Study on Droplet Impact and Spreading and Deposition Behavior of Harvest Aids on Cotton Leaves.

The deposition and spreading of pesticide droplets on the surface of plants is a severe challenge to precise pesticide application, which directly affects the pesticide utilization rate and efficacy. Cotton harvest aids are widely used in machine-picked cotton but the effect of formulation and concentration on the droplet behavior and defoliation effect of cotton defoliants is not clear. To clarify the influence of formulation and concentration on the droplet behavior of cotton defoliants, four formulations (suspension concentrate (SC), water dispersible granule (WG), oil dispersion (OD), and wettable powder (WP)) of cotton defoliants were used to prepare different concentrations of harvest aid solutions, according to the spraying volume. The physicochemical properties, droplet impact, and spreading and deposition behavior were studied. The results indicated that the four kinds of harvest aids have good physicochemical properties and can be wet and spread on cotton leaves. The surface tension of the high-concentration harvest aid solution (the spraying volume was less than 1.2 L/667 m2) was increased, which increased the contact angle and reduced the adhesion tension, adhesion work, and the spreading area. Once the harvest aid solution systems impacted the cotton leaves, it could spread to the maximum in a short time (10 ms). The field experiment showed that the droplet spectrum of harvest aids changed slightly, the coefficient of variation (CV) did not exceed 50%, and the defoliation rate was better when the spraying volume was 1.5 L/667 m2. The correlation and principal component analysis showed that the spraying volume (concentration) and coverage were negatively correlated with the defoliation rate, while the viscosity, diffusion factor, and spreading rate were positively correlated with the defoliation rate. Overall, the use of appropriate spraying volume application in cotton fields can improve the performance of spray, increase the effective deposition and wetting spread of defoliants on cotton leaves, further reduce the dosage of defoliants, and improve pesticide utilization. These results can provide a theoretical basis for the scientific preparation and spraying of cotton harvest aid solutions.

Study on plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle spraying technology based on the thrips population activity patterns during the cotton flowering period.

Over the years, thrips have transitioned from a minor nuisance to a major problem, significantly impacting the yield and quality of cotton. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for plant protection have emerged as an effective alternative to traditional pesticide spraying equipment. UAVs offer advantages such as avoiding crop damage and enhancing pesticide deposition on the plants and have become the primary choice for pesticide application in cotton fields. In this study, a 2-year field experiment found that the thrips population in a cotton field in Xinjiang, China, exhibited gradual growth during the early flowering phase, peaking in late July. The thrips population gradually shifted from the lower canopy to the upper canopy as the cotton flowers opened layer by layer. From 09:00 to 11:00 (GMT+8) and 19:00 to 21:00 (GMT+8), thrips mainly flew outside the flowers, while from 17:00 to 19:00 (GMT+8), they mostly inhabited the inner whorls of flowers. The insecticides 10% cyantraniliprole oil dispersion and 10% spinetoram suspension concentrate, sprayed by UAV, had the best control effect on thrips, with 80.51% and 79.22% control effect after 7 days of spraying, respectively. The optimal spraying time for 10% cyantraniliprole oil dispersion was 19:00 (GMT+8), and the control effect on thrips reached 91.16% at 7 days of spraying. During the cotton flowering period, thrips inhabited flowers in the evening and flew outside during the day. The best control effect on thrips was achieved with UAV-sprayed 10% cyantraniliprole oil dispersion at 19:00 (GMT+8).

Effect of formulations and adjuvants on the properties of acetamiprid solution and droplet deposition characteristics sprayed by UAV.

While the pesticide formulations are widely used for pest control, the combined effects of these formulations with adjuvants on droplet behavior, spraying characteristics, and pest control still need to be studied. To clarify their impact on droplet behavior, spraying characteristics, and control efficacy, six formulations of acetamiprid and six adjuvants were examined. A series of laboratory and field experiments were conducted to analyze the physicochemical properties, toxicity against cotton aphids, droplet deposition characteristics, and droplet drift. The results indicated that 5% acetamiprid micro-emulsion (ME) enhanced the physicochemical features and effectiveness in pest control compared to other formulations. The nongjianfei considerably enhanced the efficiency of all acetamiprid formulations when added. The addition of selected adjuvants to pesticide formulations improved the performance of certain physicochemical properties such as viscosity and surface tension and led to higher aphid mortality rates, demonstrating enhanced pest control effectiveness during the present study. In the field experiments, the combination effect of acetamiprid formulations and adjuvants exhibited a higher droplet size, coverage, and density within the cotton canopy. However, 5% acetamiprid ME was found to be most effective followed by nongjianfei. Furthermore, 5% acetamiprid ME with adjuvant reduced the droplet drift and provided better deposition when compared with other formulations. Overall, the combination of specific formulations and adjuvants led to improved physicochemical properties, enhanced droplet deposition characteristics, reduced spray drift, and increased pesticide deposition. These findings highlighted the significance of selecting appropriate pesticide formulations and adjuvants and provided a solid foundation for efficient pesticide spraying through UAVs.

The Relationship between Droplet Density and the Defoliation Effect of Cotton Harvest Aids.

Spraying harvesting aids is an important step before the mechanical harvesting of cotton. To clarify the direct relationship between the droplet density and the defoliation effect of cotton harvest aid solutions, we evaluated the relationship between the droplet density and the defoliation effect. The determination method and evaluation standard of the number of droplets required per square centimeter to achieve 50% leaves defoliation (DN50) of the harvest aid solution were further explored. The results revealed a linear relationship between the droplet density and the cotton defoliation rate when the spraying volume was 22.5 L/ha and the harvest aid dosage was 1/2 and 2/3 of the recommended dosage. When the harvest aid dosage was 5/6 and 1 times the recommended dosage, the relationship between the droplet density and the defoliation rate of cotton was logarithmic. The DN50 of the low-concentration harvest aid solution (450 L/ha) was significantly higher than that of the high-concentration solution (22.5 L/ha). The addition of spray adjuvant Beidatong significantly reduced the DN50 of cotton harvest aids. The field experiment showed that the droplet density increased with the increase of the spraying volume sprayed by unmanned aerial vehicles. There was a positive correlation between the spraying volume and the defoliation effect after changes in the cotton harvest aid dosage. When the dosage of Mianhai (MH) was 5/6 of the recommended dosage, the defoliation effect at the spraying volumes of 22.5, 27.0, and 30.0 L/ha reached the peak values at 71.54, 78.56, and 83.23%, respectively. This study proposed the concept of DN50 and its determination method. The fitting equations between the droplet density and defoliation effect and between the harvest aid concentration and defoliation effect were established to provide a theoretical basis for the scientific spraying of cotton harvest aid solutions.

Effect of aerial application of adjuvants on pepper defoliant droplet deposition and efficacy of defoliation sprayed by unmanned aerial vehicles.

Defoliant spraying is an important aspect of the mechanized processing of pepper harvesting. Complete and uniform spraying of defoliant could improve the quality of defoliation and reduce the impurity content in processing pepper. In this study, we assessed the effect of aerial spraying of adjuvants on physicochemical properties of defoliant solution and droplet deposition when using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for defoliation spraying. The results showed that Puliwang was a better aerial spray adjuvant suitable for spraying defoliants for processing pepper using UAVs, with a higher defoliation rate and better droplet deposition. Although the YS-20 adjuvant had a higher droplet deposition amount (0.72 µg/cm2) in the middle layer, its performance was poor in droplet size, density, and coverage. The size and density of the droplets added with the Manniu were basically the same as the Puliwang, even the distribution uniformity was better (the CV of the upper canopy layer was only 33.6%), but the coverage rate was poor. In the treatment with AS-901N, there was no marked increase in droplet size, so evaporation and drift were not improved, eventually resulting in a lower defoliation rate. Puliwang had the highest comprehensive score, followed by AS-910N, YS-20, and Manniu.