Functional and Quality of Life Outcomes After TAVR in Patients With Low Gradient Aortic Stenosis.

Severe aortic stenosis is a common valvular heart disease associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is an effective treatment for this condition. Less data is available regarding functional and quality-of-life outcomes in patients with severe, low-gradient aortic stenosis following TAVR. This single-center, retrospective study compared changes in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class and Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) scores at 30 days and 1 year in patients with 3 variants of severe, low-gradient aortic stenosis following TAVR. Secondary outcomes included 1-year major adverse cardiovascular event. A total of 170 patients were included. All 3 low-gradient variants had significant improvement in NYHA class and KCCQ overall scores at 30 days and 1 year. There were no significant differences in KCCQ overall scores between the 3 groups and no significant differences in secondary outcomes. Patients with low-gradient aortic stenosis experienced significant improvements in functional and quality-of-life outcomes following TAVR.

Investigation of outcomes following transcatheter edge to edge repair of the mitral valve versus medical management alone in patients with cardiogenic shock and mitral regurgitation.

Study objective: Assessing if Transcatheter Edge to Edge Repair (TEER) with Mitraclip™ in patients with moderate to severe mitral regurgitation (MR) and cardiogenic shock (CS) improves outcomes compared to medical management alone. Design: A single-center, retrospective study was performed in an urban tertiary referral center. Setting: Rush University Medical Center, United States. Participants: Adult patients presenting with CS and moderate to severe MR between 2012 and 2021 were included. Interventions: Undergoing Mitral TEER with Mitraclip versus medical management alone. Main outcome measures: Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) defined as cardiovascular death, heart failure admission, stroke, and myocardial infarction assessed at 30 days, 6 months, and 1 year. The secondary outcome was a change in New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification at 30 days and 6 months. Results: There were 28 patients included in the medical management and 33 in the mitral valve TEER groups. There was a decreased MACE in the intervention group at 30 days (24.2 % vs. 46.4 %, p ≤0.001) and 6 months (27 % vs. 75 %, p = 0.002), though not at 1 year (29.4 % vs. 41.7 %, p = 0.42). At 30 days, more patients in the mitral valve TEER group improved to NYHA classes I/II compared to medical management alone (10 [35.7 %] vs. 16 [50 %], p = 0.043). There were no differences in NYHA classes I/II at 6 months (7 [43.7 %] vs. 13 [54.2 %], p = 0.63). Conclusion: Mitral valve TEER using the Mitraclip™ system improves mid-term cardiovascular compared to medical management alone in patients with CS but does not improve mortality.

Management of Patients With Patent Foramen Ovale and Stroke: A National Survey of Interventional Cardiologists and Vascular Neurologists.

Background Results from multiple clinical trials support patent foramen ovale closure after cryptogenic stroke in select patients, but it remains unclear how new data and updated professional society guidelines have impacted clinical practice. Here, we aimed to compare how stroke neurologists and interventional cardiologists approach patients with cryptogenic stroke with patent foramen ovale and how critical anatomic and clinical factors influence decision making. Methods and Results An electronic survey was administered to 1556 vascular neurologists and 1057 interventional cardiologists throughout the United States. The survey addressed factors such as patient age, preclosure workup, and postclosure antithrombotics. Clinical vignettes highlighted critical variables and used a 5-point Likert scale to assess the providers' level of support for closure. There were 491 survey responses received from 301 (of 1556) vascular neurologists and 190 (of 1057) interventional cardiologists, with an overall response rate of 19%. Vascular neurologists were more likely to recommend against closure on the basis of older age (P<0.001). Interventional cardiologists are more supportive of closure across a range of clinical vignettes, including a very carefully selected patient with cryptogenic stroke (P<0.001), a patient with a high-risk alternative stroke cause (P<0.001), and a range of cases highlighting clinical variables where data are lacking. The majority of interventionalists (88%) seek neurology consultation before pursuing patent foramen ovale closure. Conclusions lnterventional cardiologists are more likely than vascular neurologists to support patent foramen ovale closure across a range of situations. This emphasizes the importance of collaboration and shared decision making, but also reveals an opportunity for professional society educational outreach.

Clinicians' Approach to Patent Foramen Ovale Closure after Stroke: Comparing Cardiologists and Neurologists.

Background Evidence from randomized trials and updated professional society guidelines supports patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure after cryptogenic stroke in select patients. It is unclear how this has been integrated into real-world practice, so we aimed to compare practice patterns between cardiologists and neurologists. Methods and Results In March of 2021, a survey of cardiologists and neurologists who work or previously trained at the University of Pennsylvania Health System assessed practice preferences with respect to PFO closure after stroke. Clinical vignettes isolated specific variables of interest and used a 5-point Likert scale to assess the level of support for PFO closure. Stroke neurologists and interventional cardiologists were compared by Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests. Secondarily, Kruskal-Wallis tests compared stroke neurologists, general neurologists, interventional cardiologists, and general cardiologists. We received 106 responses from 182 survey recipients (31/31 stroke neurologists, 38/46 interventional cardiologists, 20/30 general neurologists, and 17/77 general cardiologists). A similar proportion of stroke neurologists and interventional cardiologists favored PFO closure in a young patient with cryptogenic stroke, 88% and 87%, respectively (P=0.54). Interventionalists were more likely than stroke neurologists to support closure in the context of an alternative high-risk stroke mechanism, 14% and 0%, respectively (P=0.003). Stroke neurologists were more likely to oppose closure on the basis of older age (P=0.01). Conclusions There are key differences between how neurologists and cardiologists approach PFO closure after stroke, particularly when interpreting the stroke etiology and when considering closure beyond the scope of prior trials; this underscores the importance of collaboration between cardiologists and neurologists.

Meta-Analysis of Provisional Versus Systematic Double-Stenting Strategy for Left Main Bifurcation Lesions.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to compare the clinical outcomes with provisional versus double-stenting strategy for left main (LM) bifurcation percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). BACKGROUND: Despite two recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and several observational reports, the optimal LM bifurcation PCI technique remains controversial. METHODS: PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled-Trials (CENTRAL), Clinicaltrials.gov, International Clinical Trial Registry Platform were leveraged for studies comparing PCI bifurcation techniques for LM coronary lesions using second-generation drug eluting stents (DES). The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Secondary outcomes of interest were all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), target vessel or lesion revascularization, and stent thrombosis. RESULTS: Two RCTs and 10 observational studies with 7105 patients were included. Median follow-up duration was 42 months (IQR: 25.7). Double stenting was associated with a trend towards higher incidence of MACE (odds ratio [OR] 1.20; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.94 to 1.53) compared with provisional stenting. This was mainly driven by higher rates of target lesion revascularization (TLR) (OR 1.50; 95 % CI 1.07 to 2.11). There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, MI, or stent thrombosis. On subgroup analysis according to the study type, provisional stenting was associated with lower MACE and TLR in observational studies, but not in RCTs. CONCLUSION: For LM bifurcation PCI using second-generation DES, a provisional stenting strategy was associated with a trend towards lower incidence of MACE driven by statistically significant lower rates of TLR, compared with systematic double stenting. These differences were primarily driven by observational studies. Further RCTs are warranted to confirm these findings.

Oral anticoagulants and relative risk of acute kidney injury in patients with atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Study objective: Oral anticoagulants (direct oral anticoagulants [DOACs] or warfarin) prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), but their use may be associated with acute kidney injury (AKI). We aimed to compare AKI risk across individual oral anticoagulants in patients with AF. Design: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. Setting: Randomized trials and population-based studies. Participants: Patients with AF. Interventions: Oral anticoagulants. Main outcome measures: AKI. Results: A systematic literature search in Medline and Embase databases performed on December 17, 2021 identified ten randomized trials and eight population-based longitudinal studies based on prespecified inclusion criteria for systematic review. Clinical trials had short follow-ups and reported only low event rates of serious AKI. Retrospective longitudinal studies were assessed to be at higher risk for bias from confounding and outcome ascertainment, but follow-up was longer (1.5 to 8 years), with AKI incidence ranging from 2 to 29/100 person-years. Eight longitudinal studies that met transitivity assumption were included in a random-effects network meta-analysis within a Bayesian framework. All DOACs were associated with significantly lower risk of AKI compared to warfarin. Dabigatran was associated with lower risk of AKI compared to apixaban (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.68-0.99), rivaroxaban (HR = 0.84; 95%CI: 0.72-0.98), and warfarin (HR = 0.68; 95%CI: 0.59-0.77). Effect size estimates varied by chronic kidney disease status and study geographic locations. Conclusion: Apixaban, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran were associated with lower long-term risk of AKI compared to warfarin among patients with AF, with dabigatran potentially associated with the lowest risk.

Variability in utilization of diagnostic imaging tests in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease.

AIM: Imaging can help guide management in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) with symptoms refractory to medical treatment. However, there are no set guidelines to determine when physicians should seek further imaging in patients with PAD for the assessment of new, persistent or worsening symptoms. This study describes the rates and variability in non-invasive and invasive imaging for patients presenting to vascular specialty clinics for symptomatic PAD. METHODS: Patients (n=1,275) with a new PAD diagnosis or exacerbation of PAD symptoms were enrolled from 16 vascular clinics. Hierarchical logistic regression models were used to estimate the referral rates for 1) non-invasive and 2) invasive imaging tests, after adjusting for patient demographics, disease characteristics, PAQ summary score, PAD performance measures and country. Median Odds Ratios (MOR) were calculated to examine the variability across sites and providers. RESULTS: Mean ABI was 0.67 ± 0.19. There were 690 (54.1%) patients who had imaging, of which 62 (9.0%) had invasive imaging. Imaging rates ranged from 8.6% to 98.6% across sites. The MOR for use of imaging for site was 3.36 (p < 0.001) and provider 3.49 (p < 0.001). The variability was explained primarily by (R2 = 29%) country followed by patient-level factors, provider and lastly site (R2 = 17%, 14%, and 13%, respectively). CONCLUSION: There is wide variation in the use of imaging for patients presenting with new onset or recent exacerbations of their PAD. Country, followed by provider and site, were most strongly associated with this variability after adjusting for patient characteristics.

Transverse Pericardial Sinus Hematoma From Type A Aortic Dissection: A Diagnostic Challenge.

Ascending (type A) aortic dissection can rarely result in contained transverse pericardial sinus hematoma that compresses adjacent structures making diagnosis more challenging. We present a rare case of a 77-year-old man who presented with sudden-onset chest pain and was admitted for a presumed acute coronary syndrome. Coronary angiography did not show significant stenosis and ruled out acute coronary syndrome. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed extracardiac structure compressing on the left atrium; hence, we performed transesophageal echocardiogram which confirmed aortic dissection and revealed a hematoma in the transverse pericardial sinus. Intraoperatively, a large hematoma in the transverse pericardial sinus was extracted and revealed a posterior perforation of the ascending aorta that extended into the left atrium.

Separating Acute Rheumatic Fever from Nonrheumatic Streptococcal Myocarditis.

INTRODUCTION: Streptococcal pharyngitis has been historically complicated with systemic involvement manifesting as acute rheumatic fever, which is a serious condition that can lead to permanent damage to heart valves. A recent association between streptococcal pharyngitis and nonrheumatic heart disease is emerging in literature. We present a case of nonrheumatic streptococcal myocarditis diagnosed using cardiac MRI. CASE PRESENTATION: A 25-year-old male, presented with complaints of sore throat, nonproductive cough, fever, pleuritic chest pain, and progressive dyspnea for four days. The patient had elevated troponins at presentation of 0.47 (ng/L) that peaked at 4.0 (ng/L). ECG showed sinus rhythm and ST elevations in leads V2, V3, V4, and V5. NT-Pro-BNP was 1740. Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) showed reduced ejection fraction (EF) of 37% and global hypokinesis. The rapid strep test was positive for group A streptococcus and C-reactive protein was elevated at 161. Cardiac MRI demonstrated an EF of 53% and edema in the anterior wall without delayed gadolinium enhancement. Cardiac catheterization showed normal coronaries. DISCUSSION: According to modified Jones criteria, the patient did not meet the full major or minor criteria to be diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever. The course of the nonrheumatic myocarditis is favorable and includes a full recovery of cardiac function, no involvement of cardiac valves, or long-term use of antibiotics. CONCLUSION: It is crucial to make a separate distinction between acute rheumatic fever and nonrheumatic myocarditis because this will have huge implications on management and long-term use of antibiotics. Cardiac imaging modalities can aid in distinction between the two disease entities.

Not the Typical Pneumonia: An Unusual Case of Rasburicase-induced Methomoglobinemia.

We present a rare case of rasburicase-induced methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia in the setting of presumed glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. A 78-year-old male with a known history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia presented to the clinic with fever of unknown origin. Laboratory results were significant for hyperuricemia. He was empirically started on levofloxacin and rasburicase. He then presented to the emergency department with shortness of breath and syncope. Physical examination was remarkable for a fever of 102.8 °F, conjunctival pallor, and scleral icterus. An infiltrate was observed on his computed tomography (CT) angiogram of the chest. Arterial blood gas on 50% fraction of inspired oxygen was significant for an arterial oxygen level of 222 millimeters mercury and oxyhemoglobin of 85.9%. Co-oximetry was then obtained and methemoglobin level was 13.4%. Laboratory results were noteworthy for a drop-in hemoglobin, indirect hyperbilirubinemia, low haptoglobin and elevated lactate dehydrogenase; depicting hemolytic anemia. The patient received two units of packed red blood cells, intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics and he clinically improved.

Sulfhaemoglobinaemia caused by ferrous sulfate.

A 78-year-old man was referred from his primary care clinic to the emergency department due to bluish discolouration of his lips and decreased oxygen saturation on pulse oximetry. The patient was asymptomatic. Physical exam was normal except for lip cyanosis. A CT pulmonary angiogram was negative for pulmonary embolism. Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis with co-oximetry showed low oxyhaemoglobin, normal partial pressure of oxygen and methaemoglobinaemia, but an unexplained 'gap' in total haemoglobin saturation. This gap was felt to be due to sulfhaemoglobinaemia. After a thorough review of his medications, ferrous sulfate was stopped which resulted in resolution in patient's cyanosis and normalisation of his ABG after 7 weeks.