Citrobacter rodentium infection impairs dopamine metabolism and exacerbates the pathology of Parkinson's disease in mice.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder with indistinct etiology and ill-defined pathophysiology. Intestinal inflammation involved in the pathogenesis of PD, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Citrobacter rodentium (C.R) is a gram-negative bacterium that can be used to induce human inflammatory bowel disease in mice. Here, we investigated whether the proinflammatory effects caused by C.R infection initiate PD-like injury and/or exacerbate PD pathology and extensively studied the underlying mechanism. Mice were gavaged once with C.R and monitored for several pathological features at 9 days post infection. The results showed that C.R delivery in mice induced IBD-like symptoms, including significant weight loss, increased fecal water content, an impaired intestinal barrier, intestinal hyperpermeability and inflammation, and intestinal microbiota disturbances. Notably, C.R infection modified dopamine (DA) metabolism in the brains of both male and female mice. Subsequently, a single high dose of MPTP or normal saline was administered at 6 days post infection. At 3 days after MPTP administration, the feces were collected for 16 S rRNA analysis, and PD-like phenotypes and mechanisms were systemically analyzed. Compared with C.R or MPTP injection alone, the injection of C.R and MPTP combined worsened behavioral performance. Moreover, such combination triggered more severe dopaminergic degeneration and glial cell overactivation in the nigrostriatal pathway of mice. Mechanistically, the combination of C.R and MPTP increased the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB p65 in the colon and striatum and upregulated proinflammatory cytokine expression. Therefore, C.R infection-induced intestinal inflammation can impair dopamine metabolism and exacerbate PD pathological processes.

Hypoxia inducible factor-1α regulates microglial innate immune memory and the pathology of Parkinson's disease.

Neuroinflammation is one of the core pathological features of Parkinson's disease (PD). Innate immune cells play a crucial role in the progression of PD. Microglia, the major innate immune cells in the brain, exhibit innate immune memory effects and are recognized as key regulators of neuroinflammatory responses. Persistent modifications of microglia provoked by the first stimuli are pivotal for innate immune memory, resulting in an enhanced or suppressed immune response to second stimuli, which is known as innate immune training and innate immune tolerance, respectively. In this study, LPS was used to establish in vitro and in vivo models of innate immune memory. Microglia-specific Hif-1α knockout mice were further employed to elucidate the regulatory role of HIF-1α in innate immune memory and MPTP-induced PD pathology. Our results showed that different paradigms of LPS could induce innate immune training or tolerance in the nigrostriatal pathway of mice. We found that innate immune tolerance lasting for one month protected the dopaminergic system in PD mice, whereas the effect of innate immune training was limited. Deficiency of HIF-1α in microglia impeded the formation of innate immune memory and exerted protective effects in MPTP-intoxicated mice by suppressing neuroinflammation. Therefore, HIF-1α is essential for microglial innate immune memory and can promote neuroinflammation associated with PD.

Pyroptosis-mediator GSDMD promotes Parkinson's disease pathology via microglial activation and dopaminergic neuronal death.

GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis occurs in the nigrostriatal pathway in Parkinson's disease animals, yet the role of GSDMD in neuroinflammation and death of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease remains elusive. Here, our in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that GSDMD, as a pyroptosis executor, contributed to glial reaction and death of dopaminergic neurons across different Parkinson's disease models. The ablation of the Gsdmd attenuated Parkinson's disease damage by reducing dopaminergic neuronal death, microglial activation, and detrimental transformation. Disulfiram, an inhibitor blocking GSDMD pore formation, efficiently curtailed pyroptosis, thereby lessening the pathology of Parkinson's disease. Additionally, a modification in GSDMD was identified in the blood of Parkinson's disease patients in contrast to healthy subjects. Therefore, the detected alteration in GSDMD within the blood of Parkinson's disease patients and the protective impact of disulfiram could be promising for the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches against Parkinson's disease.

HDAC6 Deficiency Has Moderate Effects on Behaviors and Parkinson's Disease Pathology in Mice.

Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is involved in the regulation of protein aggregation and neuroinflammation, but its role in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains controversial. In this study, Hdac6-/- mice were generated by CRISPR-Cas9 technology for exploring the effect of HDAC6 on the pathological progression of PD. We found that male Hdac6-/- mice exhibit hyperactivity and certain anxiety. In the acute 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mice, though motor injury was slightly alleviated by HDAC6 deficiency, dopamine (DA) depletion in the striatum, the decrease in the number of DA neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and the reduction in DA neuronal terminals were not affected. In addition, activation of glial cells and the expression of α-synuclein, as well as the levels of apoptosis-related proteins in the nigrostriatal pathway, were not changed in MPTP-injected wild-type and Hdac6-/- mice. Therefore, HDAC6 deficiency leads to moderate alterations of behaviors and Parkinson's disease pathology in mice.

Security Analysis of DBTRU Cryptosystem.

DBTRU was proposed by Thang and Binh in 2015. As a variant of NTRU, the integer polynomial ring is replaced by two binary truncated polynomial rings GF(2)[x]/(xn+1). DBTRU has some advantages over NTRU in terms of security and performance. In this paper, we propose a polynomial-time linear algebra attack against the DBTRU cryptosystem, which can break DBTRU for all recommended parameter choices. The paper shows that the plaintext can be achieved in less than 1 s via the linear algebra attack on a single PC.

[Study on Non-Destructive Detection Method for Egg Freshness Based on LLE-SVR and Visible/Near-Infrared Spectrum].

The freshness of egg is an important index to reflect the internal quality. In order to achieve non-destructive detection of freshness, micro fiber spectrometer was used to sample 550～950 nm transmittance spectra of eggs which performed quantitative analysis with haugh unit of eggs. Different pretreatment was combined with partial least squares regression(PLS) and support vector regression(SVR) respectively to find that first derivative combined with SVR predicted better than others through comparison, and it was better to model by SVR than by PLS. In order to improve efficiency and decrease adverse effects of useless information for modeling, the linear dimensionality reduction with principal component analysis (PCA) and the nonlinear dimensionality reduction with locally linear embedding(LLE) were used for the data of first derivative respectively. It indicated that LLE was better than PCA after comparison, and the correlation coefficient of calibration and prediction were 92.2%, 91.1%, and the root mean square error were 7.21, 8.80. The root mean square error of cross validation decreased 0.79.The experimental result illustrated that the nonlinear model of LLE combined with SVR improved predictive performance of egg freshness. It is feasible for the detection of visible/near-infrared spectrum of egg freshness to apply this method.

Oral biomimetic virus vaccine hydrogel for robust abscopal antitumour efficacy.

Remarkable progress has been made in tumour immunotherapy in recent decades. However, the clinical outcomes of therapeutic interventions remain unpredictable, largely because of inefficient immune responses. To address this challenge and optimise immune stimulation, we present a novel administration route for enhancing the bioavailability of immunotherapeutic drugs. Our approach involves the development of an oral tumour vaccine utilising virus-like particles derived from the Hepatitis B virus core (HBc) antigen. The external surfaces of these particles are engineered to display the model tumour antigen OVA, whereas the interiors are loaded with cytosine phosphoguanosine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN), resulting in a construct called CpG@OVAHBc with enhanced antigenicity and immune response. For oral delivery, CpG@OVAHBc is encapsulated in a crosslinked dextran hydrogel called CpG@OVAHBc@Dex. The external hydrogel shield safeguards the biomimetic virus particles from degradation by gastric acid and proteases. Upon exposure to intestinal flora, the hydrogel disintegrates, releasing CpG@OVAHBc at the intestinal mucosal site. Owing to its virus-like structure, CpG@OVAHBc exhibits enhanced adhesion to the mucosal surface, facilitating uptake by microfold cells (M cells) and subsequent transmission to antigen-presenting cells. The enzyme-triggered release of this oral hydrogel ensures the integrity of the tumour vaccine within the digestive tract, allowing targeted release and significantly improving bioavailability. Beyond its efficacy, this oral hydrogel vaccine streamlines drug administration, alleviates patient discomfort, and enhances treatment compliance without the need for specialised injection methods. Consequently, our approach expands the horizons of vaccine development in the field of oral drug administration.

Tumor-Associated Myeloid Cells Selective Delivery of a Therapeutic Tumor Nano-Vaccine for Overcoming Immune Barriers for Effective and Long-Term Cancer Immunotherapy.

Therapeutic cancer vaccines have the potential to induce regression of established tumors, eradicate microscopic residual lesions, and prevent metastasis and recurrence, but their efficacy is limited by the low antigenicity of soluble antigens and the immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that promote tumor growth. In this study, a novel strategy is reported for overcoming these defenses: a dual-targeting nano-vaccine (NV) based on hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) derived virus-like particles (VLPs), N-M2T-gp100 HBc NV, equipped with both SIGNR+ dendritic cells (DCs)/TAMs-targeting ability and high-density display of tumor-associated antigen (TAA). N-M2T-gp100 HBc NVs-based immunotherapy has demonstrated an optimal interaction between tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and the immune composition of the tumor microenvironment. In a melanoma model, N-M2T-gp100 HBc VLPs significantly reducing in situ and abscopal tumor growth, and provide long-term immune protection. This remarkable anti-tumor effect is achieved by efficiently boosting of T cells and repolarizing of M2-like TAMs. This work opens exciting avenues for the development of personalized tumor vaccines targeting not just melanoma but potentially a broad range of cancer types based on functionalized VLPs.

TLR2 deficiency is beneficial at the late phase in MPTP-induced Parkinson' disease mice.

AIMS: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. The etiology of PD is still elusive but neuroinflammation is proved to be an important contributor. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) involves in the release of several inflammatory cytokines. Whether TLR2 serves as a mediator contributing to the damage of DA system in PD remain unclear. MAIN METHODS: Tlr2 knockout (Tlr2-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were treated with a subacute regimen of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). At 3, 7 and 14 days after MPTP injection, the behavioral performance, including the Pole test, the Rotarod test, the Rearing test and the Wire hang test was evaluated. Moreover, the PD-like phenotypes, including dopaminergic degeneration, the activation of glial cells and the α-Syn expression were systematically analyzed in the nigrostriatal pathway. Finally, the composition of gut microbiota in the MPTP-treated groups were assessed. KEY FINDINGS: TLR2 deficiency had no obvious impact on the dopaminergic injury at 3 and 7 days following MPTP administration. On the contrary, at 14 days post injection, TLR2 deficiency not only significantly attenuated motor deficits in the Pole test and the Rotarod test, and the nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration, but also mitigated α-Syn abnormality, astrocyte activation and neuroinflammation through the suppressed TLR2/MyD88/TRAF6/NF-κB signaling pathways. Additionally, the alteration of gut microbiota was also detected in the mutant mice. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings highlight the neuroprotective effect of TLR2-pathways at the late phase in the MPTP-induced PD mouse model.

Study on Key Technologies of Virtual Interactive Surgical Simulation for 3D Reconstruction of Medical Images.

Medical computed tomography (CT), nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other imaging facility produce a large amount of medical image data which has great diagnosis value. Traditional three-dimensional reconstruction of medical images has high requirements for graphics acceleration hardware and the processing speed. In this study, VxWorks embedded real-time process feature is used for CT or MRI DICOM data to real restoration and establishment of virtual three-dimensional model for realizing volume reconstruction, maximum density projection, multiplane reconstruction, dynamic interactive cutting of any surface, dynamic display of three-dimensional model and two-dimensional sectional image, surgical path planning and interactive surgical simulation, and determine the best surgical scheme. The practical application shows that the virtual simulation environment supports the seamless transplantation of code, function debugging, and interaction and solves the issue of high requirements for hardware. It can meet the needs of scientific research and teaching for clinicians and medical imaging workers and can be widely used in the training of virtual surgical anatomy for medical students.

Regional cerebral glucose metabolic abnormalities in bipolar II depression.

BACKGROUND: Functional neuroimaging studies of bipolar disorder (BD) performed in conjunction with antidepressant treatment trials generally require that patients remain on mood stabilizers to reduce the risk of inducing mania; yet, it is unknown whether the metabolic abnormalities evident in unmedicated BD depressives remain detectable in patients receiving mood stabilizers. This study investigated whether cerebral metabolic abnormalities previously reported in unmedicated BD subjects are evident in depressed bipolar disorder type II (BD II) subjects receiving lithium or divalproex. METHODS: Using [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron-emission tomography, cerebral glucose metabolism was compared between 13 depressed BD II subjects on therapeutic doses of lithium or divalproex and 18 healthy control subjects. Regional metabolism was compared between groups in predefined regions of interest. RESULTS: Metabolism was increased in the bilateral amygdala, accumbens area, and anteroventral putamen, left orbitofrontal cortex and right pregenual anterior cingulate cortex in depressives versus control subjects. Post hoc exploratory analysis additionally revealed increased metabolism in left parahippocampal, posterior cingulate, and right anterior insular cortices in depressives versus control subjects. Correlational analyses showed multiple limbic-cortical-striatal interactions in the BD sample not evident in the control sample, permitting sensitive and specific classification of subjects by discriminant analysis. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm previous reports that bipolar depression is associated with abnormally increased metabolism in the amygdala, ventral striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, and anterior insula, and extend these results to bipolar disorder type II depressives on lithium or divalproex. They also implicate an extended functional anatomical network known to modulate visceromotor function in the pathophysiology of BD II depression.

Video microscopic high-temperature measurement of surface tension.

In this paper, a micropipette-in-microcapillary method and its experimental setup are described for the study of temperature effects on surface tension. Temperature control within the confined space of a capillary was achieved by coating the outer surface of the housing microcapillary with an electrically conductive, transparent, tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) thin film as a heating jacket. The precision of this technique was discussed according to the comparisons of our results with published reference data for water, n-hexadecane, and n-decane at room temperature. The technique was further used to measure the temperature-dependent surface tension of n-decane between 25°C and 110°C and n-hexadecane from 25°C to 200°C. The results were in excellent agreement with available published values, and also indicated linear decrease rates of surface tension with decreasing temperatures.