Prospects for the use of indicators of sialic acid metabolism in medicine (review of literature).

Sialic acids (SA) determine the degree of molecular hydrophilia, relieve binding together and their transportation, they increase mucin viscosity, stabilize the protein and membrane structure. Apart from that, SA are structural components of gangliosides participating in the formation of the outer layer of the plasma membrane. The degree of silyliation of glycoproteins and glycolipids is an important factor of molecular recognition in the cell, between the cells, between a cell and territorial matrix, as well as between a cell and some outer pathogenic factors. They can either mask the sites of recognition or be determinants of recognition. The most well-studied enzymes taking part in the SA metabolism and sialo-containing compounds are N-acetylneuraminate, cythydiltransferase, sialyltransferase, sialydase, aldolase SA and sialyl-O-acetylesterase. Numerous investigations have shown that aberrant sialylation is a specific feature of various changes and disorders of metabolism. Besides that, sialic acids are the first point of contact for different pathogenic microorganisms and the host's body due to their presence on the external surface of the cells and tissue of the mucous membrane. That is why the study of the above-mentioned various sialic acids fractions as well as of the activity of the enzymes participating in their metabolism in the blood plasma and tissues, and of the influence on the activity of these enzymes with the help of medicine can make an essential contribution to the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases.

Influence of exogenous and endogenous factors on the quality of the preanalytical stage of laboratory tests (review of literature).

A literature review in the article presents an analysis of the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors on quality of preanalytical phase of laboratory testing. The review shows significance of external and internal factors influencing blood samples at preanalytical phase of laboratory testing. Among the exogenous factors considered: phlebotomy, test tubes for samples, transportation and storage. A number of factors exist at this phase that significantly affect test results. We examined these aspects of phlebotomy process: staff training, disinfectant contamination, needle diameter, needle material contamination. The review considers possible contamination with tube components and the importance of choosing the right anticoagulants and excipients. Transportation and storage of biological samples can be a source of errors at the preanalytical phase of laboratory testing. We analyzed the problem of determining the stability of analytes during storage and aspects of transportation samples by modern means. Among the endogenous factors considered: hemolysis, lipemia, icterricity, cell metabolism.. Hemolysis is one of the most frequent consequences of errors at the preanalytical phase. We analyzed importance of choosing a method for identifying hemolized tubes and the heterogeneity of bias results on different analytical systems. The review shows contribution of various classes of lipoproteins to turbidity of sample, possible preanalytical errors and impact on analytical tests. We examined possible effects of high bilirubin concentrations on analyte measurements. In the review, we also examined metabolism of some cells and its effect on samples.

Activity, sleep and ambient light have a different impact on circadian blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature rhythms.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of endogenous and exogenous factors for the expression of the daily rhythms of body temperature (BT), blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). One hundred and seventy-three young adults (YA), 17-24 years old (y.o.), of both genders were studied under a modified constant-routine (CR) protocol for 26 h. Participants were assigned randomly to groups with different lighting regimens: CR-LD, n = 77, lights (>400 l×) on from 09:00 to 17:00 h and off (<10 l×) from 17:00 to 09:00 next morning; CR-LL, n = 81, lights on (>400 l×) during the whole experimental session; CR-DD, n = 15, constant dim light (<10 l×) during the whole experiment. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) BP, HR and BT were measured every 2 h. For comparison, the results of the former studies performed under conditions of regular life with an activity period from 07:00 to 23:00 h and sleep from 23:00 till 07:00 h (Control) were reanalyzed. Seven-day Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) records from 27 YA (16-38 y.o.) and BT self-measurement data from 70 YA (17-30 y.o.) taken on ≥ 3 successive days at 08:00, 11:00, 14:00, 17:00, 20:00, 23:00 and 03:00 were available. The obtained daily patterns were different between Control and CR-DD groups, due to effects of activity, sleep and light. The comparison of Control and CR-LD groups allowed the effects of sleep and activity to be estimated since the lighting conditions were similar. The activity level substantially elevated SBP, but not DBP. Sleep, on the other hand, lowered the nighttime DBP, but has no effect on SBP. HR was affected both by activity and sleep. In accordance with previous studies, these results confirm that the steep BP increase in the morning is not driven by the circadian clock, but rather by sympathoadrenal factors related to awakening and corresponding anticipatory mechanisms. The effect on BT was not significant. To investigate the impact of light during the former dark time and darkness during the former light time, the CR-LL and CR-DD groups were each compared with the CR-LD group. Light delayed the evening decrease of BT, most likely via a suppression of the melatonin rise. Besides, it had a prominent arousal effect on SBP both in the former light and dark phases, a moderate effect on DBP and no effect on HR. Darkness induced decline in BT. BP values were decreased during the former light time. No effects on HR were found. Altogether, the results of the present paper show that BT, BP and HR are affected by exogenous factors differently. Moreover, the effect was gender-specific. Especially, the response of BT and BP to ambient light was evident only in females. We suppose that the distinct, gender-specific responses of SBP, DBP and HR to activity, sleep and ambient light do reflect fundamental differences in the circadian control of various cardiovascular functions. Furthermore, the presented data are important for the elaboration of updated reference standards, the interpretation of rhythm disorders and for personalized chronotherapeutic approaches to prevent adverse cardiovascular events more effectively.

[Glycosylated hemoglobins in humans and various animal species]. / Glikozilirovannye gemoglobiny cheloveka i nekotorykh zhivotnykh.

The quantity of glycosylated hemoglobins and proteins from blood serum of rabbits, fishes, minks and guinea-pigs is investigated. The content of glycosylated hemoglobins in newborns and healthy adults is compared with that of animals. The colorimeter method of defining glycosylate proteins is used in the test. Three groups are isolated by the quantity of glycosylated proteins. These are the following: the first group with the low content--minks, rabbits, guinea-pigs, the second one with the mean content--healthy newborn and grown-ups and the third group with the high content--fishes. The obtained results evidence for possibility of protein glycosylation not only in human beings but also in animals and fishes.

[Glycation of proteins and methods of its assessment]. / Glikirovanie belkov i sposoby ego otsenki.

Glycation of purified preparations of amino acids, hemoglobin and albumin has been studied. The content of glycated blood proteins in children with different diseases (diabetes mellitus, thyroid gland function disturbances, obesity, neurodermititis) has been determined. Application of the protein glycation for diagnosis and prediction of diseases is proved to be expedient.

[Changes in the system of antioxidant blood defence in newborns with different pathology]. / Izmeneniia sistemy antioksidantnoi zashchity krovi novorozhdennykh detei s razlichnoi patologiei.

Blood antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ceruloplasmin) were investigated in gestational ages and diseases. Low activity of blood superoxide dismutase and catalase were observed in premature babies and in newborns after acute and chronic hypoxia. In hemolytic disease the activity of antioxidant enzymes of newborns was significantly higher than in healthy infants. This work demonstrates advantages of haemosorbtion compared to exchange blood transfusion. So the antioxidant activity in blood, decreased after blood transfusion, remained at a high level after haemosorbtion. Any deficiency of antioxidant enzymes in newborns may lead to toxyc oxygen effects. Antioxidants are potential therapeutic agents in the above mentioned conditions.

[Hemoglobin in lymphogranulomatosis in children]. / Gemoglobin pri limfogranulematoze u detei.

The peculiarities of hemoglobin content and properties in lymphogranulomatosis were studied in children by different methods. In most patients the content of fetal hemoglobin and methhemoglobin was found to increase and the rate of ferricyanide oxidation of hemoglobin also increases. Simultaneously, the rate of non-homogenicity of basic hemoglobin fractions was observed to increase on account of immunologically different components.

[Superoxide dismutase activity and methemoglobin content of human and animal erythrocytes]. / Aktivnost' superoksiddismutazy i soderzhanie metgemoglobina v éritrotsitakh cheloveka i zhivotnykh.

In healthy newborn babies, superoxide dismutase activity and MetHb content of the erythrocytes are higher than those in adult subjects. It was also demonstrated that low activity of superoxide dismutase in guinea pigs, albino mice and teleost fish Coregonus autumnalis (in autumn period) is paralleled by a higher level of MetHb. On the contrary, high enzymic activity in albino rats and C. autumnalis (spring period) accounts of a lower level of MetHb. Seasonal changes in the activity of superoxide dismutase were found in guinea pigs and fish.

[Increased efficacy of allogenic bone marrow transplantation]. / Povyshenie éffektivnosti transplantatsii allogennogo kostnogo mozga.

Experiments made in vivo and vitro have demonstrated that conservation of allogeneic hemopoietic tissue with glycerin brings about a decrease in transplatation, homologous activity of T lymphocytes. Allogeneic bone marrow conserved with glycerin compares very favourably with freshly prepared allogeneic bone marrow since the transplant-versus-host reaction is attenuated under the effect of glycerin. Moreover, it shows a higher proliferative activity. The glycerin-induced reduction of the inactivating effect of lymphocytes against non-syngeneic colony-forming units enables the conserved bone marrow to be transplanted from several donors.

[The use of endovascular laser therapy in the combined treatment of EPH gestosis]. / Primenenie éndovaskuliarnoi lazernoi terapii v kompleksnom lechenii OPG-gestoza.

Endovascular exposure to He-Ne laser in combination with routine therapy used in 61 pregnant women with OPH gestosis improved the results of treatment in comparison with the results in 30 women administered routine treatment alone. The efficacy of laser therapy is confirmed by its positive influence on induced lipid peroxidation, peroxide hemolysis, low- and medium-mass molecules, and by the data of routine clinical laboratory studies. Laser exposure stabilized the red cell membranes, this evidently improving the blood rheology and microcirculation in patients suffering from OPH gestosis.