Neuropsychiatric Profiles and Cerebral Amyloid Burden in Adults without Dementia.

INTRODUCTION: We comprehensively evaluated how self- and informant-reported neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) were differentially associated with cerebral amyloid-beta (Aß) PET levels in older adults without dementia. METHODS: Two hundred and twenty-one participants (48% female, age = 73.4 years ± 8.4, Clinical Dementia Rating = 0 [n = 184] or 0.5 [n = 37]) underwent an Aß-PET scan (florbetapir or PIB), comprehensive neuropsychological testing, and self-reported (Geriatric Depression Scale - 30 item [GDS-30]) and informant-reported interview (Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire [NPI-Q]) of NPS. Cerebral Aß burden was quantified using centiloids (CL). NPI-Q and GDS-30 queried the presence of NPS within 4 subdomains and 6 subscales, respectively. Regression models examined the relationship between NPS and Aß-PET CL. RESULTS: Both higher self- and informant-reported NPS were associated with higher Aß burden. Among specific NPI-Q subdomains, informant-reported changes in depression, anxiety, and irritability were all associated with higher Aß-PET. Similarly, self-reported (GDS-30) subscales of depression, apathy, anxiety, and cognitive concern were associated with higher Aß-PET. When simultaneously entered, only self-reported cognitive concern was associated with Aß-PET in the GDS-30 model, while both informant-reported anxiety and depression were associated with Aß-PET in the NPI-Q model. Clinical status moderated the association between self-reported NPS and Aß-PET such that the positive relationship between self-perceived NPS and Aß burden strengthened with increasing functional difficulties. CONCLUSIONS: In a cohort of older adults without dementia, both self- and informant-reported measures of global NPS, particularly patient-reported cognitive concerns and informant-reported anxiety and depression, corresponded with cerebral Aß burden. NPS may appear early in the prodromal disease state and relate to initial AD proteinopathy burden, a relationship further exaggerated in those with greater clinical severity.

Chemistry and Bioactivity of Microsorum scolopendria (Polypodiaceae): Antioxidant Effects on an Epithelial Damage Model.

Microsorum scolopendia (MS), which grows on the Chilean island of Rapa Nui, is a medicinal fern used to treat several diseases. Despite being widely used, this fern has not been deeply investigated. The aim of this study was to perform a characterization of the polyphenolic and flavonoid identity, radical scavenging, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties of MS rhizome and leaf extracts (RAE and HAE). The compound identity was analyzed through the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method coupled with mass spectrometry. The radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated for DPPH, ORAC, ROS formation, and COX inhibition activity assay. The antimicrobial properties were evaluated using an infection model on Human Dermal Fibroblast adult (HDFa) cell lines incubated with Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The most abundant compounds were phenolic acids between 46% to 57% in rhizome and leaf extracts, respectively; followed by flavonoids such as protocatechic acid 4-O-glucoside, cirsimaritin, and isoxanthohumol, among others. MS extract inhibited and disaggregated the biofilm bacterial formed and showed an anti-inflammatory selective property against COX-2 enzyme. RAE generated a 64% reduction of ROS formation in the presence of S. aureus and 87.35% less ROS in the presence of S. epidermidis on HDFa cells. MS has great therapeutic potential and possesses several biological properties that should be evaluated.

[Diagnosis of respiratory sleep disorders in newborns with suspected apneas: comparison between nocturnal saturometry and polygraphy]. / Diagnóstico de los trastornos respiratorios del sueño en recién nacidos con sospecha de apneas: comparación entre la saturometría nocturna y la poligrafía.

INTRODUCTION: Night Continuous Saturometry (CSO2) is used in Neonatal Units to detect events of hypoxemia in Newborns (NB) with apnea episodes. Polygraphy (PG) has a larger number of measuring channels. Our goal was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of CSO2 compared to Polygra phy in NB with suspected sleep apneas. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Results of CSO2 and PG performed simultaneously in RN with suspected apneas were retrospectively analyzed over a three-year period. A 2-channel Masimo Radical-7® pulse oximeter and an Apnea Link Plus® polygraph with 5 simulta neous recording channels were used. Altered PG was defined as: desaturation index under 80% per hour > 1 and/or number of desaturations under 80% > 20 seconds greater than one in the whole va lidated registry and/or hypoapnea apnea index > 1 event per hour. In parallel, altered SpO2C was de fined when one or both of the 80% saturation criteria were altered. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and Likelihood Ratio (LLR) for CSO2 were calculated. Results were expressed in absolute value, with 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: Simultaneous 40 CSO2 and PG were performed; 80% (32/40) of them were preterm infants, 60% (24/40) males. 38% (15/40) of the CSO2 and 15% (6/40) of the PGs were altered (p < 0.05). CSO2 has a 100% Sensitivity, 74% Specificity, 40% VPP, 100% VPN, LLR + 3.78 and LLR-0. CONCLUSION: In the studied NB, CSO2 has a high diagnostic value, however, it may present false positives; It is suggested to use as a screening method and to perform diagnostic confirmation with another sleep test, such as PG.

A Scoping Review of Angiostrongyliasis and Other Diseases Associated with Terrestrial Mollusks, Including Lissachatina fulica: An Overview of Case Reports and Series.

Terrestrial mollusks, including the invasive giant African snail (Lissachatina fulica), pose significant public health risks due to their role as carriers of various pathogens, such as Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Angiostrongylus costaricensis. This scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of diseases associated with Lissachatina fulica and other terrestrial mollusks, with a particular focus on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions. Following the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines and the PRISMA-ScR framework, we conducted a systematic search and filtered results, identifying 27 relevant case reports and series for analysis. Our findings reveal that ingesting raw or undercooked snails is the most hazardous exposure route, with a 75% mortality rate in affected adults, particularly in regions where snail consumption is culturally significant, such as France. A. cantonensis is the primary cause of eosinophilic meningitis, while A. costaricensis leads to abdominal angiostrongyliasis. The review also highlights the widespread impact of L. fulica in countries like France, the United States, Brazil, and Colombia, emphasizing the global nature of the threat. Children show consistent vulnerability across all exposure types, underscoring the need for targeted preventive strategies. This review underscores the urgent need for public health interventions, particularly educational campaigns to inform communities about the dangers of L. fulica. Additionally, it highlights the importance of enhancing diagnostic methods and expanding surveillance to better manage the risks associated with these invasive snails. The findings provide valuable insights for the scientific community and recommend a multidisciplinary approach to effectively mitigate the public health risks posed by L. fulica across diverse regions.

Predicting brain atrophy and cognitive aging trajectories with baseline subjective cognitive concerns in cognitively normal older adults.

Subjective cognitive concerns (SCC) are common even in cognitively normal older adults who lack objectively-detectable deficits on standard neuropsychological evaluation. The clinical relevance of these concerns, particularly considering the nature of concerns (e.g., memory versus non-memory), remains unclear. Thus, we examined whether baseline memory and non-memory SCC relate to longitudinal change in brain volume and neuropsychological test performance in 476 functionally-intact, objectively unimpaired older adults (Mage = 72y, 56 % female, follow-up time = 1 - 9 years). Mixed-effects models revealed that both higher baseline memory and non-memory SCC predicted greater atrophy in total gray matter and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex atrophy over time, while only memory SCC predicted steeper medial temporal lobe atrophy. Regarding neuropsychological performance, higher non-memory SCC predicted decline in processing speed performance, while memory SCC did not predict neuropsychological trajectories. SCC are a risk factor for more adverse brain and cognitive aging trajectories, even in functionally-intact, seemingly cognitively normal older adults.

Associations of cerebrovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease pathology with cognitive decline: Analysis of the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set.

Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) often co-occur and may impact specific cognitive domains. This study's goal was to determine effects of CVD and AD burden on cross-sectional and longitudinal executive function (EF) and memory in older adults. Longitudinally followed participants from the National Alzheimer Coordinating Center database (n = 3342) were included. Cognitive outcomes were EF and memory composite scores. Baseline CVD presence was defined by moderate-to-severe white matter hyperintensities or lacunar infarct on MRI. Baseline AD pathology was defined by amyloid positivity via PET or CSF. Linear mixed models examined effects of CVD, AD, and time on cognitive outcomes, controlling for sex, education, baseline age, MoCA score, and total number of study visits. At baseline, CVD associated with lower EF (p < 0.001), while AD associated with lower EF and memory (ps < 0.001). Longitudinally only AD associated with faster declines in memory and EF (ps < 0.001). These results extend our understanding of CVD and AD pathology, highlighting that CVD does not necessarily indicate accelerated decline.

Unveiling the proteome-wide autoreactome enables enhanced evaluation of emerging CAR T cell therapies in autoimmunity.

Given the global surge in autoimmune diseases, it is critical to evaluate emerging therapeutic interventions. Despite numerous new targeted immunomodulatory therapies, comprehensive approaches to apply and evaluate the effects of these treatments longitudinally are lacking. Here, we leveraged advances in programmable-phage immunoprecipitation methodology to explore the modulation, or lack thereof, of autoantibody profiles, proteome-wide, in both health and disease. Using a custom set of over 730,000 human-derived peptides, we demonstrated that each individual, regardless of disease state, possesses a distinct and complex constellation of autoreactive antibodies. For each individual, the set of resulting autoreactivites constituted a unique immunological fingerprint, or "autoreactome," that was remarkably stable over years. Using the autoreactome as a primary output, we evaluated the relative effectiveness of various immunomodulatory therapies in altering autoantibody repertoires. We found that therapies targeting B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) profoundly altered an individual's autoreactome, while anti-CD19 and anti-CD20 therapies had minimal effects. These data both confirm that the autoreactome comprises autoantibodies secreted by plasma cells and strongly suggest that BCMA or other plasma cell-targeting therapies may be highly effective in treating currently refractory autoantibody-mediated diseases.

Human papillomavirus and other genital infections in indigenous women from Paraguay: a cross-sectional analytical study.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of cervical cancer in Paraguay is among the highest in the world, with the human papillomavirus (HPV) being a necessary factor for cervical cancer. Knowledge about HPV infection among indigenous women is limited. This cross-sectional study analyzed the frequency of HPV and other genital infections in indigenous Paraguayan women of the Department of Presidente Hayes. METHODS: This study included 181 sexually active women without cervical lesions. They belonged to the following ethnicities: Maká (n = 40); Nivaclé (n = 23); Sanapaná (n = 33); Enxet Sur (n = 51) and Toba-Qom (n = 34). The detection of HPV and other gynecological infectious microorganisms was performed by either molecular methods (for Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Chlamydia trachomatis), gram staining and/or culture (for Gardnerella vaginalis, Candida sp, Trichomonas vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae), serological methods (for Treponema pallidum, human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]) or cytology (cervical inflammation). RESULTS: A high prevalence (41.4%) of women positive for at least one sexually transmitted infection (STI) was found (23.2% any-type HPV, 11.6% T pallidum, 10.5% T vaginalis, 9.9% C trachomatis and 0.6% HIV) with 12.2% having more than one STI. HPV infection was the most frequent, with 16.1% of women positive for high-risk HPV types. There was a statistically significant association observed between any-type HPV and C trachomatis (p = 0.004), which indicates that the detection of one of these agents should suggest the presence of the other. There was no association between any-type HPV and other genital infections or cervical inflammation, suggesting that other mechanism could exist to favor infection with the virus. CONCLUSION: This multidisciplinary work suggests that STIs are frequent, making it necessary to implement control measures and improve diagnosis in order to increase the number of cases detected, especially in populations with poor access to health centers.

Moderating role of physical activity on hippocampal iron deposition and memory outcomes in typically aging older adults.

Physical activity (PA) is linked to better cognitive and brain health, though its mechanisms are unknown. While brain iron is essential for normal function, levels increase with age and, when excessive, can cause detrimental neural effects. We examined how objectively measured PA relates to cerebral iron deposition and memory functioning in normal older adults. Sixty-eight cognitively unimpaired older adults from the UCSF Memory and Aging Center completed neuropsychological testing and brain magnetic resonance imaging, followed by 30-day Fitbit monitoring. Magnetic resonance imaging quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) quantified iron deposition. PA was operationalized as average daily steps. Linear regression models examined memory as a function of hippocampal QSM, PA, and their interaction. Higher bilateral hippocampal iron deposition correlated with worse memory but was not strongly related to PA. Covarying for demographics, PA moderated the relationship between bilateral hippocampal iron deposition and memory such that the negative effect of hippocampal QSM on memory performances was no longer significant above 9120 daily steps. PA may mitigate adverse iron-related pathways for memory health.

Unveiling the autoreactome: Proteome-wide immunological fingerprints reveal the promise of plasma cell depleting therapy.

The prevalence and burden of autoimmune and autoantibody mediated disease is increasing worldwide, yet most disease etiologies remain unclear. Despite numerous new targeted immunomodulatory therapies, comprehensive approaches to apply and evaluate the effects of these treatments longitudinally are lacking. Here, we leverage advances in programmable-phage immunoprecipitation (PhIP-Seq) methodology to explore the modulation, or lack thereof, of proteome-wide autoantibody profiles in both health and disease. We demonstrate that each individual, regardless of disease state, possesses a distinct set of autoreactivities constituting a unique immunological fingerprint, or "autoreactome", that is remarkably stable over years. In addition to uncovering important new biology, the autoreactome can be used to better evaluate the relative effectiveness of various therapies in altering autoantibody repertoires. We find that therapies targeting B-Cell Maturation Antigen (BCMA) profoundly alter an individual's autoreactome, while anti-CD19 and CD-20 therapies have minimal effects, strongly suggesting a rationale for BCMA or other plasma cell targeted therapies in autoantibody mediated diseases.

Satisfaction with and Use of Inhalation Devices in Patients with Bronchial Asthma.

Background: Greater patient satisfaction with his or her inhalation device is associated with better adherence to pharmacological therapy and better clinical outcomes, such as improved quality of life, greater asthma control, and fewer exacerbations. The objective of this study was to determine the satisfaction level of a group of patients diagnosed with bronchial asthma concerning their devices for inhalation of bronchodilators and glucocorticoids. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of patients treated in the Colombian health system. Satisfaction with inhalation devices was evaluated with the Feeling of Satisfaction with Inhaler (FSI)-10 questionnaire. A score of ≥44 points indicated high satisfaction. Results: In total, 362 patients from 59 cities were identified, their median age was 55 years, and 74.6% were women. The FSI-10 average score was 44.6; 68.5% of patients showed high satisfaction, especially with pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs), and 63.4% did not use them with an inhalation chamber. Users of pMDIs (odds ratio [OR]: 1.80; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-3.10) and those who received training by medical specialists (OR: 2.29; 95% CI: 1.33-3.97) had high satisfaction, while patients who were older (40-64 vs. <40 years: OR: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.19-0.78 and ≥65 vs. <40 years: OR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.15-0.81), resided in the Caribbean region (OR: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.29-0.81), and had a university education (OR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.32-0.90) had lower satisfaction. Conclusions: The majority of patients with asthma used pMDIs without an inhalation chamber, and their overall satisfaction was higher than that of patients using other inhalation devices. Patients who received special training from medical specialists showed better satisfaction.

Estado de salud y nutrición del adulto mayor que concurre al Hospital Geriátrico del Seguro Social en la Asunción. Paraguay / Health status of older adults attending the Geriatric Hospital of the Social Security, in Asunción, Paraguay

Resumen El aumento de la población de adultos mayores y su mayor demanda de atención en salud en Paraguay, requiere de una evaluación multidimensional que identifique sus condiciones de riesgo o deterioro. El objetivo de esta investigación, fue evaluar el estado de salud y nutrición de una muestra de adultos mayores que acudieron a la consulta ambulatoria del Hospital Geriátrico de la Previsional, en la Asunción, Paraguay. La investigación tuvo un diseño observacional, descriptivo y de corte transverso, de 108 adultos mayores a quienes se les realizó la Valoración Geriátrica Integral (VGI) y se evaluaron parámetros nutricionales. La edad promedio fue de 71 años con predominio del sexo femenino. De acuerdo al IMC, el 64% presentó sobrepeso u obesidad. De acuerdo a la VGI, 18% presentó riesgo nutricional, 43% dependencia leve para las actividades de la vida diaria y 12% para las actividades instrumentales. El 18% mostró déficit cognitivo, el 6% depresión y el 30% riesgo social. La población se caracterizó por presentar altas frecuencias de exceso de peso e hipertensión, con una baja frecuencia de riesgo de desnutrición, las mayores limitaciones se dieron en las actividades básicas de la vida diaria y en el riesgo social. El ser mujer y el exceso de peso se asociaron significativamente con las limitaciones básicas funcionales. Este trabajo constituyó uno de los primeros en el país sobre adultos mayores ambulatorios, permitiendo configurar una línea de base de las áreas comprometidas o en riesgo de declinación y desarrollar estrategias y acciones preventivas para promover un envejecimiento saludable.

Abstract The increase in the population of older adults and their more significant demand for health care in Paraguay requires a multidimensional evaluation to identify risks or deteriorating conditions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the health and nutrition status of a sample of older adults who attended the Geriatric Hospital of the Social Security for outpatient consultation. The research had a cross-sectional descriptive observational design, which included 108 older adults who underwent the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) and whose nutritional parameters were evaluated. Their average age was 71 years, with a predominance of females. According to their BMI, 64% were overweight or obese. As for the CGA, 18% presented a nutritional risk, 43% had mild dependence on activities of daily living and 12% on instrumental activities, 18% had a cognitive deficit, 6% had depression, and 30% had social risk. The population was characterized by a high prevalence of overweight and hypertension and a low frequency of risk of malnutrition. The most significant limitations were in the basic activities of daily life and social risk. Being female and being overweight were significantly associated with basic functional limitations. This work was one of the first in the country on ambulatory older adults, allowing the establishment of a baseline for areas where health is compromised or at risk of decline and the development of preventive strategies and actions to promote healthy aging.

[Enteric parasitic disease in children under 5 years of age, indigenous and non-indigenous, from rural communities in Paraguay]. / Enteroparasitosis en niños bajo 5 años de edad, indígenas y no indígenas, de comunidades rurales del Paraguay.

BACKGROUND: Official figures of mortality in children under five years of age in the Americas, report that infectious and parasitic diseases caused most of the deaths. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of intestinal parasites in vulnerable children, indigenous and non-indigenous, and their socio-environmental characteristics. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We evaluated 247 children under five years of age, of both sexes. Descriptive study with an analytical component, transverse cutting. Copro-parasitological examinations were carried out and semi-structured interviews to collect socio-demographic data were conducted. RESULTS: The frequency of intestinal parasitic diseases was 56.1% and 35.5% in indigenous and non-indigenous children, respectively. In both populations, the most common pathogens were Blastocystis hominis and Giardia lamblia. CONCLUSION: We found a high frequency of parasitism in indigenous children at the expense of protozoa. Non-indigenous children still present the same parasitic species found in previous studies, suggesting the need to implement more control and prevention. The poor conditions in which they live favor the development of these diseases.

Distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes and bacterial vaginosis presence in cervical samples from Paraguayan indigenous.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of human papillomavirus (HPV) types and to assess bacterial vaginosis (BV) possible associations with cervical infections in indigenous Paraguayan women of the Department of Presidente Hayes. METHODS: This study included 181 sexually active women without cervical lesions. HPV typing was performed by polymerase chain reaction with primers PGMY 09/11 followed by reverse line hybridization. BV was diagnosed by the Nugent criteria using the results from a Gram stain smear. RESULTS: Sixteen percent of women were positive for at least one high risk HPV type (HR-HPV). The most frequent genotypes were HPV 16 (4.4%), followed by HPV 58 (3.3%), HPV 45 (3.3%), HPV 53 (2.8%) and HPV 11 (2.8%). A significant association between HR-HPV and BV was observed (p=0.01). In addition, women with BV had a higher frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis (p=0.0007), Trichomonas vaginalis (p=0.00009), Mycoplasma hominis (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A large variety of HPV genotypes was detected and showed a slightly different pattern from previous studies on urban women in Paraguay, with the predominance of HR-HPV. Furthermore, the information of co-infections involved in BV could be useful for the improvement of national prevention programs, as well as for laboratory surveillance of these genital infections.

Evaluación de anemia post intervención nutricional en niños de comunidades rurales de Caazapá, Paraguay

Introducción: Se ha descrito la heterogeneidad del impacto de la anemia según el área geográfica; en el sector rural se ve agravado afectando a la población más vulnerable. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto del suplemento nutricional en niños anémicos menores de cinco años indígenas y no indígenas, en comunidades rurales del Departamento de Caazapá. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional transversal. Fueron estudiados una cohorte de 109 niños menores de cinco años indígenas y no indígenas cuyos padres brindaron su consentimiento informado, a quienes se les suministró sulfato ferroso según edad y peso. Resultados: Se encontró un aumento significativo de las medianas de hemoglobina, después de la intervención, de 5,0 g/L en el grupo anémico de indígenas y en los no indígenas de 6,0 g/L; el 31% de los niños indígenas y el 84% de los no indígenas dejaron de ser anémicos, post intervención. Conclusión: Ambas poblaciones de niños anémicos indígenas y no indígenas presentaron un aumento significativo de los niveles medios de hemoglobina post tratamiento con suplemento con hierro y una mayoría presentó una mejoría a un estado no anémico o del grado de la anemia.

Introduction: The heterogeneity of the impact of anemia has been described according to geographic area; in rural areas the impact is greater, affecting the most vulnerable populations. Objective: to evaluate the effect of nutritional supplementation in anemic children, both indigenous and non-indigenous, under five years of age, in rural communities in the Department of Caazapá. Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional, observational study. We studied a cohort of 109 indigenous and non-indigenous children under five years of age whose parents gave their informed consent and were given ferrous sulfate based on age and weight. Results: There was a significant increase in hemoglobin medians, after the intervention, of 5.0 g / L in the anemic group of indigenous children and of 6.0 g / L in the non-indigenous children; 31% of indigenous children and 84% of non-indigenous children ceased to be anemic after the intervention. Conclusion: Both the indigenous and non-indigenous populations of anemic children showed a significant increase in their average levels of hemoglobin after iron supplementation and a majority improved to a milder degree of anemia or to a resolution of their anemia.

Alteraciones urinarias en niños litiásicos paraguayos según estado nutricional / Urinary alterations in Paraguayan lithiasic children according to nutritional status

La urolitiasis es una enfermedad multifactorial. En los últimos años se ha observado un incremento a nivel mundial de la incidencia de la litiasis urinaria tanto en adultos como en niños. Los cambios en los hábitos alimentarios y un aumento en la prevalencia de exceso de peso podrían asociarse a este fenómeno. El objetivo del trabajo fue describir la frecuencia de alteraciones urinarias presentes en niños con urolitiasis según estado nutricional. En este trabajo observacional transversal se incluyeron 104 niños litiásicos de ambos sexos divididos en dos grupos según estado nutricional: 68 niños con peso adecuado y 36 niños con sobrepeso u obesidad considerando criterios de la OMS. Se determinaron en orina de 24 horas calcio, fósforo, sodio, ácido úrico, citrato y magnesio. Del total de pacientes participantes 54 (51.9%) fueron niñas y 50 (48,1%) fueron niños. El 65,4% de los niños presentó peso normal y el 34,6% de los niños sobrepeso u obesidad con edades medias de 10±4 años y 8±4 años respectivamente. El 80% de los niños presentó al menos una alteración urinaria, siendo las más frecuentes en ambos grupos la hipocitraturia e hiperuricosuria. Es llamativa la elevada frecuencia de alteraciones en las concentraciones de promotores e inhibidores de cristalización, en ambos grupos, indicando un riesgo aumentado de recidivas(AU)

Urolithiasis is a multifactorial disease. Recently the incidence of urolithiasis in adults and children is increasing worldwide. Changes in eating habits and an increase in the prevalence of overweight could be associated with this phenomenon. The objective was to describe the frequency of urinary alterations according to nutritional status in children with urolithiasis. This cross-sectional observational study included 104 lithiasic boys and girls divided into two groups: 68 children with normal weight and 36 children with overweight or obesity considering WHO criteria. Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, uric acid, citrate and magnesium levels were determined in 24-hour urine. The frequency of boys and girls was 51.9% and 48.1% respectively. Sixty five percent of the children presented normal weight and 34.6% of the children were overweight or obese with mean ages of 10±4 years and 8±4 years respectively. Eighty percent of the children had at least one urinary disorder, the most frequent being hypocitraturia and hyperuricosuria in both groups. The high frequency of alterations in the concentrations of urinary promoters and inhibitors of crystallization in both groups was remarkable, indicating an increased risk of recurrence(AU)

Prevalencia y variables asociadas a la transmisión de Enterobius vermicularis en niños en edad preescolar y escolar en dos municipios de Cundinamarca, Colombia / Prevalence and Variables Associated with Enterobius vermicularis Transmission in Preschool and School Children in Two Municipalities of Cundinamarca, Colombia / Prevalência e variáveis associadas à transmissão de Enterobius vermicularis em crianças pré-escolares e escolares em dois municípios de Cundinamarca, Colômbia

Resumen: El presente artículo busca determinar la prevalência de Enterobius vermicularis y variables asociadas en población preescolar y escolar del área urbana del municipio de Chaguaní y dos jardines en Cajicá, Cundinamarca, Colombia. Para esto se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal con toma única de muestra en la población mencionada en 44 y 42 participantes, respectivamente, cuyos padres aceptaron participar voluntariamente firmando un consentimiento para desarrollar una encuesta epidemiológica estructurada, que indagó condiciones socioeconómicas, epidemiológicas y medioambientales. El diagnóstico parasitológico se realizó con la técnica de Graham. Los participantes se distribuyeron por grupo etario: el primero estuvo conformado por 76 niños (88,4 %) con edades entre 1,5 y 8 años; el segundo, por 7 niños mayores de 8 años (8,1%), y el tercero, por 3 niños (3,5 %) sin información al respecto. La variable con significancia estadística (p≤0.05) y posible asociación protectora fue la asistencia médica trimestral y como posible riesgo el contacto con fómites. Así, se encontró que la oxiuriasis es una parasitosis prevalente en la población preescolar y escolar, asociada a condiciones higiénico-sanitarias deficientes.

Abstract: This article seeks to determine the prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis and associated variables in preschool and school population in the urban area of the municipality of Chaguaní and two kindergartens in Cajicá, Cundinamarca, Colombia. To this end, a descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted by taking a single sample from 44 and 42 participants from such populations, respectively, whose parents agreed to participate voluntarily by signing a consent to respond to a structured epidemiological survey. This survey inquired into their socioeconomic, epidemiological, and environmental conditions. Parasitological diagnosis was made using Graham's test. Participants were distributed by age group: the first one was made up of 76 children (88.4%) between 1.5 and 8 years old; the second one, of seven children (8.1 %) over 8; and the third one, of three children (3.5 %) with no age information. A statistically significant variable (p ≤ 0.05) and possible protection factor was quarterly medical care. A possible risk factor was contact with fomites. Therefore, it was found that oxyuriasis is a prevalent form of parasitosis in preschool and school population associated with poor hygienic and sanitary conditions.

Resumo: Este artigo pretende determinar a prevalência de Enterobius vermicularis e de variáveis associadas em população pré-escolar e escolar da área urbana do município de Chaguaní e de dois jardins de infância em Cajicá, Cundinamarca, Colômbia. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo descritivo, de corte transversal, com tomada única de amostras na população em 44 e 42 participantes, respectivamente, cujos responsáveis aceitaram a participar de forma voluntária e assinaram o consentimento para responder a um questionário epidemiológico estruturado, que indagou sobre condições socioeconómicas, epidemiológicas e meio ambientais. O diagnóstico parasitológico foi realizado com a técnica Graham. Os participantes foram distribuídos por grupo de idade: o primeiro formado por 76 crianças (88,4%) entre 1,5 e 8 anos; o segundo, por 7 crianças com maios de 8 anos (8,1%), e o terceiro, por 3 crianças (3,5%) sem informação a respeito. A variável com significância estatística (p≤0,05) e possível associação protetora foi a assistência médica trimestral e, como possível risco, o contato com fômites. Assim, foi verificado que a oxiuriase é uma parasitose prevalente na população pré-escolar e escolar, associada a condições higiênico-sanitárias deficientes.

Estado nutricional-hematológico y parasitosis intestinal de niños escolares de 5 a 12 años de cuatro localidades rurales de Paraguay / Nutritional-hematological status and intestinal parasitosis of school children aged 5 to 12 years in four rural localities of Paraguay

El mundo, actualmente se enfrenta a una doble carga de malnutrición que incluye la desnutrición y la alimentación excesiva. A ello se suman las parasitosis intestinales que es una enfermedad frecuente con importante morbimortalidad en la población infantil, ligadas a la pobreza y malas condiciones higiénico-sanitarias. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir el estado nutricional-hematológico y parasitológico de niños escolares de cuatro comunidades rurales de Paraguay. Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transverso en el que participaron 102 niños de ambos sexos de 5 a 12 años de edad. Se realizó medición de peso y talla, utilizando balanza calibrada, y un altímetro fijado a la pared. Toma de muestra sanguínea por punción venosa para determinación de parámetros hematológicos, procesados en contador hematológico por impedancia. Muestras de heces de una sola toma fueron recogidas en frascos apropiados con formol al 10%, utilizándose 4 métodos: directo, flotación de Willis, Graham y de concentración. En relación al estado nutricional-hematológico se encontró que el 3,9% de los niños estaba con desnutrición moderada y el 9,8% presentó riesgo de desnutrición; anemia se observó en el 38,2% de los niños. En relación a la parasitosis, el estudio diagnóstico se realizó a 94 niños y se encontró que el 72,2% estaba parasitado, siendo Blastocystis hominis el más frecuente. Tanto la frecuencia de anemia como de parasitosis es alta en esta población, sin embargo no se pudo establecer una relación entre ellas(AU)

Diagnóstico de los trastornos respiratorios del sueño en recién nacidos con sospecha de apneas: comparación entre la saturometría nocturna y la poligrafía / Diagnosis of respiratory sleep disorders in newborns with suspected apneas: comparison between nocturnal saturometry and polygraphy

Resumen Introducción: La Saturometría Nocturna Continua (SpChC), es utilizada en Unidades de Neonato logia para detección de eventos de hipoxemia en Recién Nacidos (RN) con episodios de apneas. La Poligrafía (PG) presenta un número mayor de canales de medición. El objetivo fue evaluar el rendi miento diagnóstico de la SpOhC respecto a la Poligrafía en RN con sospecha de apneas. Pacientes y Método: Se analizaron retrospectivamente resultados de SpOhC y PG realizadas en forma simultáneas en RN con sospecha de apneas, en un periodo de tres años. Se utilizó un saturómetro Masimo Radi-cal-7® con 2 canales y un polígrafo Apnea Link Plus® con 5 canales de registro simultáneos. Se con sideró PG alterada: índice de desaturaciones bajo 80% por hora > a 1 y/o número de desaturaciones bajo 80% > 20 segundos mayor a uno en todo el registro validado y/o índice de apnea hipoapnea > a 1 evento por hora. Paralelamente, se definió SpOhC alterada cuando uno o ambos de los criterios de saturometria bajo 80%, estaban alterados. Se calcularon valores de sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos y Likelihood Ratio (LLR) para la SpÜ2C. Los resultados se expresaron en valor absoluto, con 95% de intervalo de confianza. Resultados: Se realizaron 40 SpÜ2C y PG simultáneos; un 80% (32/40) de ellos fueron RN prematuros, 60% (24/40) varones. Un 38% (15/40) de las SpOhC y un 15% (6/40) de las PG resultaron alteradas (p < 0,05). La SpÜ2C presenta una Sensibilidad 100%, Especificidad 74%, El VPP 40%, VPN 100%, LLR + 3,78 y LLR-0. Conclusión: En los RN estudiados, la SpC2C posee un alto valor diagnóstico, sin embargo, puede presentar falsos positivos; por lo cual se sugiere utilizar como método de tamizaje y realizar confirmación diagnóstica con otro examen de sueño, como la PG.

Abstract Introduction: Night Continuous Saturometry (CSO2) is used in Neonatal Units to detect events of hypoxemia in Newborns (NB) with apnea episodes. Polygraphy (PG) has a larger number of measuring channels. Our goal was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of CSO2 compared to Polygra phy in NB with suspected sleep apneas. Patients and Method: Results of CSO2 and PG performed simultaneously in RN with suspected apneas were retrospectively analyzed over a three-year period. A 2-channel Masimo Radical-7® pulse oximeter and an Apnea Link Plus® polygraph with 5 simulta neous recording channels were used. Altered PG was defined as: desaturation index under 80% per hour > 1 and/or number of desaturations under 80% > 20 seconds greater than one in the whole va lidated registry and/or hypoapnea apnea index > 1 event per hour. In parallel, altered SpO2C was de fined when one or both of the 80% saturation criteria were altered. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and Likelihood Ratio (LLR) for CSO2 were calculated. Results were expressed in absolute value, with 95% confidence interval. Results: Simultaneous 40 CSO2 and PG were performed; 80% (32/40) of them were preterm infants, 60% (24/40) males. 38% (15/40) of the CSO2 and 15% (6/40) of the PGs were altered (p < 0.05). CSO2 has a 100% Sensitivity, 74% Specificity, 40% VPP, 100% VPN, LLR + 3.78 and LLR-0. Conclusion: In the studied NB, CSO2 has a high diagnostic value, however, it may present false positives; It is suggested to use as a screening method and to perform diagnostic confirmation with another sleep test, such as PG.