genotypes with plant height, stem diameter, number of bunches and mass of hundred seeds is promising to select genotypes with high oil content in castor.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a correlação e os efeitos diretos e indiretos de caracteres morfológicos sobre o teor de óleo de genótipos de mamona (Ricinus communis L.), um experimento foi conduzido nos anos agrícolas 2010/2011 e 2011/2012 na Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Unidade Universitária de Aquidauana (UEMS/UUA). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com três repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de sete genótipos de mamona (BRS Energia, IAC-2028, IAC-Guarani, BRS Nordestina, BRS Paraguaçu, IAC-80 e IAC-226). Foram avaliados os descritores: altura da planta (PH), diâmetro do colmo (SD), número de cachos (NB), número de frutos (NF), massa de frutos (MF), massa de cem sementes (MHS) and teor de óleo (OC). Inicialmente foram determinados os seguintes parâmetros genéticos: variância genotípica, variância ambiental, coeficiente de variância experimental, coeficiente de variação genotípica, herdabilidade, correlações ambientais, correlações fenotípicas e correlações genotípicas. As correlações fenotípicas foram desdobradas pela análise de trilha em estimativas de efeitos diretos e indiretos, e procedeu-se ao diagnóstico da multicolinearidade das variáveis independentes explicativas sobre o OC (variável dependente principal). Os resultados indicam que a seleção direta e indireta de genótipos com altura da planta, diâmetro do colmo, número de cachos e massa de cem sementes são promissoras para se selecionar genótipos com maior teor de óleo em mamona.