Rap1a deficiency modifies cytokine responses and MAPK-signaling in vitro and impairs the in vivo inflammatory response.

Rap1, which is closely related to ras, plays a key role in T-cell receptor (TCR)-signaling. TCR-stimulation without costimulation leads to constitutively activated rap1, which may mediate T-cell anergy via inhibition of ras-dependent induction of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK). This activation is mediated by a second protein kinase b-Raf. Rap1-GTP is thought to activate ERK in a ras-independent manner by binding b-raf. Generally, T cells do not express b-raf while they express the adaptor protein raf-1, which is usually sequestered by rap1 leading to inhibition of ras-mediated ERK activation. In this study, we demonstrate that in rap1-deficient T cells, signaling by the ERK and p38 kinases is increased following activation by different stimuli leading to increased intracellular accumulation and secretion of cytokines. In addition, in a hypersensitivity model rap1-deficient mice demonstrated reduced contact dermatitis compared to wildtype mice, demonstrating the impact of rap1-deficiency on the inflammatory response in vivo.

Oligonucleotides suppress PKB/Akt and act as superinductors of apoptosis in human keratinocytes.

DNA oligonucleotides (ODN) applied to an organism are known to modulate the innate and adaptive immune system. Previous studies showed that a CpG-containing ODN (CpG-1-PTO) and interestingly, also a non-CpG-containing ODN (nCpG-5-PTO) suppress inflammatory markers in skin. In the present study it was investigated whether these molecules also influence cell apoptosis. Here we show that CpG-1-PTO, nCpG-5-PTO, and also natural DNA suppress the phosphorylation of PKB/Akt in a cell-type-specific manner. Interestingly, only epithelial cells of the skin (normal human keratinocytes, HaCaT and A-431) show a suppression of PKB/Akt. This suppressive effect depends from ODN lengths, sequence and backbone. Moreover, it was found that TGF alpha-induced levels of PKB/Akt and EGFR were suppressed by the ODN tested. We hypothesize that this suppression might facilitate programmed cell death. By testing this hypothesis we found an increase of apoptosis markers (caspase 3/7, 8, 9, cytosolic cytochrome c, histone associated DNA fragments, apoptotic bodies) when cells were treated with ODN in combination with low doses of staurosporin, a well-known pro-apoptotic stimulus. In summary the present data demonstrate DNA as a modulator of apoptosis which specifically targets skin epithelial cells.

AMT: preclinical pharmacology studies.

Auron-Misheil-Therapy (AMT) consisting of aqueous camomile extract supplemented with calcium, vitamins, the antihistamine chlorpheniramine and human insulin is under development as anti-cancer treatment. AMT was preclinically investigated in tumour cell lines and tumour xenografts to guide clinical phase I/II studies. AMT was tested against 56 human tumour cell lines, in a clonogenic assay in 98 patient-derived xenografts and in in vivo studies. AMT showed in vitro cytotoxic activity with highest susceptibility in cervical cancer, glioblastoma and colon cancers. In the clonogenic assay, anti- cancer activity of AMT was most active in cervical and uterine tumours, in colon cancer, glioblastoma, leukaemia, melanoma and pancreatic cancer. In vivo, AMT showed slight activity in tumour xenograft models of colon and mammary cancer. It also showed immune stimulatory effects by induction of IL-6- and TNF-alpha secretion in human PBMCs. The immune stimulatory potential of AMT, together with slight anti-tumour efficacy observed in the present study, indicates a role of AMT in tumour therapy.

Clinical application of CpG-, non-CpG-, and antisense oligodeoxynucleotides as immunomodulators.

Cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) motifs, found mainly in bacterial DNA, have immunostimulatory effects in humans and have offered new perspectives in the treatment of clinical conditions, including viral and bacterial infections, vaccination, allergy and asthma, and in antitumor therapy. Three classes of CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), CpG-A, -B, and -C, with distinct biological properties and which differ in their sequence and nucleotide backbone, have been characterized. Typically, CpG-ODNs bind to TLR9 in the endosomal compartment and initiate a signaling cascade that leads to activation of proinflammatory transcription factors such as NFkappaB. In addition, non-CpG-ODNs have been shown to modulate the immune system and, although these molecules are devoid of CpG motifs, their biological action appears to require a functional TLR9. In this review, advances in the clinical therapy and prevention of infectious diseases using ODNs, as well as the use of antisense ODNs that specifically target genes and control exaggerated immune responses, are discussed. In addition, an update of selected ODNs that have entered clinical trials is provided.

Effects of Auron-Misheil-Therapy in human in vitro skin models.

Auron-Misheil-Therapy (AMT) is currently under development as an anticancer treatment. The aim of the present study was the identification of possible effects and properties of AMT with regard to human skin. The study consisted of three experimental phases. Phase 1 assessed the effects of AMT on the viability of 2-D evaluated and accredited cell cultures of three cell types of human skin, namely: keratinocytes, melanocytes and fibroblasts. Three separate assays were used in this phase. Phase 2 was designed to clarify the effects of AMT on cell viability to investigate the mode of action of AMT. Two possible modes of action were investigated: proliferation inhibition and apoptosis. There was one assay to assess proliferation, and two independent assays to assess apoptosis. The third phase assessed the effects of AMT on two different types of 3-D skin models, an ex vivo model and a de novo reconstituted model. In the phase 1 tests, reduction of cell viability by AMT was demonstrated in all three cell types. In phase 2, the cell proliferation assay showed decreased proliferation rates in the presence of AMT in three out of four cell populations. In phase 3, histochemical investigations with 3-D models indicated that AMT induces desquamation, most likely as the result of apoptosis of epidermal cells. The experiments generally showed that AMT does not harm human skin at concentrations up to 3%.

Clinical response to Auron Misheil Therapy in a man with advanced multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Auron Misheil Therapy was developed based on similarities between carcinogenesis and inflammation. Auron Misheil Therapy is a combination of natural and synthetic compounds, including anti-inflammatory drugs and insulin, expected to exhibit synergistic effects. CASE PRESENTATION: Here, we report the case of a 78-year-old Caucasian male patient who presented with multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Over a four-year period our patient was treated with radiofrequency ablation and transarterial chemoembolization. After these treatments there was tumor progression, with new hyperperfused lesions without evidence of extrahepatic tumor involvement. Our patient refused sorafenib therapy. Therefore, he received twice daily intramuscular injections of Auron Misheil Therapy on an outpatient basis for two months. Partial remission of the hepatic lesions was observed eight weeks after the start of treatment, and confirmed four weeks later. Unfortunately, at that time our patient refused therapy due to dizziness. During follow-up two target lesions remained stable, but one lesion increased in size. At the latest follow-up, one year later, there was still tumor control. CONCLUSION: While the mechanisms underlying the antitumor effects of Auron Misheil Therapy are not fully understood, stable disease and remissions have been observed in different types of tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma.

Shear stress-mediated adhesion of acute myeloid leukemia and KG-1 cells to endothelial cells involves functional P-selectin.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) shows malignant behavior through the ability of immature cells to circulate in blood and to invade peripheral tissues. Whereas binding of human AML cells to endothelial cells (ECs) through E-selectin has been shown to occur using classical adhesion assays, little is known about the ability of endothelial P-selectin to support this process. We therefore characterized the ability of AML blasts and KG-1 cells to bind to endothelial selectin type ligands. Flow cytometry revealed that, in addition to various integrin adhesion receptors, AML cells regularly express the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand (PSGL)-1, a ligand for P- and E-selectin on ECs. In parallel flow chambers, AML cells both rolled and adhered to TNF-alpha pretreated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Pretreatment of HUVECs with anti-P- or anti-E-selectin function blocking antibodies significantly reduced both, rolling and subsequent arrest of primary AML cells. Intravital microscopy of i.v. injected fluorescence-labeled KG-1 cells into P-selectin deficient or wild type mice confirmed a significant role of endothelial P-selectin in the binding of human primary AML cells to ECs also in vivo. Thus, the currently available data suggest a role of P- and E-selectin in coordinated circulation of AML cells. Thus, P- or E-selectin mediated adhesion of AML cells may provide a target for the development anti-leukemic therapies.

The Spt-Ada-Gcn5-acetyltransferase complex interaction motif of E2a is essential for a subset of transcriptional and oncogenic properties of E2a-Pbx1.

The oncogene E2a-Pbx1 is formed by the t(1;19) translocation, which joins the N-terminal transactivation domain of E2a with the C-terminal homeodomain of PBX1. The goal of this work was to elucidate the mechanisms by which E2a-Pbx1 can lead to deregulated target gene expression. For reporter constructs it was shown that E2a-Pbx1 can activate transcription through homodimer elements (TGATTGAT) or through heterodimer elements with Hox proteins (e.g. TGATTAAT). We show a novel mechanism by which E2a-Pbx1 activates transcription of EF-9 using a promoter in intron 1 of the EF-9 gene, resulting in an aminoterminal truncated transcript. Our results indicate that the LDFS motif of E2a is essential for the transactivation of EF-9, but dispensable for transactivation of fibroblast growth factor 15. The E2a LDFS motif was also essential for proliferation of NIH3T3 fibroblasts but was dispensable for the E2a-Pbx1-induced differentiation arrest of myeloid progenitors.

PBX1 is dispensable for neural commitment of RA-treated murine ES cells.

Experimentation with PBX1 knockout mice has shown that PBX1 is necessary for early embryogenesis. Despite broad insight into PBX1 function, little is known about the underlying target gene regulation. Utilizing the Cre-loxP system, we targeted a functionally important part of the homeodomain of PBX1 through homozygous deletion of exon-6 and flanking intronic regions leading to exon 7 skipping in embryonic stem (ES) cells. We induced in vitro differentiation of wild-type and PBX1 mutant ES cells by aggregation and retinoic acid (RA) treatment and compared their profiles of gene expression at the ninth day post-reattachment to adhesive media. Our results indicate that PBX1 interactions with HOX proteins and DNA are dispensable for RA-induced ability of ES to express neural genes and point to a possible involvement of PBX1 in the regulation of imprinted genes.

Oligonucleotides suppress IL-8 in skin keratinocytes in vitro and offer anti-inflammatory properties in vivo.

DNA codes for genetic information. Furthermore, recent findings suggest that DNA offers additional function, particularly in the recognition of microorganisms. In this study, we investigated two classes of oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) in skin keratinocytes; namely, an ODN comprising two cytidine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) motifs (CpG-1-phosphorothioate (PTO)) and a poly-cytidine (Non-CpG-5-PTO) as control. Both fluorescence-tagged ODN were rapidly taken up by cells and accumulated already after 5 minutes in perinuclear compartments. In order to test whether ODN convey immunological effects in keratinocytes, secretion of IL-8 was measured. Interestingly, both CpG-1-PTO and Non-CpG-5-PTO suppressed basal and tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced IL-8 levels measured in cell culture supernatants. Experiments using deletion mutant revealed a critical length of approximately 16 nucleotides conveying IL-8 suppression. Studies regarding the ODN backbone offered that PTO bondings are critical for significant IL-8 suppression. In order to substantiate the anti-inflammatory response, a contact hypersensitivity mouse model was utilized. Topical application of Non-CpG-5-PTO-containing ointments reduced ear thickness in sensitized mice. Taken together, these findings suggest an anti-inflammatory effect of ODN in epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo, indicating that DNA molecules offer distinct biological activities restricted to the physiological compartment applied. This effect seems to be independent from Toll-like receptor 9.