RESUMEN
Millions of migratory birds occupy seasonally favourable breeding grounds in the Arctic1, but we know little about the formation, maintenance and future of the migration routes of Arctic birds and the genetic determinants of migratory distance. Here we established a continental-scale migration system that used satellite tracking to follow 56 peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) from 6 populations that breed in the Eurasian Arctic, and resequenced 35 genomes from 4 of these populations. The breeding populations used five migration routes across Eurasia, which were probably formed by longitudinal and latitudinal shifts in their breeding grounds during the transition from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene epoch. Contemporary environmental divergence between the routes appears to maintain their distinctiveness. We found that the gene ADCY8 is associated with population-level differences in migratory distance. We investigated the regulatory mechanism of this gene, and found that long-term memory was the most likely selective agent for divergence in ADCY8 among the peregrine populations. Global warming is predicted to influence migration strategies and diminish the breeding ranges of peregrine populations of the Eurasian Arctic. Harnessing ecological interactions and evolutionary processes to study climate-driven changes in migration can facilitate the conservation of migratory birds.
Asunto(s)
Migración Animal , Falconiformes/fisiología , Mapeo Geográfico , Calentamiento Global/estadística & datos numéricos , Memoria a Largo Plazo , Animales , Regiones Árticas , Falconiformes/genética , PredicciónRESUMEN
Novel technologies for recovering DNA information from archaeological and historical specimens have made available an ever-increasing amount of temporally spaced genetic samples from natural populations. These genetic time series permit the direct assessment of patterns of temporal changes in allele frequencies and hold the promise of improving power for the inference of selection. Increased time resolution can further facilitate testing hypotheses regarding the drivers of past selection events such as the incidence of plant and animal domestication. However, studying past selection processes through ancient DNA (aDNA) still involves considerable obstacles such as postmortem damage, high fragmentation, low coverage, and small samples. To circumvent these challenges, we introduce a novel Bayesian framework for the inference of temporally variable selection based on genotype likelihoods instead of allele frequencies, thereby enabling us to model sample uncertainties resulting from the damage and fragmentation of aDNA molecules. Also, our approach permits the reconstruction of the underlying allele frequency trajectories of the population through time, which allows for a better understanding of the drivers of selection. We evaluate its performance through extensive simulations and demonstrate its utility with an application to the ancient horse samples genotyped at the loci for coat coloration. Our results reveal that incorporating sample uncertainties can further improve the inference of selection.
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ADN Antiguo , ADN , Animales , Caballos/genética , Teorema de Bayes , Frecuencia de los Genes , ADN/genética , Factores de Tiempo , Modelos GenéticosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Succinate dehydrogenase enzyme (SDH) is frequently diminished in samples from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and SDH reduction is associated with elevated succinate level and poor prognosis in patients with HCC. However, the underlying mechanisms of how impaired SDH activity promotes HCC remain unclear. APPROACH AND RESULTS: In this study, we observed remarkable downregulations of SDH subunits A and B (SDHA/B) in chronic liver injury-induced murine HCC models and patient samples. Subsequent RNA sequencing, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and immunohistochemistry analyses of HCC samples revealed that Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) were significantly upregulated in HCC, with their levels inversely correlating with that of SDHA/B. YAP/TAZ stability was greatly enhanced in SDHA/B-depleted HCC cells along with accumulation of succinate. Further mechanistic analyses demonstrated that impaired activity of SDHA/B resulted in succinate accumulation, which facilitated the deNEDDylation of cullin1 and therefore disrupted the E3 ubiquitin ligase SCF ß-TrCP complex, consequently leading to YAP/TAZ stabilization and activation in HCC cells. The accelerated in vitro cell proliferation and in vivo tumor growth caused by SDHA/B reduction or succinate exposure were largely dependent on the aberrant activation of YAP/TAZ. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that SDHA/B reduction promotes HCC proliferation by preventing the proteasomal degradation of YAP/TAZ through modulating cullin1 NEDDylation, thus binding SDH-deficient HCC cells to YAP/TAZ pathway and rendering these cells vulnerable to YAP/TAZ inhibition. Our findings warrant further investigation on the therapeutic effects of targeting YAP/TAZ in patients with HCC displaying reduced SDHA/B or elevated succinate levels.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Humanos , Animales , Ratones , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patología , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patología , Transactivadores/metabolismo , Proteínas Señalizadoras YAP , Succinatos , Complejo II de Transporte de Electrones/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Erlotinib treatment can lead to skin diseases that drastically affected the quality of life of patients. Quercetin (Que), the active component in Xijiao Dihuang Decoction (XDD), was identified to improve inflammatory skin diseases. However, the mechanism of XDD treating erlotinib-induced cutaneous toxicity was not clear at the molecular level. METHODS: Keratinocytes were treated with erlotinib, and the expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines was revealed by ELISA and qRT-PCR. The macrophage polarization was determined by flow cytometry. The key component of XDD, Que, and the target genes of dermatitis were selected via network pharmacology analysis. The binding effects of Que and target genes were verified using molecular docking and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA)-western blot assay. Animal experiments were performed in vivo to verify the therapeutic effect of XDD on erlotinib-induced skin toxicity. RESULTS: Erlotinib induced M1 polarization of macrophages after stimulating epidermal keratinocytes. While this effect was associated with increased production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such production was prominently decreased by XDD treatment. By combining network pharmacological analysis, molecular docking, and CETSA, it was confirmed that Que had a binding relationship with IL-2 and CXCL8. In vivo results implied that erlotinib abated tumor growth and stimulated dermatitis in HR-1 nude mice, while Que alleviated erlotinib-induced skin damage without affecting this tumor repression effect. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that XDD could relieve the dermatitis induced by erlotinib and provide a favorable theoretical basis for the clinical relief by using this method.
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Dermatitis , Neoplasias , Enfermedades de la Piel , Ratones , Animales , Clorhidrato de Erlotinib/farmacología , Clorhidrato de Erlotinib/uso terapéutico , Ratones Desnudos , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Calidad de Vida , Citocinas/metabolismo , Quimiocinas , Dermatitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de la Piel/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Although ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (ALK-TKIs) have shown remarkable benefits in EML4-ALK positive NSCLC patients compared to conventional chemotherapy, the optimal sequence of ALK-TKIs treatment remains unclear due to the emergence of primary and acquired resistance and the lack of potential prognostic biomarkers. In this study, we systematically explored the validity of sequential ALK inhibitors (alectinib, lorlatinib, crizotinib, ceritinib and brigatinib) for a heavy-treated patient with EML4-ALK fusion via developing an in vitro and in vivo drug testing system based on patient-derived models. Based on the patient-derived models and clinical responses of the patient, we found that crizotinib might inhibit proliferation of EML4-ALK positive tumors resistant to alectinib and lorlatinib. In addition, NSCLC patients harboring the G1269A mutation, which was identified in alectinib, lorlatinib and crizotinib-resistant NSCLC, showed responsiveness to brigatinib and ceritinib. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that brigatinib suppressed the activation of multiple inflammatory signaling pathways, potentially contributing to its anti-tumor activity. Moreover, we constructed a prognostic model based on the expression of IL6, CXCL1, and CXCL5, providing novel perspectives for predicting prognosis in EML4-ALK positive NSCLC patients. In summary, our results delineate clinical responses of sequential ALK-TKIs treatments and provide insights into the mechanisms underlying the superior effects of brigatinib in patients harboring ALKG1269A mutation and resistant towards alectinib, lorlatinib and crizotinib. The molecular signatures model based on the combination of IL6, CXCL1 and CXCL5 has the potential to predict prognosis of EML4-ALK positive NSCLC patients.
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Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón , Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Proteínas de Fusión Oncogénica , Compuestos Organofosforados , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas , Pirimidinas , Humanos , Compuestos Organofosforados/uso terapéutico , Compuestos Organofosforados/farmacología , Pirimidinas/uso terapéutico , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Proteínas de Fusión Oncogénica/genética , Proteínas de Fusión Oncogénica/metabolismo , Animales , Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón/tratamiento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón/genética , Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón/patología , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Pronóstico , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos , Lactamas/uso terapéutico , Carbazoles/uso terapéutico , Carbazoles/farmacología , Sulfonas/uso terapéutico , Sulfonas/farmacología , Crizotinib/uso terapéutico , Crizotinib/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Piperidinas/uso terapéutico , Piperidinas/farmacología , Femenino , Ratones , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/genética , Pirazoles/uso terapéutico , Pirazoles/farmacología , Masculino , Quinasa de Linfoma Anaplásico/genética , Quinasa de Linfoma Anaplásico/antagonistas & inhibidores , Quinasa de Linfoma Anaplásico/metabolismo , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Mutación , Aminopiridinas/uso terapéutico , Aminopiridinas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of PLK1 inhibitors on osimertinib-resistant non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells and the anti-tumor effect combined with osimertinib. METHODS: An osimertinib resistant NCI-H1975 cell line was induced by exposure to gradually increasing drug concentrations. Osimertinib-resistant cells were co-treated with compounds from classical tumor pathway inhibitor library and osimertinib to screen for compounds with synergistic effects with osimertinib. The Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was used to investigate the activated signaling pathways in osimertinib-resistant cells; sulforhodamine B (SRB) staining was used to investigate the effect of PLK1 inhibitors on osimertinib-resistant cells and the synergistic effect of PLK1 inhibitors combined with osimertinib. RESULTS: Osimertinib-resistance in NCI-H1975 cell (resistance index=43.45) was successfully established. The PLK1 inhibitors GSK 461364 and BI 2536 had synergistic effect with osimertinib. Compared with osimertinib-sensitive cells, PLK1 regulatory pathway and cell cycle pathway were significantly activated in osimertinib-resistant cells. In NSCLC patients with epidermal growth factor receptor mutations treated with osimertinib, PLK1 mRNA levels were negatively correlated with progression free survival of patients (R=ï¼0.62, P<0.05), indicating that excessive activation of PLK1 in NSCLC cells may cause cell resistant to osimertinib. Further in vitro experiments showed that IC50 of PLK1 inhibitors BI 6727 and GSK 461364 in osimertinib-resistant cells were lower than those in sensitive ones. Compared with the mono treatment of osimertinib, PLK1 inhibitors combined with osimertinib behaved significantly stronger effect on the proliferation of osimertinib-resistant cells. CONCLUSIONS: PLK1 inhibitors have a synergistic effect with osimertinib on osimertinib-resistant NSCLC cells which indicates that they may have potential clinical value in the treatment of NSCLC patients with osimertinib resistance.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Humanos , Receptores ErbB/genética , Receptores ErbB/uso terapéutico , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos/genética , Mutación , Línea Celular TumoralRESUMEN
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a critically conserved molecular chaperone protein and promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. In this study, platycodin D (PD), a saponin isolated from traditional Chinese herb Platycodonis Radix, was identified as a novel Hsp90 inhibitor. We verified that PD did not affect the ATPase activity of Hsp90. However, PD disrupted the co-chaperone interaction of Hsp90/cell division cycle protein 37 (Cdc37) and subsequently degraded multiple Hsp90 client proteins without the feedback increase of Hsp70. In different genotypes of non-small cell lung cancer cells, co-treatment with the mTOR inhibitor Everolimus and PD enhanced antiproliferation activity and apoptotic effect. The feedback survival signal upon mTOR inhibition was fully terminated by the co-administration with PD through reduced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and insulin growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) expression, suppressed AKT activity, and reinforced 4E-BP1 inhibition. Our results not only identified PD as a novel Hsp90 inhibitor by disrupting the protein-protein interaction of Hsp90/Cdc37 complex, but also provided mechanistic insights into the ineffectiveness of mTOR inhibitors and identified therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Chaperoninas/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas HSP90 de Choque Térmico/antagonistas & inhibidores , Saponinas/toxicidad , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR/antagonistas & inhibidores , Triterpenos/toxicidad , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/genética , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores ErbB/antagonistas & inhibidores , Everolimus/farmacología , Humanos , Inmunosupresores/farmacología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Proteína Oncogénica v-akt/antagonistas & inhibidores , Receptor IGF Tipo 1 , Receptores de Somatomedina/antagonistas & inhibidoresRESUMEN
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) ranks as one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite the prominence and effectiveness of kinase-target therapies in NSCLC treatment, these drugs are suitable for and beneficial to a mere ~30% of NSCLC patients. Consequently, the need for novel strategies addressing NSCLC remains pressing. Deubiquitinases (DUBs), a group of diverse enzymes with well-defined catalytic sites that are frequently overactivated in cancers and associated with tumorigenesis and regarded as promising therapeutic targets. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which DUBs promote NSCLC remain poorly understood. Through a global analysis of the 97 DUBs' contribution to NSCLC survival possibilities using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we found that high expression of Josephin Domain-containing protein 2 (JOSD2) predicted the poor prognosis of patients. Depletion of JOSD2 significantly impeded NSCLC growth in both cell/patient-derived xenografts in vivo. Mechanically, we found that JOSD2 restricts the kinase activity of LKB1, an important tumor suppressor generally inactivated in NSCLC, by removing K6-linked polyubiquitination, an action vital for maintaining the integrity of the LKB1-STRAD-MO25 complex. Notably, we identified the first small-molecule inhibitor of JOSD2, and observed that its pharmacological inhibition significantly arrested NSCLC proliferation in vitro/in vivo. Our findings highlight the vital role of JOSD2 in hindering LKB1 activity, underscoring the therapeutic potential of targeting JOSD2 in NSCLC, especially in those with inactivated LKB1, and presenting its inhibitors as a promising strategy for NSCLC treatment.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas , Enzimas Desubicuitinizantes , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Humanos , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/genética , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/patología , Genes Supresores de Tumor , Hígado/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Animales , Enzimas Desubicuitinizantes/genética , Enzimas Desubicuitinizantes/metabolismoRESUMEN
The urea cycle is frequently rewired in cancer cells to meet the metabolic demands of cancer. Elucidation of the underlying mechanism by which oncogenic signaling mediates urea cycle reprogramming could help identify targetable metabolic vulnerabilities. In this study, we discovered that oncogenic activation of KRAS in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) silenced the expression of argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1), a urea cycle enzyme that catalyzes the production of arginine from aspartate and citrulline, and thereby diverted the utilization of aspartate to pyrimidine synthesis to meet the high demand for DNA replication. Specifically, KRAS signaling facilitated a hypoacetylated state in the promoter region of the ASS1 gene in a histone deacetylase 3-dependent manner, which in turn impeded the recruitment of c-MYC for ASS1 transcription. ASS1 suppression in KRAS-mutant NSCLC cells impaired the biosynthesis of arginine and rendered a dependency on the arginine transmembrane transporter SLC7A1 to import extracellular arginine. Depletion of SLC7A1 in both patient-derived organoid and xenograft models inhibited KRAS-driven NSCLC growth. Together, these findings uncover the role of oncogenic KRAS in rewiring urea cycle metabolism and identify SLC7A1-mediated arginine uptake as a therapeutic vulnerability for treating KRAS-mutant NSCLC. SIGNIFICANCE: ASS1 deficiency is induced by mutant KRAS in NSCLC to facilitate DNA synthesis and creates a dependency on SLC7A1, revealing dietary arginine restriction and SLC7A1 inhibition as potential therapeutic strategies.
Asunto(s)
Arginina , Argininosuccinato Sintasa , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras) , Humanos , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/patología , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/genética , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Arginina/metabolismo , Ratones , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/metabolismo , Argininosuccinato Sintasa/metabolismo , Argininosuccinato Sintasa/genética , Transportador de Aminoácidos Neutros Grandes 1/metabolismo , Transportador de Aminoácidos Neutros Grandes 1/genética , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de Xenoinjerto , Línea Celular Tumoral , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Proliferación CelularRESUMEN
Three well-supported latent models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; i.e., Emotional Numbing, Dysphoria, and Dysphoric Arousal [DA] models) were examined using factorial invariance across gender. There is a notable lack of studies that have investigated the factorial invariance of the PTSD models across gender, and, to date, no study has assessed the factorial invariance of the DA model across gender. The current sample consisted of 571 children and adolescent earthquake survivors (297 male and 274 female participants) from China. The results indicated that the 17 symptoms of PTSD have equivalent factor loadings between the male and female participants. Furthermore, the female participants evidenced more severe manifestations of PTSD. Moreover, the newly proposed five-factor DA model provided superior fit to the data compared with the Emotional Numbing and Dysphoria models. The implication of these results is discussed.
Asunto(s)
Terremotos , Modelos Psicológicos , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/psicología , Sobrevivientes/psicología , Adolescente , Nivel de Alerta , Niño , China , Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales , Análisis Factorial , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Factores Sexuales , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Innovations in ancient DNA (aDNA) preparation and sequencing technologies have exponentially increased the quality and quantity of aDNA data extracted from ancient biological materials. The additional temporal component from the incoming aDNA data can provide improved power to address fundamental evolutionary questions like characterizing selection processes that shape the phenotypes and genotypes of contemporary populations or species. However, utilizing aDNA to study past selection processes still involves considerable hurdles like how to eliminate the confounding factor of genetic interactions in the inference of selection. To address this issue, we extend the approach of He et al., 2023 to infer temporally variable selection from the aDNA data in the form of genotype likelihoods with the flexibility of modelling linkage and epistasis in this work. Our posterior computation is carried out by a robust adaptive version of the particle marginal Metropolis-Hastings algorithm with a coerced acceptance rate. Our extension inherits the desirable features of He et al., 2023 such as modelling sample uncertainty resulting from the damage and fragmentation of aDNA molecules and reconstructing underlying gamete frequency trajectories of the population. We evaluate its performance through extensive simulations and show its utility with an application to the aDNA data from pigmentation loci in horses.
Asunto(s)
ADN Antiguo , Epistasis Genética , Caballos/genética , Animales , ADN/genética , Evolución Biológica , AlgoritmosRESUMEN
Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of PD-L1 expression in tumors provides key clues for improving immune checkpoint blockade efficacy or developing novel oncoimmunotherapy. Here, we showed that the FDA-approved sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor canagliflozin dramatically suppressed PD-L1 expression and enhanced T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Mechanistic study revealed that SGLT2 colocalized with PD-L1 at the plasma membrane and recycling endosomes and thereby prevented PD-L1 from proteasome-mediated degradation. Canagliflozin disturbed the physical interaction between SGLT2 and PD-L1 and subsequently allowed the recognition of PD-L1 by Cullin3SPOP E3 ligase, which triggered the ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of PD-L1. In mouse models and humanized immune-transformation models, either canagliflozin treatment or SGLT2 silencing significantly reduced PD-L1 expression and limited tumor progression - to a level equal to the PD-1 mAb - which was correlated with an increase in the activity of antitumor cytotoxic T cells. Notably, prolonged progression-free survival and overall survival curves were observed in the group of PD-1 mAb-treated patients with non-small cell lung cancer with high expression of SGLT2. Therefore, our study identifies a regulator of cell surface PD-L1, provides a ready-to-use small-molecule drug for PD-L1 degradation, and highlights a potential therapeutic target to overcome immune evasion by tumor cells.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Ratones , Animales , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/genética , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/patología , Canagliflozina/farmacología , Transportador 2 de Sodio-Glucosa , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Complejo de la Endopetidasa Proteasomal/metabolismo , Antígeno B7-H1 , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1 , Línea Celular TumoralRESUMEN
Xylanases catalyze the hydrolysis of xylan, a major hemicellulose component of cell wall besides cellulose in most plant species. To extract cellulose fibers, it will be invaluable to screen for more effective xylanase-producing microorganisms. In this paper a new strategy for easy screening of xylanase-producing strains from the degumming line was presented. Using this strategy, a weak-acidic, cellulase-free xylanase from Bacillus subtilis has been isolated, purified and characterized. The xylanase showed high specific activity (36,633.4 U/mg), presented stable characteristics and can be separated and purified simply, with molecular weight 23.3 kD, pI 9.63. It reached its optimal activity at pH 5.8 and 60 °C, and retained over 80% of its maximal activity after pre-incubation at temperature 60 °C or pH 4.6 ~ 6.4. Also, a two-step purification procedure based on the combination of ultrafiltration and gel filtration chromatography was introduced and described, achieving 17-fold purification with 68.11% yield.
Asunto(s)
Bacillus subtilis/enzimología , Bacillus subtilis/aislamiento & purificación , Microbiología Ambiental , Xilosidasas/aislamiento & purificación , Xilosidasas/metabolismo , Cromatografía en Gel , Estabilidad de Enzimas , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Punto Isoeléctrico , Peso Molecular , Temperatura , Ultrafiltración/métodos , Xilosidasas/químicaRESUMEN
With the rapid growth of the number of sequenced ancient genomes, there has been increasing interest in using this new information to study past and present adaptation. Such an additional temporal component has the promise of providing improved power for the estimation of natural selection. Over the last decade, statistical approaches for the detection and quantification of natural selection from ancient DNA (aDNA) data have been developed. However, most of the existing methods do not allow us to estimate the timing of natural selection along with its strength, which is key to understanding the evolution and persistence of organismal diversity. Additionally, most methods ignore the fact that natural populations are almost always structured, which can result in an overestimation of the effect of natural selection. To address these issues, we introduce a novel Bayesian framework for the inference of natural selection and gene migration from aDNA data with Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques, co-estimating both timing and strength of natural selection and gene migration. Such an advance enables us to infer drivers of natural selection and gene migration by correlating genetic evolution with potential causes such as the changes in the ecological context in which an organism has evolved. The performance of our procedure is evaluated through extensive simulations, with its utility shown with an application to ancient chicken samples.
Asunto(s)
Pollos , ADN Antiguo , Animales , Teorema de Bayes , Pollos/genética , Evolución Molecular , Frecuencia de los Genes , Modelos Genéticos , Selección GenéticaRESUMEN
Chronic liver disease (CLD) is an extremely common clinical condition accompanied by sustained inflammatory response leading to tissue damage. Transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) is known as a master immune regulator in CLDs, but the association between TGF-ß1 polymorphisms and CLD risk is controversial and inconclusive, and the genetic dominance of CLDs remains unknown. In this study, the relationship between TGF-ß1 polymorphisms and CLD susceptibility is systematically analyzed based on 35 eligible studies. Individuals with the TGF-ß1-509 allele (TT or CT) or codon 10 allele (Pro/Pro) show an increased risk of CLDs. Subgroup analyses indicate TGF-ß1-509C/T has a significant correlation with cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis C, codon 10 is associated with chronic hepatitis B occurrence, and codon 25 exhibits a relationship with autoimmune hepatitis risk. Missense mutations in G29E, A105S, D191N, and F321L of TGF-ß1 are the genetic factors of HCC susceptibility. Furthermore, the TGF-ß1 gene expression is significantly elevated in CLD patients, and the TGF-ß1 codon 263 is located close to the region where the TGF-ß1 dimerization interacts, indicating the TGF-ß1 codon 263 variant may affect the secretion of TGF-ß1 by altering its dimerization. Together, our findings provide new insights into the immune regulator gene TGF-ß1 polymorphisms as susceptibility factors for CLD occurrence and regulators for TGF-ß1 expression, which have implications for the regulation of immune factors during CLD development.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Hepatitis Autoinmune , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Humanos , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta1/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMEN
Cell-penetrating poly(disulfide)s (CPDs) are promising vehicles for cytosolic delivery of proteins. However, currently available arginine-rich CPD has rarely been reported for systemic delivery due to its "always" positive charge. Herein, we developed pH-responsive CPDIMD that executes tumor targeting delivery via protonation of imidazole groups within the acidic tumor microenvironment.
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Antineoplásicos/química , Preparaciones de Acción Retardada/química , Disulfuros/química , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Inmunoglobulina G/química , Polímeros/química , Animales , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Arginina/química , Permeabilidad de la Membrana Celular , Composición de Medicamentos , Liberación de Fármacos , Humanos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Inmunoglobulina G/farmacología , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Desnudos , Neoplasias Experimentales , Microambiente TumoralRESUMEN
Gastric cancer (GC), known for high morbidity and mortality, is poorly prognosed with traditional chemotherapy and biological agents. Current studies have found that over-activation of AKT is a common molecular characteristic in GC. Although the development of this targeted inhibitor has entered clinical phases, limited success is reported because of its compensatory signaling pathways. Here, we found that GC cell lines with high phosphorylation of AKT show different sensitivity to AKT inhibitors (AKTis), but a reduction of p-GSK3ß related sensitivity of AKTis in GC cells. Besides, we revealed that Ceritinib exerted a strongly synergistic antitumor effect with AKT inhibitors both in vitro and in vivo. Obviously, Ceritinib improved the sensitivity of Capivasertib (AZD5363, AKTs) and Afuresertib (GSK2110183, AKTis) in gastric cancer cells, as illustrated by a significant reduction in the GC cell proliferation and enhanced apoptosis. The drug combination showed tumor regression in BALB/c (nu/nu) mouse MKN45 (Gastric cancer), tumor model. Also, the combination strategy indicated significantly low p-AKT levels due to AKTis compensation and reduced the levels of p-GSK3ß in both GC cell lines and GC patient-derived cells. These findings may provide a novel combination strategy for gastric cancer treatment.
Asunto(s)
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/farmacología , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/antagonistas & inhibidores , Pirazoles/farmacología , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Pirroles/farmacología , Neoplasias Gástricas/tratamiento farmacológico , Sulfonas/farmacología , Tiofenos/farmacología , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Femenino , Glucógeno Sintasa Quinasa 3 beta/metabolismo , Humanos , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Desnudos , Fosforilación , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Neoplasias Gástricas/enzimología , Neoplasias Gástricas/patología , Carga Tumoral/efectos de los fármacos , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
Rash is one of the primary dose-limiting toxicities of Akt (protein kinase B) inhibitors in clinical trials. Here, we demonstrate the inhibition of Akt2 isozyme may be a driver for keratinocyte apoptosis, which promotes us to search for new selective Akt inhibitors with an improved cutaneous safety property. According to our previous research, compound 2 is selected for further optimization for overcoming the disadvantages of compound 1, including high Akt2 inhibition and high toxicity against HaCaT keratinocytes. The dihedral angle-based design and molecular dynamics simulation lead to the identification of Hu7691 (B5) that achieves a 24-fold selectivity between Akt1 and Akt2. Hu7691 exhibits low activity in inducing HaCaT apoptosis, promising kinase selectivity, and excellent anticancer cell proliferation potencies. Based on the superior results of safety property, pharmacokinetic profile, and in vivo efficacy, the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) approved the investigational new drug (IND) application of Hu7691.
Asunto(s)
Benzamidas/uso terapéutico , Exantema/prevención & control , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/uso terapéutico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/antagonistas & inhibidores , Pirazoles/uso terapéutico , Animales , Benzamidas/química , Benzamidas/metabolismo , Benzamidas/toxicidad , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Perros , Femenino , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Queratinocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Desnudos , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Estructura Molecular , Neoplasias/complicaciones , Unión Proteica , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/toxicidad , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Pirazoles/química , Pirazoles/metabolismo , Pirazoles/toxicidad , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) has emerged as an intractable cancer with scanty therapeutic regimens. The aberrant activation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are reported to be common in CCA patients. However, the underpinning mechanism remains poorly understood. Deubiquitinase (DUB) is regarded as a main orchestrator in maintaining protein homeostasis. Here, we identified Josephin domain-containing protein 2 (JOSD2) as an essential DUB of YAP/TAZ that sustained the protein level through cleavage of polyubiquitin chains in a deubiquitinase activity-dependent manner. The depletion of JOSD2 promoted YAP/TAZ proteasomal degradation and significantly impeded CCA proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Further analysis has highlighted the positive correlation between JOSD2 and YAP abundance in CCA patient samples. Collectively, this study uncovers the regulatory effects of JOSD2 on YAP/TAZ protein stabilities and profiles its contribution in CCA malignant progression, which may provide a potential intervention target for YAP/TAZ-related CCA patients.