A retrospective review of the metabolic syndrome in women diagnosed with breast cancer and correlation with estrogen receptor.

Women diagnosed with obesity and breast cancer have an increased risk of recurrence and death (Protani et al., Breast Cancer Res Treat 123:627-635, 1). Obesity is associated with the metabolic syndrome--a pathophysiologically distinct inflammatory process comprised of central obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. The relationship of obesity as a risk factor for breast cancer is complex with a protective effect for younger women in contrast to a risk for older women (Kabat et al., Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18:2046-2053, 2; Ursin et al., Epidemiology 6:137-141, 3). The metabolic syndrome has been associated with the risk of cancer, and pro-inflammatory circulating factors may be associated with risk of more aggressive breast cancer (Capasso et al., Cancer Biol Ther 10:1240-1243, 4; Healy et al., Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 22:281-288, 5; Laukkanen et al., Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13:1646-1650, 6). We conducted a retrospective review of 860 breast cancer patients to determine the relationship between estrogen receptor status and the metabolic syndrome. We collected the relevant metabolic diagnoses, medications, physical findings, and laboratory values and adapted the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria to define the metabolic syndrome retrospectively. No relationship was found between estrogen receptor status and the individual components of the metabolic syndrome. Based on findings in the medical records, 15% of the women with breast cancer had the metabolic syndrome, and 26% of the women were considered obese, 16% hyperglycemic, 54% hypertensive, and 30% dyslipidemic. The metabolic syndrome was associated with advanced age and African-American race (P < 0.001). When adjusted for age, race, and stage, the metabolic syndrome was marginally associated with estrogen receptor-positive tumors (P = 0.054). Our findings do not support the concern that the metabolic syndrome may contribute to more biologically aggressive breast cancer.

Whole body FDG-PET for the evaluation and staging of small cell lung cancer: a preliminary study.

[F18]-2-deoxy-2fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) is increasingly used in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. Despite its positive performance characteristics in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the role of FDG-PET in the staging of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains to be determined. We designed a prospective study to address this question. Eighteen patients with SCLC were enrolled prospectively to undergo total body FDG-PET in addition to conventional staging procedures (chest computed tomography (CT), abdominal CT, cranial CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and bone scan/bone marrow biopsy). The agreement between FDG-PET and conventional staging modalities in identifying the presence or absence of metastatic disease was compared using the Veterans Administration (VA) cooperative staging system for staging. Overall staging by FDG-PET agreed with conventional staging exams in 15/18 (83%) patients (kappa=0.67), which included eight extensive and seven limited cases. FDG-PET showed more extensive disease in two of the three patients for which FDG-PET and conventional staging disagreed. These data suggest that total body FDG-PET may be useful in the staging, treatment planning, and prognostication of SCLC. Whether FDG-PET will replace other more established staging modalities remains to be determined by larger prospective randomized controlled studies.

Cytoreductive surgery with intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer.

Peritoneal carcinomatosis is a common and universally fatal sequelae of gastric carcinoma. Treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis from appendiceal and colorectal sources with intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy (IPHC) combined with aggressive cytoreductive surgery has been shown to be effective. There are few data on this treatment modality for carcinoma of the stomach. This study evaluates cytoreductive surgery and IPHC with peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastric carcinoma. Thirty-four patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis due to gastric carcinoma underwent gastric resection with cytoreductive surgery followed by IPHC with mitomycin C. A control group consisting of 40 contemporaneous patients, who underwent radical gastrectomy without extended nodal resection, was identified through the tumor registry. Despite more advanced disease in the IPHC group compared to the control group (P < 0.001), overall survival in the two groups was similar. Proportional-hazards regression analysis shows that only resection status is significantly correlated with improved survival (P=0.0068). Within the IPHC group, patients who underwent an R0/R1 resection had increased survival times (11.2 vs. 3.3 months, P=0.015) vs. those who underwent R2 resection. The group who had an R0/R1 resection had 1- and 2-year survival rates of 45% and 45% compared to 16% and 8%, respectively, in the R2 group. Cytoreductive surgery and IPHC is a modality with limited potential for the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastric carcinoma. Careful patient selection for this procedure is imperative, and patients in whom an R0/R1 resection can be achieved are the best candidates.

Reduction in observation unit length of stay with coronary computed tomography angiography depends on time of emergency department presentation.

OBJECTIVES: Prior studies demonstrating shorter length of stay (LOS) from coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) relative to stress testing in emergency department (ED) patients have not considered time of patient presentation. The objectives of this study were to determine whether low-risk chest pain patients receiving stress testing or CCTA have differences in ED plus observation unit (OU) LOS and if there are disparities in testing modality use, based on the time of patient presentation to the ED. METHODS: The authors examined a cohort of low-risk chest pain patients evaluated in an ED-based OU using prospective and retrospective OU registry data. During the study period, stress testing and CCTA were both available from 08:00 to 17:00 hours. CCTA was not available on weekends, and therefore only subjects presenting on weekdays were included. Cox regression analysis was used to model the effect of testing modality (stress testing vs. CCTA) on OU LOS. Separate models were fit based on time of patient presentation to the ED using 4-hour blocks beginning at midnight. The primary independent variable was testing modality: stress testing or CCTA. Age, sex, and race were included as covariates. Logistic regression was used to model testing modality choice by time period adjusted for age, sex, and race. RESULTS: Over the study period, 841 subjects presented Monday through Friday. Median LOS was 18.0 hours (interquartile range [IQR] = 11.7 to 22.9 hours). Objective cardiac testing was completed in 788 of 841 (94%) patients, with 496 (63%) receiving stress testing and 292 (37%) receiving CCTA. After age, race, and sex were adjusted for, patients presenting between 08:00 and 11:59 hours not only had a shorter LOS associated with CCTA (p < 0.0001), but also had a greater likelihood of being tested by CCTA (p = 0.001). None of the other time periods had significant differences in LOS or testing modality choice for CCTA relative to stress testing. CONCLUSIONS: In an OU setting with weekday and standard business hours CCTA availability, CCTA testing was associated with shorter LOS among low-risk chest pain patients only in patients presenting to the ED between 08:00 and 11:59 hours. That time period was also associated with a greater likelihood of being tested by CCTA, suggesting that ED providers may have intuited the inability of CCTA to shorten LOS during other times.