[Underreporting of live births: measurement procedures using the Hospital Information System]. / Subnotificação de nascidos vivos: procedimentos de mensuração a partir do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar.

OBJECTIVE: To assess underreporting of live birth records by health information systems. METHODS: Secondary data of the Sistema de Informação Hospitalar (Hospital Information System - SIH) and of the Sistema de Informação de Nascidos Vivos (Information System on Live Birth - SINASC) were used in the state of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil, in 2001. Two procedures were used in the analysis: the comparison between the number of live births per city and the probabilistic record linkage of individual data. For both procedures, indicators of underreporting considered were the proportion of live births presented at SIH system that were not obtained at SINASC. The municipalities were later added into four strips of population size. RESULTS: The probabilistic linkage was able to identify a greater proportion of live births underreported at SINASC, relative to the comparison of live births in the municipalities. The variations of the differences among underreporting percentages per procedures were 9.4% in cities with population lower than 5,000 inhabitants; 9.1% in cities with population ranging from 5,000 and 9,999; and 8.0% in municipalities between 10,000 and 49,999 and over 50,000 inhabitants. CONCLUSIONS: The amount of underreporting was sensitive to the procedures adopted. Probabilistic linkage reinforced the certainty of pairings, and also enabled to identify a greater proportion of cases not recorded at SINASC, also in greater cities. SIH was a strong indicator of underreporting of live births.

[Early neonatal mortality: An analysis of multiple causes of death by the Grade of Membership method]. / Obitos neonatais precoces: análise de causas múltiplas de morte pelo método Grade of Membership.

This population-based study aimed to determine the profile of early neonatal deaths in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, from 2000 to 2003. Profiles were analyzed from the perspective of avoidability, justified by persistently high early neonatal mortality rates in the city. Three profiles were generated for multiple causes of death from the perspective of fuzzy sets, using the Grade of Membership method. Birth weight and the hospital's corporate status were also related to the three profiles. Private hospitals were characterized by so-called "difficult-to-prevent deaths, with mention of congenital malformations" (profile 2). The Unified National Health System (SUS) generated two distinct profiles. Private maternity facilities contracted out by the SUS showed "preventable deaths" (profile 1), while "premature deaths" (profile 3) occurred in the public Federal and State maternity hospitals. This typology highlights the need to adopt differential policies in the SUS, focusing on evaluation and accreditation for maternity facilities contracted out by the SUS and--for the system as a whole--on the routine adoption of protocols for childbirth care and prophylactic measures that are known to reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality.

O que dizem as informações sobre mortalidade dos Registros Hospitalares de Câncer (RHC) em hospital de referência de Minas Gerais, 2016-2017 / What the information on mortality from the Hospital Cancer Registry (RHC) reveals about a reference hospital in Minas Gerais, 2016-2017

Resumo Introdução A qualidade das informações dos Registros Hospitalares de Câncer (RHC) necessita de avaliação quanto à cobertura, completitude e concordância da causa básica(CB) com o Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Objetivo Avaliar a qualidade dos RHC nas duas unidades hospitalares do Instituto Mário Penna: Hospitais Mário Penna (HMP) e Luxemburgo (HL), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, em 2016 e 2017, nos atributos mencionados. Método Por captura-recaptura (RHC x RHC), avaliaram-se, por unidade, cobertura, completitude da variável "óbito por câncer" e concordância da a (CB) com a causa da pesquisa (CP). Por relacionamento determinístico (RHC x SIM) avaliaram-se cobertura e concordância da CB. Resultados A cobertura dos RHC foi boa eexcelente (88,8% e 95,3%); a completitude foi ruim (34,6% e 32,6%) no HMP e HL respectivamente; por capítulo da CID-10, não houve concordância da CB com a CP. Observaram-se excelentes cobertura (94,7%) e concordância (94,5%) entre CP e SIM; observou-se sub-registro de 38 neoplasias no SIM, com reclassificação de causas pouco úteis. Conclusão A aplicação das técnicas de captura-recaptura e relacionamento determinístico contribuiu para a melhora da qualidade da informação dos RHC, com redução da incompletude nos RHC e correção da CB nos RHC e no SIM.

Abstract Bakground The quality of information from the Hospital Cancer Records (HRC) needs to be evaluated regarding coverage, completeness and agreement between the underlying cause (UC) as registered in the HRC and the Mortality Information System (SIM). Objective To assess the quality of the HRC in the two Instituto Mário Penna hospitals: Mário Penna (HMP) and Luxemburgo (HL) in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, between 2016-2017. Method By capture-recapture (RHC x RHC), we assessed coverage, completeness of the "cancer death" variable and agreement between underlying cause (UC) with the cause of the research (CR), in each hospital. Deterministic relationship (RHC x SIM) was used to asses UC coverage and agreement between systems. Results The coverage of deaths at the HRC was good/excellent (88.8% and 95.3%); completeness was poor (34.6% and 32.6%) in HMP and HL respectively; per ICD-10 chapter, there was no agreement between CB and CP. Excellent coverage (94.7%) and agreement (94.5%) of CR and SIM were observed; 38 neoplasms were under-reported in the SIM, with reclassification of less useful causes. Conclusion Applying capture-recapture and deterministic linkage techniques contributed in improving the quality of information in the HRC, with a reduction in incompleteness in the HRC and correction of the UC in both HRC and SIM.

Use of capture-recapture method to improve the notification of fatal occupational injuries records in Belo Horizonte city, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 2011. / Utilização do método de captura-recaptura de casos para a melhoria do registro dos acidentes de trabalho fatais em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 2011.

OBJECTIVE: to measure underreporting of typical fatal occupational injuries (FOI) on the Mortality Information System (SIM) in Belo Horizonte city, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, in 2011. METHODS: the capture-recapture method was used to assess all FOI recorded among city residents and/or occurring in the city, using probabilistic linkage of three data sources: SIM, the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) and the Belo Horizonte Forensic Medicine Institute Autopsy Database. RESULTS: the majority of the 54 cases found occurred in males (n=53), with drivers and construction workers accounting for half of them (n=28); the most common causes of death were traffic accidents (n=18) and falls (n=10); 15 deaths were underreported on SIM. CONCLUSION: the use of the capture-recapture method contributed to the detection of FOI underreporting.

Traffic accidents in Belo Horizonte: the view from three different sources, 2008 to 2010.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the contribution of three data sources in the description of traffic accidents in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. METHODS: Exploratory study of databases: BHTRANS (metropolitan traffic and transportation authority), Hospital Admissions and Mortality Information Systems, with estimation of proportions, coefficients and odds ratios. RESULTS: Incomplete data was observed in the three sources, especially regarding alcohol consumption by drivers and use of safety equipment. The victim profile among the sources was consistent: young adults, males, motorcycle riders and pedestrians. In addition to the high mortality rate (19.4 per 100.000 inhabitants), an increase in the number of non-fatal accidents was observed. An increase of 34% in hospital admissions and of 53% in hospital costs was evidenced. The motorcycle accident rate is higher than expected given the fleet composition. Male drivers have the highest risk of injury or death; relative to drivers, passengers or pedestrians have a 1,8 times higher risk of death. There was a 12% increase in the number of deaths at the site of the accident, 55% of which showed positive evidence of alcohol use and 50% higher risk of fatal accidents on weekends. CONCLUSIONS: Despite some incomplete record keeping and non-specific death registry codes, it was possible to characterize the main factors associated with accidents: elderly pedestrians, motorcycle riders, alcohol consumption and speeding. The study demonstrated the complementarity of the three data sources, with their different goals, and revealed important features of the traffic accident event-chain and victim profile, providing key data for the development of mitigation strategies.

[Evaluation of the strategy for identification and measurement of the fatal accidents at work]. / Avaliação de estratégia para identificação e mensuração dos acidentes de trabalho fatais.

In order to evaluate the strategy used by the Municipal Health Department of Belo Horizonte (SMSA/BH) for reducing the under-reporting of deaths from work-related accidents during the years of 2008 to 2010, a deterministic comparison of data on deaths from work-related accidents as reported in SINAN and SIM was conducted. As a complementary strategy to the deterministic comparison, the Investigation Data Sheets and Death Certificates were analyzed, which although not clearly declared, were suspected of involving death by work-related accident. Death from work accident was confirmed when the same victim, same accident, with a temporal connection between accident and death, were matched. The complementary strategy used by SMSA reduced the under-reporting identified by deterministic linking, with an increase of 45 deaths. Higher rates of under-reporting of deaths in the SINAN (n = 117) were found than in the SIM (n = 70). Although data linkage between SIM/SINAN is a necessary strategy to reduce the under-reporting of deaths from accidents, it is still insufficient, considering the limitations still present in both systems. The complementary strategy adopted by SMSA/BH, which is simple and easy to perform, yields good results.

Reflexão sobre gênero na produção cientifica brasileira de saúde / Reflection on gender in the Brazilian scientific production of health / La reflexión sobre el género en la producción cientifica brasileña de la salud

O objetivo foi refletir sobre os entendimentos de gênero usados na produção cientifica brasileira de saúde. Estudo de abordagem qualitativa na perspectiva das teorias de gênero através da busca em janeiro de 2014 de artigos com o descritor gênero e saúde publicados no período 2009-2013 na base de dados SciELO por agregar significativa produção brasileira de saúde. Dos 71 artigos identificados selecionaram-se 41 que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. A análise dos artigos permitiu identificar três entendimentos de gênero: gênero como sinônimo de sexo (n=13); gênero como descrição das diferenças entre os sexos (n=9); gênero como assimetria de poder (n=19). A maioria dos artigos não considerou a assimetria de poder e sua influência na saúde das pessoas. A análise realizada permitiu identificar lacunas relacionadas à compreensão dos aspectos associados a gênero e saúde e os possíveis efeitos dos entendimentos de gênero sobre a saúde de homens e mulheres.(AU)

The objective was to reflect on the gender understandings used in the Brazilian scientific production of health. Study of qualitative approach from the perspective of gender theories through the search in January 2014 of articles with the descriptor gender and health published in the period 2009-2013 in the SciELO database for aggregating significant Brazilian health production. Of the 71 articles identified, 41 were selected that met the inclusion criteria. The analysis of the articles allowed to identify three understandings of gender: gender as synonymous with sex (n = 13); gender as a description of the differences between the sexes (n = 9); gender as power asymmetry (n = 19). Most articles did not consider power asymmetry and its influence on people's health. The analysis made it possible to identify gaps related to the understanding of aspects related to gender and health and the possible effects of gender understandings on the health of men and women.(AU)

The objective was to reflect on the gender understandings used in the Brazilian scientific production of health. Study of qualitative approach from the perspective of gender theories through the search in January 2014 of articles with the descriptor gender and health published in the period 2009-2013 in the SciELO database for aggregating significant Brazilian health production. Of the 71 articles identified, 41 were selected that met the inclusion criteria. The analysis of the articles allowed to identify three understandings of gender: gender as synonymous with sex (n = 13); gender as a description of the differences between the sexes (n = 9); gender as power asymmetry (n = 19). Most articles did not consider power asymmetry and its influence on people's health. The analysis made it possible to identify gaps related to the understanding of aspects related to gender and health and the possible effects of gender understandings on the health of men and women. (AU)

Representações de gênero pelos gestores locais de saúde / Gender representations by local health managers / Representaciones de género por los gestores locales de salud

Estudo exploratório-descritivo com abordagem qualitativa na perspectiva de gênero e noções da teoria de representações sociais com objetivo de identificar as representações de gênero pelos gestores locais de saúde através de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Observou-se que para a maioria há equivalência entre gênero e sexo embora tenham demonstrado interesse em discuti-lo de forma ampliada incluindo os efeitos de assimetria de poder na Saúde: mulheres adoecem mais e homens morrem por causas evitáveis. Para avançar nessa abordagem gestores sugeriram capacitação teórica para o cuidado integral às pessoas. Tal abertura e vitalidade do serviço são fundamentais na melhoria da assistência e redução de desigualdades em saúde. Conclui-se que prestar cuidado integral indo além da dimensão curativa é desafio para gestores de saúde.

A descriptive-exploratory study with a qualitative approach in the perspective of gender and notions of the theory of social representations with the objective of identifying the representations of gender by the local health managers through semi- structured interviews. It was observed that for the majority there is an equivalence between gender and sex, although they have shown an interest in discussing it in an extended way, including the effects of power asymmetry in Health: women become ill and men die from preventable causes. To advance this approach managers suggested theoretical training for comprehensive care of people. Such openness and vitality of service are fundamental in improving care and reducing health inequalities. It concludes that providing comprehensive care going beyond the curative dimension is a challenge for health managers.

Estudio exploratorio-descriptivo con abordaje cualitativo en la perspectiva de género y nociones de la teoría de representaciones sociales con el objetivo de identificar las representaciones de género por los gestores locales de salud a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas. Se observó que para la mayoría hay equivalencia entre género y sexo aunque hayan demostrado interés en discutirlo de forma ampliada incluyendo los efectos de asimetría de poder en la Salud: las mujeres enferman más y los hombres mueren por causas evitables. Para avanzar en ese enfoque gestores sugirieron capacitación teórica para el cuidado integral a las personas. Tal apertura y vitalidad del servicio son fundamentales en la mejora de la asistencia y reducción de desigualdades en salud. Se concluye que prestar atención integral yendo más allá de la dimensión curativa es un desafio para los gestores de salud.

Perspectiva de motociclistas acidentados sobre riscos e acidentes de trânsito / Perspective of motorcyclists accidented about risk and transit accidents / Perspectiva de motociclistas accidentados sobre los riesgos y accidentes de tránsito

No trânsito urbano evidenciam-se disputas por espaço e ressaltam-se situações de conflitos e violência, resultando em elevado número de acidentes, especialmente com motociclistas. Entre os determinantes e condicionantes para tais ocorrências, incluem-se os modos de pensar a vida e tomar decisões explicitadas nas representações das pessoas envolvidas, para além de fatores objetivos relacionados à vida na cidade. Objetivou-se compreender representações de motociclistas que sofreram acidente de trânsito, em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, acerca dos riscos e ocorrência de acidentes. A análise dos dados colhidos em entrevistas individuais de acidentados hospitalizados foi fundamentada nas propostas de Giami, no referencial psicossocial das representações sociais, que permitiu a construção de duas categorias relativas à violência no trânsito: a) representações sobre lesões sofridas com motocicletas; 2) representações sobre o trânsito. Os resultados mostraram que a projeção de responsabilidades está fortemente presente nas representações sobre violência no trânsito. Posturas psicossociais são fortalecidas nas disputas, por meio de representações de supervalorização do transporte individual, pelo sentimento de invulnerabilidade pela crença de que os acidentes somente ocorrerão com os outros, entremeadas pelo consequente enfraquecimento das relações de equidade no trânsito. Concluiu-se que a construção psicossocial realizada por meio das interações sociais ao longo da vida, em contextos culturais e sociais específicos, define posturas de incorrer em mais ou menos riscos no trânsito, impactando no modo de condução da motocicleta no cotidiano.

In urban traffic, disputes over space are evident and situations of conflict and violence are highlighted, resulting in a high number of accidents, especially with motorcyclists. Among the determinants and constraints for such occurrences, there are lifestyle and explicit decisions in the representations of the people involved, as well as objective factors related to city life. The objective of this study was to understand the representations of motorcyclists who suffered a traffic accident in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, about the risks and occurrence of accidents. The analysis of the data collected in individual interviews of hospitalized accident victims was based on the Giami proposals, in the psychosocial frame of social representations, that allowed the construction of two categories related to traffic violence: a) representations on injuries suffered with motorcycles; 2) representations on the transit. The results showed that the projection of responsibilities is strongly present in the representations on traffic violence. Psychosocial postures are strengthened in disputes, through representations of overvaluation of individual transportation, through the feeling of invulnerability by the belief that accidents will only occur with others, interspersed with the consequent weakening of equity relations in traffic. It was concluded that the psychosocial construction carried out through social interactions throughout life, in specific cultural and social contexts, defines postures of incurring more or less risks in traffic, impacting on the way of motorcycle driving in daily life.

[Home care effectiveness assessment in a health maintenance organization in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil]. / Avaliação de efetividade da atenção domiciliar de uma cooperativa médica de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.

A retrospective cohort study was performed to assess the impact of a Case Management Home Care Program supplied by the Unimed-BH medical cooperative on hospitalization-free survival time among eligible patients 60 years or older. A Cox proportional hazards model was fitted to assess the impact of home visits by health professionals on hospitalization-free survival time in a sample of 2,943 elders, while adjusting for patient age, physical dependence, medicines, feeding route, pressure ulcers, supplemental oxygen therapy, cognitive impairment, outpatient visits, and hospitalizations in the preceding quarter. Risk factors for shorter hospitalization-free survival time were: degree of physical dependence, enteral nutrition, supplemental oxygen therapy, pressure ulcers, and hospital admissions in the previous quarter. Higher rates of home visits by physicians and nurses showed a protective dose-response effect on hospitalization-free survival time. The data suggest that regular home visits by physicians and nurses lengthen hospitalization-free survival time among elderly patients enrolled in the program.

Evolução da qualidade das informações das declarações de óbito com menções de sífilis congênita nos óbitos perinatais no Brasil / Evolution of quality of information in death certificates mentioning congenital syphilis in perinatal deaths in Brazil

Resumo Objetivo avaliar a qualidade das informações das declarações de óbito (DO) com menções de sífilis congênita (SC) nos óbitos perinatais no Brasil (2001/2002 e 2012/2013). Métodos estudo transversal com dados do Sistema de Informações de Mortalidade de óbitos fetais e neonatais precoces. Foram calculadas taxas de mortalidade fetal, neonatal precoce e perinatal específicas por SC, percentual de incompletude por variáveis selecionadas, razões de causa básica e causa múltipla (CB/CM) e outros indicadores. Analisou-se causa básica original comparativamente à causa básica após investigação. Resultados em 2001/02 e 2012/13, ocorreram 330 e 933 óbitos perinatais, respectivamente, com menção de SC; a taxa de mortalidade perinatal passou de 4,2 a 12,8 por 100 mil nascimentos totais. A completude dos principais campos de preenchimento obrigatório melhorou, com CB/CM de 0,8 para SC, indicando registro adequado dessa causa com as causas múltiplas. A participação da SC como causa básica da morte aumentou pós-investigação, passando de 31,2% para 85,4% (óbitos fetais) e de 54,5% a 76,2% (neonatais precoces). Conclusão a taxa de mortalidade perinatal por SC aumentou, com melhora do preenchimento das DO. O uso das causas múltiplas de morte permitiu análise dos óbitos perinatais com menção de SC, o que é importante, dados os esforços na redução dessa doença.

Abstract Objective Evaluate the quality of information in death certificates (DC) mentioning congenital syphilis (CS) in perinatal deaths in Brazil (2001/02 and 2012/13). Methods Crossectional study with data from the Mortality Information System about fetal and early neonates. Fetal, early neonatal and perinatal mortality rates specific by CS, percentage of incompleteness by selected variables, underlying causes and multiple causes of death ratio (CB/CM), and other indicators were calculated. The original underlying cause was compared to the underlying cause after investigation. Results In 2001/02 and 2012/13, 330 and 933 perinatal deaths, respectively, with CS occurred; perinatal mortality rate increased from 4.2 to 12.8 per 100.000 total births. The completion of the main required fields has improved. The CB/CM ratio was 0.8 for CS, indicating adequate registration of this cause, with use of multiple causes. CS percentage as the underlying cause increased post-investigation, from 31.2% to 85.4% (fetal deaths) and from 54.5% to 76.2% (early neonates). Conclusion perinatal mortality rate due to CS increased over the study period. There was improvement in the completion of the DC. The use of multiple causes of death allowed the analysis of all perinatal deaths with CS mention, which is important given efforts in reducing CS.

[Use of the printed press for qualification of external causes of death]. / Utilização da imprensa escrita na qualificação das causas externas de morte.

OBJECTIVE: To supplement the information on the underlying cause of death due to external causes through using news carried in newspapers. METHODS: This study investigated 153 deaths due to external causes among people living in Belo Horizonte, Southeastern Brazil, in 2008. A database named "press" was constructed using information from large-circulation national and state-level newspapers, and this was correlated with the database of the Brazilian mortality information system. The data were analyzed using the EpiInfo and Link-plus software. The concordance of the results was assessed using the kappa coefficient. RESULTS: A total of 1,530 news items on accidents and violence were located, and 201 of these items were matched with death certificates in the mortality information system; 153 items referred to people living in Belo Horizonte. The main causes of death identified in the databases were aggression and traffic accidents. In the press database, aggression and traffic accidents accounted for 86.3%, other accidents 7.8%, events of undetermined intent 4.6% and legal intervention cases 1.3%. After supplementation using the press database, there were increases in the numbers of deaths due to car accidents (220.0%) and motorcycle accidents (100.0%), which resulted in a decrease in the numbers of deaths due to indeterminate causes and unspecified traffic accidents notified in the mortality information system. CONCLUSIONS: News in newspapers has great potential for qualifying and supplementing the information on the underlying cause of death due to external causes in the mortality information system, particularly regarding deaths due to traffic accidents.

Utilização do método de captura-recaptura de casos para a melhoria do registro dos acidentes de trabalho fatais em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 2011 / El uso del métodode Captura-recaptura de casos para la mejora del registro de accidentes de trabajo fatales en la ciudad de Belo Horizonte, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2011 / Use of capture-recapture method to improve fatal occupational accident records in Belo Horizonte city, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 2011

OBJETIVO: mensurar o sub-registro de acidentes de trabalho típicos fatais (ATTF) no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, em 2011. MÉTODOS: utilizou-se o método de captura-recaptura para estudo de todos os ATTF registrados no município, por residência e/ou ocorrência, mediante relacionamento probabilístico dos dados de três fontes - SIM, Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan) e Banco de Necropsias do Instituto Médico Legal de Belo Horizonte. RESULTADOS: entre os 54 casos encontrados, a maioria foi de homens (n=53) e a metade ocorreu com motoristas e trabalhadores da construção civil (n=28); os acidentes de transporte (n=18) e as quedas (n=10) foram as causas mais comuns de óbito; houve subnotificação de 15 óbitos no SIM. CONCLUSÃO: a utilização do método de captura-recaptura contribuiu para a detecção do sub-registro de ATTF.

OBJETIVOS: estimar el subregistro de accidentes de trabajo típicos fatales (ATTF) en el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad (SIM) de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, en 2011. MÉTODOS: fue utilizado el método de captura-recaptura para el estudio de todos los ATTF registrados en el municipio, por residencia y/u ocurrencia, mediante relacionamiento probabilística de datos de tres fuentes- SIM, Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación (Sinan) y Banco de Necropsias del Instituto Médico-Legal de Belo Horizonte. RESULTADOS: entre los 54 casos de ATTF, la mayoría eran hombres (n=53); la mitad ocurrió enconductores y trabajadores de construcción civil (n=28); los accidentes de transporte (n=18) y las caídas (n=10) fueron las causas más comunes de óbito; hubo subnotificación de 15 óbitos en el SIM. CONCLUSIÓN: la utilización del método de captura-recaptura contribuye para la detección del subregistro de ATTF.

OBJECTIVE: to measure underreporting of typical fatal occupational injuries (FOI) on the Mortality Information System (SIM) in Belo Horizonte city, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, in 2011. METHODS: the capture-recapture method was used to assess all FOI recorded among city residents and/or occurring in the city, using probabilistic linkage of three data sources: SIM, the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) and the Belo Horizonte Forensic Medicine Institute Autopsy Database. RESULTS: the majority of the 54 cases found occurred in males (n=53), with drivers and construction workers accounting for half of them (n=28); the most common causes of death were traffic accidents (n=18) and falls (n=10); 15 deaths were underreported on SIM. CONCLUSION: the use of the capture-recapture method contributed to the detection of FOI underreporting.