Associations of neighborhood sociodemographic environment with mortality and circulating metabolites among low-income black and white adults living in the southeastern United States.

BACKGROUND: Residing in a disadvantaged neighborhood has been linked to increased mortality. However, the impact of residential segregation and social vulnerability on cause-specific mortality is understudied. Additionally, the circulating metabolic correlates of neighborhood sociodemographic environment remain unexplored. Therefore, we examined multiple neighborhood sociodemographic metrics, i.e., neighborhood deprivation index (NDI), residential segregation index (RSI), and social vulnerability index (SVI), with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer-specific mortality and circulating metabolites in the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS). METHODS: The SCCS is a prospective cohort of primarily low-income adults aged 40-79, enrolled from the southeastern United States during 2002-2009. This analysis included self-reported Black/African American or non-Hispanic White participants and excluded those who died or were lost to follow-up ≤ 1 year. Untargeted metabolite profiling was performed using baseline plasma samples in a subset of SCCS participants. RESULTS: Among 79,631 participants, 23,356 deaths (7214 from CVD and 5394 from cancer) were documented over a median 15-year follow-up. Higher NDI, RSI, and SVI were associated with increased all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality, independent of standard clinical and sociodemographic risk factors and consistent between racial groups (standardized HRs among all participants were 1.07 to 1.20 in age/sex/race-adjusted model and 1.04 to 1.08 after comprehensive adjustment; all P < 0.05/3 except for cancer mortality after comprehensive adjustment). The standard risk factors explained < 40% of the variations in NDI/RSI/SVI and mediated < 70% of their associations with mortality. Among 1110 circulating metabolites measured in 1688 participants, 134 and 27 metabolites were associated with NDI and RSI (all FDR < 0.05) and mediated 61.7% and 21.2% of the NDI/RSI-mortality association, respectively. Adding those metabolites to standard risk factors increased the mediation proportion from 38.4 to 87.9% and 25.8 to 42.6% for the NDI/RSI-mortality association, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Among low-income Black/African American adults and non-Hispanic White adults living in the southeastern United States, a disadvantaged neighborhood sociodemographic environment was associated with increased all-cause and CVD and cancer-specific mortality beyond standard risk factors. Circulating metabolites may unveil biological pathways underlying the health effect of neighborhood sociodemographic environment. More public health efforts should be devoted to reducing neighborhood environment-related health disparities, especially for low-income individuals.

Elucidating the Clinical Implications and Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Hypertension in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Call to Action: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association.

This science advisory focuses on the need to better understand the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of pulmonary hypertension in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. This clinical phenotype is important because it is common, is strongly associated with adverse outcomes, and lacks evidence-based therapies. Our goal is to clarify key knowledge gaps in pulmonary hypertension attributable to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and to suggest specific, actionable scientific directions for addressing such gaps. Areas in need of additional investigation include refined disease definitions and interpretation of hemodynamics, as well as greater insights into noncardiac contributors to pulmonary hypertension risk, optimized animal models, and further molecular studies in patients with combined precapillary and postcapillary pulmonary hypertension. We highlight translational approaches that may provide important biological insight into pathophysiology and reveal new therapeutic targets. Last, we discuss the current and future landscape of potential therapies for patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and pulmonary vascular dysfunction, including considerations of precision medicine, novel trial design, and device-based therapies, among other considerations. This science advisory provides a synthesis of important knowledge gaps, culminating in a collection of specific research priorities that we argue warrant investment from the scientific community.

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance evaluation of soldiers after recovery from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case-control study of cardiovascular post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (CV PASC).

BACKGROUND: Myocarditis is a potential complication after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and a known cause of sudden cardiac death. Given the athletic demands of soldiers, identification of myocarditis and characterization of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection with cardiovascular symptoms (CV PASC) may be critical to guide return-to-service. This study sought to evaluate the spectrum of cardiac involvement among soldiers with cardiopulmonary symptoms in the late convalescent phase of recovery from SARS-CoV-2 compared to a healthy soldier control group, and to determine the rate of progression to CV PASC. METHODS: All soldiers referred for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging for cardiopulmonary symptoms following COVID-19 were enrolled and matched by age, gender, and athletic phenotype 1:1 to soldiers undergoing CMR in the year prior to the first case of COVID-19 at our institution. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and imaging parameters were compared between groups. The diagnosis of acute myocarditis was made using modified Lake Louise criteria. Wilcoxon rank sum and chi-squared tests were used for comparison of continuous and categorical variables, respectively. RESULTS: Fifty soldier cases and 50 healthy soldier controls were included. The median time from SARS-CoV-2 detection to CMR was 71 days. The majority of cases experienced moderate symptoms (N = 43, 86%), while only 10% required hospitalization. The right ventricular (RV) ejection fraction (RVEF) was reduced in soldier cases compared to controls (51.0% vs. 53.2%, p = 0.012). Four cases were diagnosed with myocarditis (8%), 1 (2%) was diagnosed with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, and 1 (2%) had new biventricular systolic dysfunction of unclear etiology. Isolated inferior RV septal insertion late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was present in 8 cases and 8 controls (16% vs. 24%, p = 0.09). Seven of the 19 (37%) cases that completed an intermediate-term follow-up survey reported CV PASC at a median of 139 days of follow-up. Two of the 7 soldiers (29%) with CV PASC had a pathological clinical diagnosis (myocarditis) on CMR. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular pathology was diagnosed in 6 symptomatic soldiers (12%) after recovery from SARS-CoV-2, with myocarditis found in 4 (8%). RVEF was reduced in soldier cases compared to controls. CV PASC occurred in over one-third of soldiers surveyed, but did not occur in any soldiers with asymptomatic acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Patterns of periodontal disease progression based on linear mixed models of clinical attachment loss.

AIM: The goal of the present longitudinal cohort study was to examine patterns of periodontal disease progression at progressing sites and subjects defined based on linear mixed models (LMM) of clinical attachment loss (CAL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 113 periodontally healthy and 302 periodontitis subjects had their CAL calculated bimonthly for 12 months. LMMs were fitted for each site and the predicted CAL levels used to categorize their progression state. Participants were grouped based on the number of progressing sites into unchanged, transitional and active subjects. Patterns of periodontal disease progression were explored using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Progression occurred primarily at molars (50% of progressing sites) and inter-proximal sites (72%), affected a higher proportion of deep than shallow sites (2.7% versus 0.7%), and pocketing was the main mode of progression (49%). We found a low level of agreement (47%) between the LMM and traditional approaches to determine progression such as change in CAL ≥3 mm. Fourteen per cent of subjects were classified as active and among those 93% had periodontitis. The annual mean rate of progression for the active subjects was 0.35 mm/year. CONCLUSION: Progressing sites and subjects defined based on LMMs presented patterns of disease progression similar to those previously reported in the literature.

Combined post- and pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Over 2.5 million patients in the USA suffer from heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and pulmonary hypertension (PH) is present in the majority of these patients. PH represents an adverse prognostic factor in HFpEF and has been identified as a potential therapeutic target to improve symptoms and outcomes. The recognition and investigation of a subset of patients with superimposed pulmonary vascular disease (on top of pulmonary venous hypertension) has led to further subclassification of PH due to left heart disease (PH-LHD) into two categories: isolated post-capillary PH and combined post- and pre-capillary PH (CpcPH). In this review, we (1) describe the evolution of the diagnostic criteria of PH-LHD; (2) identify the diagnostic modalities that can be utilized for the identification of patients with CpcPH-HFpEF; (3) review the literature on the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and prognostic factors of CpcPH-HFpEF; (4) discuss recent and ongoing clinical trials investigating the effectiveness of selective pulmonary vasodilators in PH-LHD; and (5) propose future areas for further investigation of the etiology and pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to the development of CpcPH and highlight important considerations in the design of future trials to promote better characterization of this clinical entity. CpcPH-HFpEF is a distinct subset within HFpEF and one that may respond to targeted therapeutics.

Modelling changes in clinical attachment loss to classify periodontal disease progression.

AIM: The goal of this study was to identify progressing periodontal sites by applying linear mixed models (LMM) to longitudinal measurements of clinical attachment loss (CAL). METHODS: Ninety-three periodontally healthy and 236 periodontitis subjects had their CAL measured bi-monthly for 12 months. The proportions of sites demonstrating increases in CAL from baseline above specified thresholds were calculated for each visit. The proportions of sites reversing from the progressing state were also computed. LMM were fitted for each tooth site and the predicted CAL levels used to categorize sites regarding progression or regression. The threshold for progression was established based on the model-estimated error in predictions. RESULTS: Over 12 months, 21.2%, 2.8% and 0.3% of sites progressed, according to thresholds of 1, 2 and 3 mm of CAL increase. However, on average, 42.0%, 64.4% and 77.7% of progressing sites for the different thresholds reversed in subsequent visits. Conversely, 97.1%, 76.9% and 23.1% of sites classified as progressing using LMM had observed CAL increases above 1, 2 and 3 mm after 12 months, whereas mean rates of reversal were 10.6%, 30.2% and 53.0% respectively. CONCLUSION: LMM accounted for several sources of error in longitudinal CAL measurement, providing an improved method for classifying progressing sites.

Left Ventricular Wall Stress and Incident Heart Failure in Elderly Community-Dwelling Individuals.

Background: Greater left ventricular (LV) wall stress is associated with adverse outcomes among patients with prevalent heart failure (HF). Less is known about the association between LV wall stress and incident HF. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to identify clinical factors associated with wall stress and test the association between wall stress and incident HF. Methods: We studied 4,601 ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities) study participants without prevalent HF who underwent echocardiography between 2011 and 2013. LV end systolic and diastolic wall stress (LVESWS, LVEDWS) were calculated from chamber and wall thickness, systemic blood pressure, and transmitral Doppler E/e' as a surrogate for LV end diastolic pressure. Incident HF was ascertained by International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9/10 claims for hospitalized HF through December 31, 2016. We used Cox regression to test the association between wall stress and incident HF, adjusted for demographics, traditional cardiovascular risk factors, prevalent coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation, creatinine, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, troponin, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, LV ejection fraction, and LV mass. Results: The cohort had a median age of 75 years and 58% women, with 18% identifying as Black. Median LVESWS and LVEDWS were 48.8 (25th-75th percentile: 39.3-60.1) and 18.9 (25th-75th percentile: 15.8-22.5) kdynes/cm2, respectively. LVESWS and LVEDWS were modestly related (rho = 0.30, P < 0.001). Over 4.6 years of median follow-up (156 HF events), each 1 kdyne/cm2 greater LVEDWS was significantly associated with higher risk of incident HF (HR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.06), while LVESWS was not (HR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.99-1.01). Conclusions: Among community-dwelling elderly individuals, greater LVEDWS is associated with a higher risk for incident HF.

Differences in Cardiac Mechanics and Exercise Physiology Among Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction Phenomapping Subgroups.

Unsupervised machine learning (phenomapping) has been used successfully to identify novel subgroups (phenogroups) of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). However, further investigation of pathophysiological differences between HFpEF phenogroups is necessary to help determine potential treatment options. We performed speckle-tracking echocardiography and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in 301 and 150 patients with HFpEF, respectively, as part of a prospective phenomapping study (median age 65 [25th to 75th percentile 56 to 73] years, 39% Black individuals, 65% female). Linear regression was used to compare strain and CPET parameters by phenogroup. All indicies of cardiac mechanics except for left ventricular global circumferential strain worsened in a stepwise fashion from phenogroups 1 to 3 after adjustment for demographic and clinical factors. After further adjustment for conventional echocardiographic parameters, phenogroup 3 had the worst left ventricular global longitudinal, right ventricular free wall, and left atrial booster and reservoir strain. On CPET, phenogroup 2 had the lowest exercise time and absolute peak oxygen consumption (VO2), driven primarily by obesity, whereas phenogroup 3 achieved the lowest workload, relative peak oxygen consumption (VO2), and heart rate reserve on multivariable-adjusted analyses. In conclusion, HFpEF phenogroups identified by unsupervised machine learning analysis differ in the indicies of cardiac mechanics and exercise physiology.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Ambulatory Heart Failure Ventricular Assist Device Implantation and Survival.

BACKGROUND: Durable left ventricular assist devices (VADs) improve survival in eligible patients, but allocation has been associated with patient race in addition to presumed heart failure (HF) severity. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine racial and ethnic differences in VAD implantation rates and post-VAD survival among patients with ambulatory HF. METHODS: Using the INTERMACS (Interagency Registry of Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support) database (2012-2017), this study examined census-adjusted VAD implantation rates by race, ethnicity, and sex in patients with ambulatory HF (INTERMACS profile 4-7) using negative binomial models with quadratic effect of time. Survival was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox models adjusted for clinically relevant variables and an interaction of time with race/ethnicity. RESULTS: VADs were implanted in 2,256 adult patients with ambulatory HF (78.3% White, 16.4% Black, and 5.3% Hispanic). The median age at implantation was lowest in Black patients. Implantation rates peaked between 2013 and 2015 before declining in all demographic groups. From 2012 to 2017, implantation rates overlapped for Black and White patients but were lower for Hispanic patients. Post-VAD survival was significantly different among the 3 groups (log rank P = 0.0067), with higher estimated survival among Black vs White patients (12-month survival: Black patients: 90% [95% CI: 86%-93%]; White patients: 82% [95% CI: 80%-84%]). Low sample size for Hispanic patients resulted in imprecise survival estimates (12-month survival: 85% [95% CI: 76%-90%]). CONCLUSIONS: Black and White patients with ambulatory HF had similar VAD implantation rates but rates were lower for Hispanic patients. Survival differed among the 3 groups, with the highest estimated survival at 12 months in Black patients. Given higher HF burden in minoritized populations, further investigation is needed to understand differences in VAD implantation rates in Black and Hispanic patients.

Association of Rurality With Risk of Heart Failure.

Importance: Rural populations experience an increased burden of heart failure (HF) mortality compared with urban populations. Whether HF incidence is greater among rural individuals is less known. Additionally, the intersection between racial and rural health inequities is understudied. Objective: To determine whether rurality is associated with increased risk of HF, independent of cardiovascular (CV) disease and socioeconomic status (SES), and whether rurality-associated HF risk varies by race and sex. Design, Setting, and Participants: This prospective cohort study analyzed data for Black and White participants of the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS) without HF at enrollment who receive care via Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). The SCCS is a population-based cohort of low-income, underserved participants from 12 states across the southeastern United States. Participants were enrolled between 2002 and 2009 and followed up until December 31, 2016. Data were analyzed from October 2021 to November 2022. Exposures: Rurality as defined by Rural-Urban Commuting Area codes at the census-tract level. Main Outcomes and Measures: Heart failure was defined using diagnosis codes via CMS linkage through 2016. Incidence of HF was calculated by person-years of follow-up and age-standardized. Sequentially adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models tested the association between rurality and incident HF. Results: Among 27 115 participants, the median (IQR) age was 54 years (47-65), 18 647 (68.8%) were Black, and 8468 (32.3%) were White; 5556 participants (20%) resided in rural areas. Over a median 13-year follow-up, age-adjusted HF incidence was 29.6 (95% CI, 28.9-30.5) per 1000 person-years for urban participants and 36.5 (95% CI, 34.9-38.3) per 1000 person-years for rural participants (P < .001). After adjustment for demographic information, CV risk factors, health behaviors, and SES, rural participants had a 19% greater risk of incident HF (hazard ratio [HR], 1.19; 95% CI, 1.13-1.26) compared with their urban counterparts. The rurality-associated risk of HF varied across race and sex and was greatest among Black men (HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.19-1.51), followed by White women (HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.07-1.39) and Black women (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.08-1.28). Among White men, rurality was not associated with greater risk of incident HF (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.81-1.16). Conclusions and Relevance: Among predominantly low-income individuals in the southeastern United States, rurality was associated with an increased risk of HF among women and Black men, which persisted after adjustment for CV risk factors and SES. This inequity points to a need for additional emphasis on primary prevention of HF among rural populations.

Immune profiling of murine cardiac leukocytes identifies triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 as a novel mediator of hypertensive heart failure.

AIMS: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is characterized by diastolic dysfunction, microvascular dysfunction, and myocardial fibrosis with recent evidence implicating the immune system in orchestrating cardiac remodelling. METHODS AND RESULTS: Here, we show the mouse model of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension induces key elements of HFpEF, including diastolic dysfunction, exercise intolerance, and pulmonary congestion in the setting of preserved ejection fraction. A modified single-cell sequencing approach, cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing, of cardiac immune cells reveals an altered abundance and transcriptional signature in multiple cell types, most notably cardiac macrophages. The DOCA-salt model results in differential expression of several known and novel genes in cardiac macrophages, including up-regulation of Trem2, which has been recently implicated in obesity and atherosclerosis. The role of Trem2 in hypertensive heart failure, however, is unknown. We found that mice with genetic deletion of Trem2 exhibit increased cardiac hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, renal injury, and decreased cardiac capillary density after DOCA-salt treatment compared to wild-type controls. Moreover, Trem2-deficient macrophages have impaired expression of pro-angiogenic gene programmes and increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, we found that plasma levels of soluble TREM2 are elevated in DOCA-salt treated mice and humans with heart failure. CONCLUSIONS: Together, our data provide an atlas of immunological alterations that can lead to improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for HFpEF. We provide our dataset in an easy to explore and freely accessible web application making it a useful resource for the community. Finally, our results suggest a novel cardioprotective role for Trem2 in hypertensive heart failure.

Relation of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Dietary Pattern to Heart Failure Risk and Socioeconomic Status (from the Southern Community Cohort Study).

The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) dietary pattern has been associated with a lower risk of incident heart failure (HF); however, previous studies were conducted in mostly middle-income White populations. The association between DASH and incident HF risk in lower income and Black individuals is less well understood. We analyzed 25,300 White and Black adults without a history of HF at enrollment (2002 to 2009) in the Southern Community Cohort Study receiving Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Alignment with DASH was assessed at enrollment using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Incident HF was ascertained from Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services claims through 2016. The association between DASH diet alignment and incident HF was examined in multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models, including an interaction term testing effect modification by income. The cohort was predominantly middle-aged (median 54 years), Black (68%), female (63%), and low-income (88% <$25,000/year/household). Socioeconomic factors, including education and annual income, were larger contributors to the variance in DASH score than were cardiovascular co-morbidities. The association between DASH dietary alignment and HF risk was not significant overall (hazard ratio [HR] 1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.96 to 1.04) or in race-sex groups. However, the association between alignment with the DASH diet and HF risk significantly varied by income (interaction p = 0.030), with neutral and inverse associations in lower (<$25,000/year) and higher ($≥25,000) income participants, respectively. In conclusion, income modified the association between healthier dietary patterns and risk of incident HF. In lower income participants, greater alignment with the DASH diet was not associated with lower HF risk.

Advancing women, parity, and gender equity.

For centuries, society has called out for transformations to lift all of its members. While it may seem ordinary in our time for women to be dentists or dental educators, the path was neither always easy, nor has true equity been achieved. The modern transformation of dental education and dentistry creates the need for leaders to propose and develop concrete initiatives to advance the profession and benefit society. Areas to address that could lead to increased equity for women include career advancement, leadership opportunities, compensation, career satisfaction, research, and scholarly activity. Our analysis demonstrates that even though the number of full-time female faculty has increased during recent years, most positions (59.5%) at dental schools in the US are held by men (2018-2019). Males were also compensated at higher rates than their female counterparts, and female deans made 7% less in total compensation. Because disparities are evident in pay and academic pathways, new directions and strategies must be employed to ensure parity and gender equity. Facilitating the progress of women in organized dentistry requires efforts of dental academic institutions to invest resources and provide nurturing environments that promote professional performances and leadership skills for women, with these being priorities-considering the current trends that anticipate increased numbers of women in dental academia. All dentists bring their own experiences to the profession, making for rich depth and diversity. As a collective voice, we have a bright future. We can and will move forward together.

Depressive Symptoms and Incident Heart Failure Risk in the Southern Community Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to examine whether greater frequency of depressive symptoms associates with increased risk of incident heart failure (HF). BACKGROUND: Depressive symptoms associate with adverse prognosis in patients with prevalent HF. Their association with incident HF is less studied, particularly in low-income and minority individuals. METHODS: We studied 23,937 Black or White Southern Community Cohort Study participants (median age: 53 years, 70% Black, 64% women) enrolled between 2002 and 2009, without prevalent HF, receiving Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services coverage. Cox models adjusted for traditional HF risk factors, socioeconomic and behavioral factors, social support, and antidepressant medications were used to quantify the association between depressive symptoms assessed at enrollment via the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10) and incident HF ascertained from Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services International Classification of Diseases-9th Revision (ICD-9) (code: 428.x) and ICD-10 (codes: I50, I110) codes through December 31, 2016. RESULTS: The median CESD-10 score was 9 (IQR: 5 to 13). Over a median 11-year follow-up, 6,081 (25%) participants developed HF. The strongest correlates of CESD-10 score were antidepressant medication use, age, and socioeconomic factors, rather than traditional HF risk factors. Greater frequency of depressive symptoms associated with increased incident HF risk (per 8-U higher CESD-10 HR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.09; P = 0.038) without variation by race or sex. The association between depressive symptoms and incident HF varied by antidepressant use (interaction-P = 0.03) with increased risk among individuals not taking antidepressants. CONCLUSIONS: In this high-risk, low-income, cohort of predominantly Black participants, greater frequency of depressive symptoms significantly associates with higher risk of incident HF.

Reduced Circumferential Strain in Athletes with Prior COVID-19.

Purpose: To characterize global and segmental circumferential systolic strain (CS) measured by cardiac MRI in athletes after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational cohort study included 188 soldiers and collegiate athletes referred for cardiac MRI after SARS-CoV-2 infection (C19+) between July 2020 and February 2021 and a control group of 72 soldiers, collegiate, and high school athletes who underwent cardiac MRI from May 2019 to February 2020, prior to the first SARS-CoV-2 case detected in our region (C19-). Global and segmental CS were measured by feature tracking, then compared between each group using unadjusted and multivariable- adjusted models. Acute myocarditis was diagnosed according to the modified Lake Louise criteria and the location of pathologic late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was ascertained. Results: Among the 188 C19+ athletes (median age, 25 years [IQR, 23-30]; 131 men), the majority had mild illness. Global CS significantly differed between C19+ and C19- groups, with a median of -24.0 (IQR -25.8, -21.4) versus. -25.0 (-28.0, -22.4), respectively (p = .009). This difference in CS persisted following adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure ß coefficient 1.29 [95% CI: 0.20, 2.38], p = .02). In segmental analysis, the basal- and mid- inferoseptal, septal and inferolateral segments were significantly different (p < .05), which had a higher frequency of post-COVID late gadolinium enhancement. The global and segmental differences were similar after exclusion of athletes with myocarditis. Conclusion: Among athletes, SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with a small but statistically significant reduced CS.

Management of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension in the heart failure patient.

Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (nOH) is a common comorbidity in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. It is associated with an increased risk of falls, incident cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality. There are over 5 million individuals in the U.S. with heart failure (HF) with an associated 50% mortality rate at 5 years. The prevalence of nOH and HF increase with age and, as the population continues to age, will be increasingly common comorbid conditions. Thus, the effective management of these conditions has important implications for public health. The management of orthostatic hypotension in the context of congestive heart failure is challenging due to the fact that the fundamental principles of management of these disease states are in opposition to each other. In this review, we will discuss the principles of management of nOH and HF and outline strategies for the effective treatment of these comorbid conditions.

Race and Sex Differences in Modifiable Risk Factors and Incident Heart Failure.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine race- and sex-based variation in the associations between modifiable risk factors and incident heart failure (HF) among the SCCS (Southern Community Cohort Study) participants. BACKGROUND: Low-income individuals in the southeastern United States have high HF incidence rates, but relative contributions of risk factors to HF are understudied in this population. METHODS: We studied 27,078 black or white SCCS participants (mean age: 56 years, 69% black, 63% women) enrolled between 2002 and 2009, without prevalent HF, receiving Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. The presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, physical underactivity, high body mass index, smoking, high cholesterol, and poor diet was assessed at enrollment. Incident HF was ascertained using International Classification of Diseases-9th revision, codes 428.x in Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services data through December 31, 2010. Individual risk and population attributable risk for HF for each risk factor were quantified using multivariable Cox models. RESULTS: During a median (25th, 75th percentile) 5.2 (3.1, 6.7) years, 4,341 (16%) participants developed HF. Hypertension and diabetes were associated with greatest HF risk, whereas hypertension contributed the greatest population attributable risk, 31.8% (95% confidence interval: 27.3 to 36.0). In black participants, only hypertension and diabetes associated with HF risk; in white participants, smoking and high body mass index also associated with HF risk. Physical underactivity was a risk factor only in white women. CONCLUSIONS: In this high-risk, low-income cohort, contributions of risk factors to HF varied, particularly by race. To reduce the population burden of HF, interventions tailored for specific race and sex groups may be warranted.

Cross-sectional study of vitamin D and calcium supplementation effects on chronic periodontitis.

BACKGROUND: A low dietary intake of vitamin D and calcium hastens bone loss and osteoporosis. Because vitamin D metabolites may also alter the inflammatory response and have antimicrobial effects, we studied whether the use of vitamin D and calcium supplements affects periodontal disease status. METHODS: A cohort of 51 subjects receiving periodontal maintenance therapy was recruited from two dental clinics; 23 were taking vitamin D (>or=400 IU/day) and calcium (>or=1,000 mg/day) supplementation, and 28 were not taking such supplementation. All subjects had at least two interproximal sites with >or=3 mm clinical attachment loss. Daily calcium and vitamin D intake (from food and supplements) were estimated by nutritional analysis. The following clinical parameters of periodontal disease were recorded for the mandibular posterior teeth: gingival index, probing depth, cemento-enamel junction-gingival margin distance (attachment loss), bleeding on probing, and furcation involvement. Posterior photostimulable-phosphor bitewing radiographs were taken to determine cemento-enamel junction-alveolar crest distances (alveolar crest height loss). Data were analyzed with a repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance. RESULTS: Compared to subjects who did not take vitamin D and calcium supplementation, supplement takers had shallower probing depths, fewer bleeding sites, lower gingival index values, fewer furcation involvements, less attachment loss, and less alveolar crest height loss. The repeated-measures analysis indicated that collectively these differences were borderline significant (P = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS: In these subjects receiving periodontal maintenance therapy, there was a trend for better periodontal health with vitamin D and calcium supplementation. More expanded longitudinal studies are required to determine the potential of this relationship.