Management of obstructive urethroliths, urethral pseudodiverticulum, and stricture by diverticulectomy, urethroplasty, and urethral stenting placement in a male goat.

A 5-year-old wether was presented for an acute onset of loss of appetite and inability to urinate. Urethral urolithiasis causing urethral obstruction was diagnosed and a cystostomy catheter was placed. The wether continued to be unable to urinate through the urethra and further developed a perineal pseudodiverticulum. Diverticulectomy followed by a urethroplasty using porcine small intestinal submucosa was performed to relieve the obstruction. The wether developed a urethral stricture following urethroplasty and the owners refused a perineal urethroplasty. Cystourethrography, fluoroscopic-guided balloon dilations, and urethral stent placement were done to establish urethral patency. The wether developed tissue ingrowth through the stent, resulting in recurrent obstruction that necessitated placement of covered urethral stents. Key clinical message: Although obstructive uroliths usually carry a guarded prognosis in small ruminants, the use of novel interventional radiology techniques along with urethroplasty using a xenograft allowed a wether to achieve urethral patency and normal urinations.

Prise en charge d'un bouc présentant des urétrolithes osbtructifs, un pseudodiverticule urétral et une stricture par diverticulectomie, urétroplastie et placement d'un stent urétral. Un bouc castré de 5 ans a été présenté pour une perte aigüe d'appétit et une incapacité à uriner. Un calcul urétral provoquant une obstruction urinaire a été diagnostiquée et une sonde de cystotomie placée. Le bouc a continué d'être incapable d'uriner pas son urètre et a développé un pseudodiverticule périnéal. Une diverticulectomie suivie d'une urétroplastie utilisant de la sous-muqueuse d'intestin grêle de porc a été réalisée pour soulager l'obstruction. Le bouc a développé une stricture urétrale à la suite de l'urétroplastie et les propriétaires ont refusé une urétroplastie périnéale. Une cystourétrographie, des dilatations par ballonnets guidées par fluoroscopie ainsi que le placement d'un stent urétral ont été réalisés afin de résoudre l'obstruction urétrale. Le bouc a développé une réaction tissulaire envahissant la lumière du stent, entrainant ainsi une nouvelle obstruction et nécessitant la mise en place de stents urétraux couverts.Message clinique clé :Bien que les urolithes obstructifs aient généralement un pronostic réservé chez les petits ruminants, l'utilisation de nouvelles procédures provenant de la médecine interventionnelle associées à une urétroplastie utilisant une xénogreffe a permis d'obtenir une perméabilité de son urètre et des mictions normales chez ce bouc.(Traduit par les auteurs).

Surgical treatment of a paraphimosis in a castrated alpaca secondary to a preputial avulsion.

A 4-year-old recently castrated male alpaca was referred for preputial prolapse of 4 d duration. Clinical findings upon admission were a 5 cm edematous preputial prolapse with the exposed preputial epithelium ulcerated and slightly necrotic. Initial therapy included NSAIDs and local treatment. A severe local inflammatory reaction with a consequent paraphimosis occurred on the penis and prepuce presumptively secondary to the use of a common compound ointment (i.e., tetracycline, scarlet oil, and lanolin) 24 h after its application. Medical treatment and local debridement were unsuccessful in reducing the paraphimosis. The prolapse was successfully reduced by traction of the penis through a para-preputial incision under general anesthesia. The alpaca was discharged after 22 d in hospital. The alpaca is still in the herd 24 mo after discharge with no prolapse recurrence.

Traitement chirurgical d'un paraphimosis chez un alpaga castré secondaire à une avulsion p réputiale. Un alpaga mâle de 4 ans récemment castré a été référé pour un prolapsus préputial d'une durée de 4 jours. Les signes cliniques à l'admission étaient un prolapsus préputial oedémateux de 5 cm avec l'épithélium préputial exposé ulcéré et légèrement nécrotique. Le traitement initial comprenait des AINS et un traitement local. Une réaction inflammatoire locale sévère avec un paraphimosis conséquent s'est produite sur le pénis et le prépuce, vraisemblablement secondaire à l'utilisation d'une pommade composée conventionnelle (i.e. tétracycline, huile scarlet et lanoline) 24 heures après son application. Le traitement médical et le débridement local n'ont pas réussi à réduire le paraphimosis. Le prolapsus a été réduit avec succès par traction du pénis à travers une incision parapréputiale sous anesthésie générale. L'alpaga est sorti après 22 jours d'hospitalisation. L'alpaga est toujours dans le troupeau 24 mois après sa sortie sans récidive de prolapsus.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Abrupt global-ocean anoxia during the Late Ordovician-early Silurian detected using uranium isotopes of marine carbonates.

Widespread marine anoxia is hypothesized as the trigger for the second pulse of the Late Ordovician (Hirnantian) mass extinction based on lithologic and geochemical proxies that record local bottom waters or porewaters. We test the anoxia hypothesis using δ238U values of marine limestones as a global seawater redox proxy. The δ238U trends at Anticosti Island, Canada, document an abrupt late Hirnantian ∼0.3‰ negative shift continuing through the early Silurian indicating more reducing seawater conditions. The lack of observed anoxic facies and no covariance among δ238U values and other local redox proxies suggests that the δ238U trends represent a global-ocean redox record. The Hirnantian ocean anoxic event (HOAE) onset is coincident with the extinction pulse indicating its importance in triggering it. Anoxia initiated during high sea levels before peak Hirnantian glaciation, and continued into the subsequent lowstand and early Silurian deglacial eustatic rise, implying that major climatic and eustatic changes had little effect on global-ocean redox conditions. The HOAE occurred during a global δ13C positive excursion, but lasted longer indicating that controls on the C budget were partially decoupled from global-ocean redox trends. U cycle modeling suggests that there was a ∼15% increase in anoxic seafloor area and ∼80% of seawater U was sequestered into anoxic sediments during the HOAE. Unlike other ocean anoxic events (OAE), the HOAE occurred during peak and waning icehouse conditions rather than during greenhouse climates. We interpret that anoxia was driven by global cooling, which reorganized thermohaline circulation, decreased deep-ocean ventilation, enhanced nutrient fluxes, stimulated productivity, which lead to expanded oxygen minimum zones.

Biomechanical evaluation of bovine stifles stabilized with an innovative braided superelastic nitinol prosthesis after transection of the cranial cruciate ligament.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the stability bovine stifles stabilized with nylon or nitinol superelastic prostheses after transection of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL). STUDY DESIGN: Ex vivo study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Stifles (n = 15) harvested from adult bovine cadavers. METHODS: The stifles were randomly assigned pairwise to a ligament reconstruction technique (n = 5): (1) and (2) Hamilton's technique using a prosthesis made of 24 nitinol strands (0.39 mm) braided at 40°or single 600-lb test nylon implant, and (3) nitinol prosthesis placed in femoral and tibial bone tunnels (bone-to-bone). Craniocaudal tibial translation at ±2000 N was applied to the tibia, and mediolateral angular displacement via measured under torsional tibial loading at ±60 Nm on three occasions: intact CCL, transected, and stabilized. Outcomes were evaluated with a mixed effect linear model for repeated measures. RESULTS: Bone-to-bone using nitinol was the only repair that decreased tibial translation after CCL transection (p = .001) with a 23% change magnitude compared with intact CCL. Hamilton was the only stabilization reestablishing angular displacement, similar to intact CCL (p = .109 and .134 for nitinol and nylon). Bone-to-bone nitinol stabilization decreased angular displacement after CCL-transection with an 8% change magnitude (p = .040) without returning to normal values. CONCLUSION: CCL replacement with nylon did restore joint stability. Nitinol prostheses passed through single femoral and tibial bone tunnels (bone-to-bone) were the only techniques reducing tibial translation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE/IMPACT: Bone-to-bone stabilization with a nitinol prosthesis may be considered as an alternative to nylon for CCL replacement in cattle. These results provide evidence to justify clinical evaluation in cattle undergoing CCL replacement.

Prevalence of foot lesions in Québec dairy herds from 2015 to 2018.

Our first objective was to estimate the prevalence of foot lesions by type of milking system in dairy cows examined during regular hoof-trimming sessions between 2015 and 2018 in Québec dairy herds. A secondary objective was to describe the effect of day-to-day variation, cow, and herd characteristics on the prevalence of foot lesions. Data included 52,427 observations (on a cow during a specific trimming session) performed on 28,470 cows (≥2 yr old) from 355 herds. Only observations from trimming sessions in which ≥90% of the lactating herd was trimmed were considered. Lesions were recorded at the hoof level by 17 trained hoof trimmers between March 23, 2015, and July 10, 2018, using a computerized recording system. Hoof-level information was then matched with cow information and centralized at the Eastern Canada Dairy Herd Improvement. Foot lesions were classified into 6 categories: infectious, white line disease, heel erosion, ulcers, hemorrhages, and any type of foot lesions. Prevalence of each outcome was quantified using the marginal predicted mean probability estimated from a null generalized linear mixed model with a logit link, and accounted for clustering of observations by cow and by herd. Variance was partitioned to assess the variation in the probability of the outcomes attributable to each level of the data structure (day of exam, cow, and herd). Prevalence of a given foot lesion as function of milking system and of various explanatory variables (mean herd size, herd average daily production, breed of the cow, age of the cow at trimming, and year of the visit) was then estimated using a generalized linear mixed model. At least 1 foot lesion was observed in 29% of cows examined during regular trimming sessions in Québec from 2015 to 2018. Prevalence for any type of lesion was 27% for pipeline, 38% for robotic milking, and 41% for milking parlors. The highest prevalence of infectious lesions (mainly digital dermatitis) was observed in milking parlors and robotic systems, while the most prevalent lesions in pipeline were hemorrhages. Herd-level factors explained most of the disease probability for infectious diseases, heel erosion, and hemorrhages. Therefore, control of these diseases should be based on applying best herd-management practices. On the other hand, probabilities of white line disease and sole ulcers were mainly determined by cow-level characteristics.

Bayesian assessment of diagnostic accuracy of a commercial borescope and of trimming chute exams for diagnosing digital dermatitis in dairy cows.

Digital dermatitis (DD) is a worldwide infectious disease of cattle that causes lameness, discomfort, and economic losses. The reference standard test to diagnose DD is visual observation in a trimming chute, which cannot be practically performed daily on dairy farms. Moreover, some lesion misclassification may occur using this standard diagnostic method. The possibility of misclassification makes the use of a trimming chute debatable as a perfect reference standard test. The objective of this study was, therefore, to assess the diagnostic accuracy of a commercial borescope and trimming chute exam. The accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) of the tests and DD prevalence were investigated using Bayesian latent class analyses. Our hypothesis was that a commercial borescope can be routinely used to diagnose DD in a milking parlor without previous feet cleaning. A cross-sectional study was performed in a freestall facility. The lesions were scored (M0, M1, M2, M3, M4, M4.1) in the milking parlor with a borescope, followed by an examination in the trimming chute 48 to 72 h after the borescope exam. A total of 870 hind feet were scored during 2 sessions of trimming chute exams and borescope exams in the milking parlor. The data were analyzed in 2 ways. First, data were dichotomized into DD lesions (M1, M2, M3, M4, M4.1) and absence of DD lesions (M0). Second, data were dichotomized into active DD lesions (M1, M2, M4.1) and inactive lesions (M0, M3, M4). A Bayesian latent class model allowing for conditional dependence between tests was used to estimate tests' accuracy, likelihood ratio, and DD prevalence. When the data were dichotomized into DD lesions (M1-M4.1) versus absence of DD (M0) lesions, the sensitivity and specificity of the borescope was 55% [95% credible interval (CrI) 40-71%] and 81% (95% CrI 75-88%). The sensitivity of trimming chute exams was 79% (95% CrI 68-88%), and specificity was 80% (95% CrI 71-89%). When the data were dichotomized into active lesions (M1, M2, M4.1) versus inactive lesions or absence of lesions (M3, M4, M0), the sensitivity and specificity of the borescope were, respectively, 32% (95% CrI 13-58%) and 91% (95% CrI 88-95%). The sensitivity and specificity of trimming chute exams were 91% (95% CrI 81-97%) and 81% (95% CrI 75-89%), respectively. In conclusion, it is possible to use the borescope in the milking parlor without cleaning the feet to monitor prevalence of DD lesions. However, an isolated borescope examination, especially for diagnosing active DD lesions, has low sensitivity for use as a surveillance method. For such use, the sensitivity could be improved by repeating the borescope exam on a regular basis.

How do landscape context and fences influence roadkill locations of small and medium-sized mammals?

Road mortality is the most easily visible effect of roads and traffic on wildlife populations. Mitigation measures such as fences and wildlife passages have been applied to reduce these effects. During the widening of Quebec's Highway 175 from two to four lanes between 2006 and 2012, 33 wildlife passages designed specifically for small and medium-sized mammals were installed under the road in combination with short fences. This study examined the effectiveness of the fences at reducing the number of small and medium-sized mammals killed along a 68 km section of the road while controlling for the potential confounding effects of landscape variables. Repeated daily mortality surveys were conducted by car during the summers of 2012-2015 to measure roadkill occurrence and detection probability. A total of 893 dead animals from 13 taxa were detected. Roadkill occurrence was significantly greater at fence ends than in fenced sections and unfenced sections (fence-end effect), indicating that the fences were not long enough to discourage animals from moving along the fence to the fence ends. Greater length would be required to meet the target of reduced road mortality. Shrubby vegetation in the median strip separating the two directions of the highway was associated with high roadkill occurrence for medium-sized species. Roadkill detection probability for all species combined was 0.72, ranging from 0.17 for small mammals (<1 kg) to 0.82 for medium-sized mammals (>1 kg). To reduce road mortality, when wildlife passages are constructed along with new highways or retrofitted to old highways, fences either should be continuous or sufficiently long to encourage passage use rather than movement around the fence ends. Future road mortality studies should be combined with data about wildlife abundance and detection probability to more accurately estimate the effects at the population level.

Cheek teeth apical infection in cattle: Diagnosis, surgical extraction, and prognosis.

OBJECTIVE: To report the clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome of cattle undergoing surgical extraction of apically infected cheek teeth (CT). STUDY DESIGN: Short case series. ANIMALS: Nine adult cattle. METHODS: Medical records were searched for cattle having a diagnosis of apical infection of CT that were treated with surgical extraction between 2005 and 2017. Data retrieved included clinical examination, ancillary tests, surgical procedure, and outcomes. RESULTS: The main presenting complaints were mandibular swelling and decreased appetite and milk production. In total, 7 mandibular and 3 maxillary CT were extracted, 7 molars and 3 premolars that were distributed more frequently on the left dental arcades (n = 7 CT). Two cattle had no visible external lesions. Radiograph images revealed that lucency surrounded all affected tooth roots. Mandibular teeth were removed by lateral buccotomy with removal of alveolar bone plate or retrograde repulsion, and maxillary teeth were removed by repulsion through a maxillary sinus flap. Most common bacterial isolates consisted of anaerobic bacteria (6/11 isolates) and Truperella pyogenes (3/11 isolates). The most common complications included inability to remove the tooth intact (n = 4 cattle) and surgical site infection (n = 5). All cattle remained in their herd after treatment. CONCLUSION: Surgical extraction of CT was achieved in all 9 cattle. The postoperative morbidity was high but without long-term consequences on animal productivity. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Surgical extraction of CT is a successful treatment for apical infection in cattle.

Duodenoduodenostomy for obstruction of the sigmoid flexure of the duodenum in cattle.

OBJECTIVE: To describe clinical findings, surgical treatment, and outcome associated with duodenoduodenostomy for treatment of duodenal obstruction secondary to adhesions associated with the sigmoid flexure of the duodenum. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study (1996-2016). ANIMALS: Fourteen Holstein cattle. METHODS: Medical records of cows treated at 3 academic surgical referral centers with duodenoduodenostomy for duodenal obstruction secondary to adhesions associated with the sigmoid flexure of the duodenum were reviewed. Data that were collected included signalment, physical examination results, laboratory results, diagnostic findings, treatments, and survival to discharge. Owners were contacted for follow-up information. RESULTS: Affected cattle ranged in age from 4 months to 5 years. Electrolyte abnormalities, including severe hypochloremia, were present in all cases. Abnormalities included cranial duodenal distension without concurrent distension of the descending duodenum and palpable focal adhesions in the region of the sigmoid flexure of the duodenum. Duodenoduodenostomy involved a stapled (n = 11) or sutured (n = 3) side-to-side anastomosis between the cranial duodenum and descending duodenum. Thirteen of 14 cattle that were treated with duodenoduodenostomy survived to hospital discharge. Long-term follow-up was available in 8 cows, and 7 of those 8 survived for at least 1 year. CONCLUSION: Short- and long-term survival were favorable after duodenoduodenostomy in cattle with adhesions associated with the sigmoid flexure of the duodenum. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Duodenoduodenostomy results in acceptable survival and future productivity in cows with obstruction at the sigmoid flexure of the duodenum.

Arthroscopic approach and intra-articular anatomy of the dorsal and plantar synovial compartments of the bovine tarsocrural joint.

OBJECTIVE: To determine arthroscopic approaches to the dorsal and plantar synovial compartments of the tarsocrural joint in adult cattle, and to describe the arthroscopic intra-articular anatomy from each approach. STUDY DESIGN: Ex vivo study. ANIMALS: Fresh adult bovine cadavers (n = 7). METHODS: Two tarsocrural joint were injected with latex to determine arthroscopic portal locations and arthroscopy of the tarsocrural joint of 12 tarsi was performed. The dorsolateral approach was made through the large pouch located between the long digital extensor and peroneus longus tendons. The dorsomedial approach was made just medial to the common synovial sheath of the tibialis cranialis, peroneus tertius, and long digital extensor tendons. The plantarolateral and plantaromedial approaches were made lateral and medial to the tarsal tendon sheath, respectively. RESULTS: Each approach allowed visualization of the distal tibia articulating with the proximal trochlea of the talus. Consistently observed structures included the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia, and the medial and lateral trochlear ridges and trochlear groove of the talus. Lateral and medial malleoli were best assessed from dorsal approaches. From the lateral approaches evaluation of the abaxial surface of the lateral trochlear ridge allowed visualization of the fibulocalcaneal joint. From the plantar approaches additional observed structures included the coracoid process of the calcaneus, plantar trochlea of the talus, and plantar talotibial and talofibular ligaments. CONCLUSION: In cattle, the dorsolateral and plantarolateral approaches allowed for the best evaluation of the dorsal and plantar aspects of the tarsocrural joint, respectively.

Can Monitoring Fetal Intestinal Inflammation Using Heart Rate Variability Analysis Signal Incipient Necrotizing Enterocolitis of the Neonate?

OBJECTIVE: Necrotizing enterocolitis of the neonate is an acute inflammatory intestinal disease that can cause necrosis and sepsis. Chorioamnionitis is a risk factor of necrotizing enterocolitis. The gut represents the biggest vagus-innervated organ. Vagal activity can be measured via fetal heart rate variability. We hypothesized that fetal heart rate variability can detect fetuses with incipient gut inflammation. DESIGN: Prospective animal study. SETTING: University research laboratory. SUBJECTS: Chronically instrumented near-term fetal sheep (n = 21). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Animals were surgically instrumented with vascular catheters and electrocardiogram to allow manipulation and recording from nonanesthetized animals. In 14 fetal sheep, inflammation was induced with lipopolysaccharide (IV) to mimic chorioamnionitis. Fetal arterial blood samples were drawn at selected time points over 54 hours post lipopolysaccharide for blood gas and cytokines (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α enzymelinked immunosorbent assay). Fetal heart rateV was quantified throughout the experiment. The time-matched fetal heart rate variability measures were correlated to the levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Upon necropsy, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1+ (Iba1+), CD11c+ (M1), CD206+ (M2 macrophages), and occludin (leakiness marker) immunofluorescence in the terminal ileum was quantified along with regional Iba1+ signal in the brain (microglia). Interleukin-6 peaked at 3 hours post lipopolysaccharide accompanied by mild cardiovascular signs of sepsis. At 54 hours, we identified an increase in Iba1+ and, specifically, M1 macrophages in the ileum accompanied by increased leakiness, with no change in Iba1 signal in the brain. Preceding this change on tissue level, at 24 hours, a subset of nine fetal heart rate variability measures correlated exclusively to the Iba+ markers of ileal, but not brain, inflammation. An additional fetal heart rate variability measure, mean of the differences of R-R intervals, correlated uniquely to M1 ileum macrophages increasing due to lipopolysaccharide. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a unique subset of fetal heart rate variability measures reflecting 1.5 days ahead of time the levels of macrophage activation and increased leakiness in terminal ileum. We propose that such subset of fetal heart rate variability measures reflects brain-gut communication via the vagus nerve. Detecting such noninvasively obtainable organ-specific fetal heart rate variability signature of inflammation would alarm neonatologists about neonates at risk of developing necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis. Clinical validation studies are required.

Dorsal Arthroscopic Approach and Intra-Articular Anatomy of the Bovine Antebrachiocarpal and Middle Carpal Joints.

OBJECTIVE: To determine arthroscopic approaches to the dorsal synovial compartments of the antebrachiocarpal and middle carpal joints in adult cattle, and to describe the arthroscopic intra-articular anatomy from each approach. STUDY DESIGN: Ex vivo study. ANIMALS: Six fresh adult bovine cadavers. METHODS: Two carpi were injected with latex and dissected to determine the ideal location for arthroscopic portals. Arthroscopy of the antebrachiocarpal and middle carpal joints of 10 carpi was then performed. The dorsolateral approach was made between the extensor carpi radialis and common digital extensor tendons. The dorsomedial approach was made medial to the extensor carpi radialis tendon, midway between the distal radius and proximal row of carpal bones (antebrachiocarpal joint) and midway between the two rows of carpal bones (middle carpal joint), with the joint in flexion. RESULTS: Arthroscopy of the antebrachiocarpal joint allowed visualization of the distal radius, proximal aspect of the radial, intermediate and ulnar carpal bones, and a palmar ligament located between the radius and the intermediate carpal bone. The approach to the middle carpal joint allowed visualization of the distal aspect of the radial, intermediate, and ulnar carpal bones, the proximal aspect of the fourth and fused second and third carpal bones and an interosseous ligament. The most lateral articular structures (lateral glenoid cavity of the distal radius, ulnar carpal and fourth carpal bones) were difficult to assess. CONCLUSION: Dorsal approaches to the antebrachiocarpal and middle carpal joints allowed visualization of most intra-articular dorsal structures in adult cattle.

Surgical Correction of Traumatic Lateral Patellar Luxation.

OBJECTIVE: To report successful surgical repair of a grade IV lateral patellar luxation in a 437-kg heifer. STUDY DESIGN: Case report. ANIMAL: Seventeen-month-old Holstein heifer (437 kg). METHODS: Diagnosis of traumatic lateral patellar luxation was made based on physical examination, and confirmed on radiographs. Arthroscopic examination of the stifle assessed joint changes. Lateral patellar luxation was surgically repaired using lateral release of the patella and medial imbrication of the joint capsule. RESULTS: The heifer presented nonweight-bearing lameness of the left hind limb (5/5 lameness score). Unilateral grade IV lateral patellar luxation was diagnosed based on physical examination and radiography. Arthroscopic examination of the stifle showed synovitis and cartilage eburnation of the medial articular surface of the patella and of the lateral trochlear ridge of the femur. Lateral release of the patella and medial imbrication of the joint capsule was performed. The heifer remained lame (4.5/5 lameness score) and developed severe disuse muscle atrophy after surgery. By day 112, the heifer was walking easily and was completely weight bearing on the left hindlimb but did have a gait alteration (2/5 lameness score). On day 229, the heifer calved for the first time and lameness was no longer evident. CONCLUSION: This report documents successful surgical treatment of traumatic lateral patellar luxation in a large heifer but additional case evaluation is required to provide an accurate prognosis for this condition and treatment in large cattle.

Outcome Following Partial Unilateral Hysterectomy by Standing Flank Approach in Dairy Cattle.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical findings, surgical treatment, and long-term outcome of dairy cattle undergoing partial hysterectomy with or without unilateral ovariectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: Dairy cattle (n = 7). METHODS: Medical records (June 2007-June 2014) of dairy cattle that had partial hysterectomy with or without ipsilateral ovariectomy were reviewed. Follow-up data were obtained by telephone interviews with owners and referring veterinarians between 6 months and 7 years following discharge. RESULTS: Seven dairy cattle met the inclusion criteria. Diagnoses made intra- or postoperatively were ovarian abscess with multiorgan adhesions (4 cows), segmental aplasia of the uterus (2 cows), and uterine lymphosarcoma (1 cow). Partial hysterectomy with or without unilateral ovariectomy was performed without surgical complications by standing flank approach. All cows were successfully discharged from the hospital (short-term prognosis). Five cows became pregnant, and 4 delivered live calves and had a satisfactory productive life without long-term complications. CONCLUSION: Partial hysterectomy by standing flank approach should be considered as a viable treatment option for unilateral ovarian or uterine problems in dairy cattle. Cattle undergoing partial hysterectomy with or without ipsilateral ovariectomy are capable of satisfactory reproduction and milk production after surgery with no short- or long-term complications.

Surgical Management of Omphalophlebitis and Long Term Outcome in Calves: 39 Cases (2008-2013).

OBJECTIVE: To describe and evaluate the surgical management of omphalophlebitis and to report the short and long term outcomes in calves. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: Calves (n = 39). METHODS: Medical records (2008-2013) of calves diagnosed with omphalophlebitis and that underwent surgical correction were reviewed. Short term (hospital discharge) and long term (≥6 months after surgery) survival rates were obtained. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the population and a Fisher's exact test was used to evaluate the relationship between clinical signs, surgical management, and outcome. RESULTS: Thirty-nine calves (median age 30 days) were included in the study. Eleven calves had septic arthritis associated with omphalophlebitis and 18 had evidence of liver abscesses on ultrasound. Complete surgical en bloc resection was achieved in 18 calves and umbilical vein marsupialization was performed on the other 21 calves. Thirty-five calves were discharged from the hospital and long term followup was obtained for 30 of them. Twenty-nine animals were performing according to the owner's expectation at least 6 months after surgery (14 for marsupialization and 15 for en bloc resection). A better prognosis was detected when en bloc resection was performed (100% survival); however, when marsupialization was performed, the prognosis was good (74%; P = .05). Septic arthritis had a significant negative effect on overall survival (P < .001). CONCLUSION: The overall survival is good with both surgical options, and even calves with liver involvement and septic arthritis associated can be successfully treated with a combination of long term antibiotics and umbilical vein marsupialization.

IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-TRAUMATIC ABOMASITIS CAUSED BY FOREIGN BODIES IN A COW.

A 2-year-old Holstein cow presented with a history of colic signs of 3 days' duration that had not responded to routine medical therapy. Physical examination findings were consistent with tachycardia and colic. Ultrasonographic examination of the abomasum revealed a thin hyperechoic line producing a cone shadow. Radiography of the cranial abdomen revealed two radiopaque objects within the abomasum. Right paracostal laparotomy and abomasotomy permitted palpation and manual removal of two metallic foreign bodies and a small quantity of gravel. The animal recovered well after surgery and no signs of colic were observed. Her appetite and rumination were also improved.

Long-term mechanical milking status of lacerated teat repaired surgically in cattle: 67 cases (2003-2013).

This study evaluated the long-term prognosis of return to normal mechanical milking after reconstructive teat surgery and determined the factors that have an impact on the outcome. A retrospective study of 67 dairy cows with teat lacerations was performed. Milking status at discharge and at long-term follow-up was adequate for 83% and 75% of the cows, respectively. No statistically significant differences were detected between the long-term prognosis and the age of the cow, the stage of lactation at presentation, or the configuration of the laceration. Lacerations repaired more than 24 hours after the trauma were more frequently associated with a negative outcome (P = 0.05). Mastitis was the most frequent complication (n = 17) and had a statistically significant negative impact on long-term prognosis (P = 0.02). Reconstructive surgery of lacerated teat in dairy cows can help establish return to normal mechanical milking.

Évaluation du pronostic à long terme en regard de la traite mécanique des trayons lacérés réparés chirurgicalement chez la vache : 67 cas (2003­2013). Les objectifs de cette étude sont d'évaluer le pronostic à long terme, en regard de la traite mécanique, suivant la reconstruction d'un trayon lacéré et de déterminer les critères associés à un pronostic négatif. Une étude rétrospective sur 67 vaches laitières a été réalisée. La traite mécanique était adéquate pour 83 et 75 % des vaches à leur sortie de l'hôpital et lors du suivi à long terme. Pas de différences statistiques ont été trouvées entre le pronostic à long terme et l'âge des vaches, leur stade de lactation et la configuration de la lacération. Les lacérations réparées plus de 24 heures après le trauma avaient un pronostic moins bon (P = 0,05). La complication la plus fréquente était la mammite (n = 17). Elle avait un effet négatif sur le pronostic à long terme (P = 0,02). Reconstruire chirurgicalement un trayon lacéré peut rétablir la traite mécanique.(Traduit par les auteurs).

Effect of maternal ketoacidosis on the ovine fetus.

Ketoacidosis during pregnancy carries significant risk of intrauterine fetal demise, but little is known about the impact of ketoacids on the ovine fetus. We report a case series of maternal ketoacidosis in ewes. Maternal ketoacidosis may result in biochemical and acid-base fetal abnormalities associated with changes in feto-placental unit perfusion.

Effet de l'acidocétose maternelle sur un fœtus ovin. L'acidocétose durant la gestation comporte un risque important de mortalité intra-utérine du fœtus, mais on connaît peu de choses à propos de l'impact des acides cétoniques sur le fœtus ovin. Nous signalons une série de cas d'acidocétose maternelle chez les brebis. L'acidocétose maternelle peut provoquer des anomalies biochimiques et acides avec des changements dans la perfusion de l'unité fœto-placentaire.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).