Biomass co-pyrolysis: Effects of blending three different biomasses on oil yield and quality.

In the present study, pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse, poppy capsule pulp, and rice husk were conducted in a fixed bed reactor at 550°C in nitrogen atmosphere. The moisture (5%-8%), ash (4%-17%), volatile matter (60%-76%), and fixed carbon analyses (11%-24%) of the utilized biomass were conducted. The decomposition behavior of biomasses due to the heat effect was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis . In the pyrolysis of biomasses separately, the highest bio-oil yield was obtained with sugarcane bagasse (27.4%). In the co-pyrolysis of the binary blends of biomass, the highest bio-oil yield was obtained with the rice husk and sugarcane bagasse blends. While the mean bio-oil yield obtained with the separate pyrolysis of these two biomasses was 23.9%, it was observed that the bio-oil yield obtained with the co-pyrolysis of biomass blends was 28.4%. This suggested a synergistic interaction between the two biomasses during pyrolysis. It was observed that as the total ash content in the biomasses used in the pyrolysis increased, the bio-oil yield decreased, and the solid product content increased. Characterization studies of bio-oils were conducted by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and hydrogen-1 nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. Results of these studies revealed that, all bio-oils were mainly composed of aliphatic and oxygenated compounds. The calorific values of bio-oils were determined by calorimeter bomb. Based on the GC-MS, the bio-oils with high fatty acid and its ester content also had high calorific values. The highest calorific value was 29.68 MJ kg-1, and this was obtained by pyrolysis of poppy capsule and sugarcane bagasse blend.

Pyrolysis of poppy capsule pulp for bio-oil production.

The feasibility of biofuel production via the pyrolysis of poppy capsule pulp, the main waste product of Afyon Alkoloid Factory, was investigated. The poppy capsule pulp was shown to have a high volatile matter content (ca. 76%). Pyrolysis experiments were carried out in the temperature range 400-550°C (heating rate 18°C min-1 and holding time 20 min) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The chemical components of the bio-oil were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The effects of pyrolysis temperature on the production efficiency and the calorific value of the bio-oil were investigated. The maximum bio-oil yield and its calorific value at 500°C were 23.6% and 31.6 MJ kg-1, respectively. The latter value is close to that of many petroleum fractions. This high-energy bio-oil is therefore a clean fuel precursor and can be upgraded into higher quality fuels.

Obtaining bio-oil and activated carbon from waste pomegranate peels by pyrolysis.

This study aims to produce beneficial products with pomegranate peel waste through pyrolysis. For this purpose, the usability of the liquid product as a biofuel and the solid product as an adsorbent for dye removal was investigated. To characterize the bio-oil and biochar produced under the best pyrolysis conditions, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), calorific value, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were conducted. When we examine the FT-IR spectrum of the bio-oil, the presence of phenol, alcohol, ketone, and aldehyde groups is seen in the structure. The GC-MS analysis demonstrated that phenol content was 27.9%, aldehyde content was 19%, acid compound content was 18.28%, ketone content was 8.7%, and aromatic compound content was 8.4%. The lower calorific value of bio-oil was determined as 27.33 MJ/kg. It was observed that activated carbon produced from biochar at a 3:1 KOH/biochar impregnation ratio and a carbonization temperature of 800 °C exhibited the highest surface area (1307 m2/g). In adsorption analysis, it was observed that the adsorption efficiency was higher at pH 9 and 35 °C and with 150 ppm initial concentration. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were determined, and the high R2 (0.99) was consistent with the Langmuir methylene blue (MB) adsorption model.

Quantitation of escitalopram and its metabolites by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in psychiatric patients: New metabolic ratio establishment.

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is used to determine the concentration of drug in plasma/serum to adjust the dose of the therapeutic drug. Selective and sensitive analytical methods are used to determine drug and metabolite levels for the successful application of TDM. The aim of the study was to develop and validate using LC-MS/MS to analyse quantitative assay of escitalopram (S-CT) and metabolites in human plasma samples. In order to provide a convenient and safe treatment dose, it was aimed to determine the levels of S-CT and its metabolites in the patients' plasma. A new method with short sample preparation and analysis time was developed and validated using LC-MS/MS to analyse quantitative assay of S-CT and its metabolites in plasma. Also, plasma samples of 30 patients using 20 mg S-CT between the ages of 18 and 65 years were analysed by the validated method. The mean values of S-CT, demethyl escitalopram and didemethyl escitalopram in plasma of patients were 27.59, 85.52 and 44.30 ng/mL, respectively. At the end of the analysis, the metabolic ratio of S-CT and metabolites was calculated. It is considered that the method for the quantitative analysis of S-CT and its metabolites in human plasma samples may contribute to the literature on account of its sensitive and easy application. Additionally, the use of our data by physicians will contribute to the effective drug treatment for their patients who take S-CT.