Controlling nanocluster growth through nanoconfinement: the effect of the number and nature of metal-organic framework functionalities.

Controlled nanocluster growth via nanoconfinement is an attractive approach as it allows for geometry control and potential surface-chemistry modification simultaneously. However, it is still not a straight-forward method and much of its success depends on the nature and possibly concentration of functionalities on the cavity walls that surround the clusters. To independently probe the effect of the nature and number of functional groups on the controlled Pd nanocluster growth within the pores of the metal-organic frameworks, Pd-laden UiO-66 analogues with mono- and bi-functionalised linkers of amino and methyl groups were successfully prepared and studied in a combined experimental-computational approach. The nature of the functional groups determines the strength of host-guest interactions, while the number of functional groups affects the extent of Pd loading. The interplay of these two effects means that for a successful Pd embedding, mono-functionalised host matrices are more favourable. Interestingly, in the context of the present and previous research, we find that host frameworks with functional groups displaying higher Lewis basicity are more successful at controlled Pd NC growth via nanoconfinement in MOFs.

Experimental and Modeling Studies of Local and Nanoscale para-Cresol Behavior: A Comparison of Classical Force Fields.

The dynamics of bulk liquid para-cresol from 340-390 K was probed using a tandem quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) and molecular dynamics (MD) approach, due to its relevance as a simple model component of lignin pyrolysis oil. QENS experiments observed both translational jump diffusion and isotropic rotation, with diffusion coefficients ranging from 10.1 to 28.6 × 10-10 m2s-1 and rotational rates from 5.7 to 9.2 × 1010 s-1. The associated activation energies were 22.7 ± 0.6 and 10.1 ± 1.2 kJmol-1 for the two different dynamics. MD simulations applying two different force field models (OPLS3 and OPLS2005) gave values close to the experimental diffusion coefficients and rotational rates obtained upon calculating the incoherent dynamic structure factor from the simulations over the same time scale probed by the QENS spectrometer. The simulations gave resulting jump diffusion coefficients that were slower by factors of 2.0 and 3.8 and rates of rotation that were slower by factors of 1.2 and 1.6. Comparing the two force field sets, the OPLS3 model showed slower rates of dynamics likely due to a higher molecular polarity, leading to greater quantities and strengths of hydrogen bonding.

Kinetic Monte Carlo modeling of oxide thin film growth.

In spite of the increasing interest in and application of ultrathin film oxides in commercial devices, the understanding of the mechanisms that control the growth of these films at the atomic scale remains limited and scarce. This limited understanding prevents the rational design of novel solutions based on precise control of the structure and properties of ultrathin films. Such a limited understanding stems in no minor part from the fact that most of the available modeling methods are unable to access and robustly sample the nanosecond to second timescales required to simulate both atomic deposition and surface reorganization at ultrathin films. To contribute to this knowledge gap, here we have combined molecular dynamics and adaptive kinetic Monte Carlo simulations to study the deposition and growth of oxide materials over an extended timescale of up to ∼0.5 ms. In our pilot studies, we have examined the growth of binary oxide thin films on oxide substrates. We have investigated three scenarios: (i) the lattice parameter of both the substrate and thin film are identical, (ii) the lattice parameter of the thin film is smaller than the substrate, and (iii) the lattice parameter is greater than the substrate. Our calculations allow for the diffusion of ions between deposition events and the identification of growth mechanisms in oxide thin films. We make a detailed comparison with previous calculations. Our results are in good agreement with the available experimental results and demonstrate important limitations in former calculations, which fail to sample phase space correctly at the temperatures of interest (typically 300-1000 K) with self-evident limitations for the representative modeling of thin films growth. We believe that the present pilot study and proposed combined methodology open up for extended computational support in the understanding and design of ultrathin film growth conditions tailored to specific applications.

Reactive Molecular Dynamics at Constant Pressure via Nonreactive Force Fields: Extending the Empirical Valence Bond Method to the Isothermal-Isobaric Ensemble.

The Empirical Valence Bond (EVB) method offers a suitable framework to obtain reactive potentials through the coupling of nonreactive force fields. In this formalism, most of the implemented coupling terms are built using functional forms that depend on spatial coordinates, while parameters are fitted against reference data to model the change of chemistry between the participating nonreactive states. In this work, we demonstrate that the use of such coupling terms precludes the computation of the stress tensor for condensed phase systems and prevents the possibility to carry out EVB molecular dynamics in the isothermal-isobaric (NPT) ensemble. Alternatively, we make use of coupling terms that depend on the energy gaps, defined as the energy differences between the participating nonreactive force fields, and derive a general expression for the EVB stress tensor suitable for computation. Implementation of this new methodology is tested for a model of a single reactive malonaldehyde solvated in nonreactive water. Mass densities and probability distributions for the values of the energy gaps computed in the NPT ensemble reveal a negligible role of the reactive potential in the limit of low concentrated solutions, thus corroborating for the first time the validity of approximations based on the canonical NVT ensemble, customarily adopted for EVB simulations. The presented formalism also aims to contribute to future implementations and extensions of the EVB method to research the limit of highly concentrated solutions.

The CECAM electronic structure library and the modular software development paradigm.

First-principles electronic structure calculations are now accessible to a very large community of users across many disciplines, thanks to many successful software packages, some of which are described in this special issue. The traditional coding paradigm for such packages is monolithic, i.e., regardless of how modular its internal structure may be, the code is built independently from others, essentially from the compiler up, possibly with the exception of linear-algebra and message-passing libraries. This model has endured and been quite successful for decades. The successful evolution of the electronic structure methodology itself, however, has resulted in an increasing complexity and an ever longer list of features expected within all software packages, which implies a growing amount of replication between different packages, not only in the initial coding but, more importantly, every time a code needs to be re-engineered to adapt to the evolution of computer hardware architecture. The Electronic Structure Library (ESL) was initiated by CECAM (the European Centre for Atomic and Molecular Calculations) to catalyze a paradigm shift away from the monolithic model and promote modularization, with the ambition to extract common tasks from electronic structure codes and redesign them as open-source libraries available to everybody. Such libraries include "heavy-duty" ones that have the potential for a high degree of parallelization and adaptation to novel hardware within them, thereby separating the sophisticated computer science aspects of performance optimization and re-engineering from the computational science done by, e.g., physicists and chemists when implementing new ideas. We envisage that this modular paradigm will improve overall coding efficiency and enable specialists (whether they be computer scientists or computational scientists) to use their skills more effectively and will lead to a more dynamic evolution of software in the community as well as lower barriers to entry for new developers. The model comes with new challenges, though. The building and compilation of a code based on many interdependent libraries (and their versions) is a much more complex task than that of a code delivered in a single self-contained package. Here, we describe the state of the ESL, the different libraries it now contains, the short- and mid-term plans for further libraries, and the way the new challenges are faced. The ESL is a community initiative into which several pre-existing codes and their developers have contributed with their software and efforts, from which several codes are already benefiting, and which remains open to the community.

Understanding noble gas incorporation in mantle minerals: an atomistic study.

Ab initio calculations in forsterite (Mg 2 SiO 4 ) are used to gain insight into the formation of point defects and incorporation of noble gases. We calculate the enthalpies of incorporation both at pre-existing vacancies in symmetrically non-equivalent sites, and at interstitial positions. At high pressure, most structural changes affect the MgO 6 units and the enthalpies of point defects increase, with those involving Mg and Si vacancies increasing more than those involving O sites. At 15 GPa Si vacancies and Mg interstitials have become the predominant intrinsic defects. We use these calculated enthalpies to estimate the total uptake of noble gases into the bulk crystal as a function of temperature and pressure both in the presence and absence of other heterovalent trace elements. For He and Ne our calculated solubilities point to atoms occupying mainly interstitial sites in agreement with previous experimental work. In contrast, Ar most likely substitutes for Mg due to its larger size and the deformation it causes within the crystal. Incorporation energies, as well as atomic distances suggest that the incorporation mainly depend on the size mismatch between host and guest atoms. Polarization effects arising from the polarizability of the noble gas atom or the presence of charged defects are minimal and do not contribute significantly to the uptake. Finally, the discrepancies between our results and recent experiments suggest that there are other incorporation mechanisms such as adsorption at internal and external interfaces, voids and grain boundaries which must play a major role in noble gas storage and solubility.

Interactive molecular dynamics in virtual reality for modelling materials and catalysts.

Interactive molecular dynamics simulation in virtual reality (iMD-VR) is emerging as a promising technique in molecular science. Here, we demonstrate its use in a range of fifteen applications in materials science and heterogeneous catalysis. In this work, the iMD-VR package Narupa is used with the MD package, DL_POLY [1]. We show how iMD-VR can be used to: (i) investigate the mechanism of lithium fast ion conduction by directing the formation of defects showing that vacancy transport is favoured over interstitialcy mechanisms, and (ii) guide a molecule through a zeolite pore to explore diffusion within zeolites, examining in detail the motion of methyl n-hexanoate in H-ZSM-5 zeolite and identifying bottlenecks restricting diffusion. iMD-VR allows users to manipulate these systems intuitively, to drive changes in them and observe the resulting changes in structure and dynamics. We make these simulations available, as a resource for both teaching and research. All simulation files, with videos, can be found online (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8252314) and are provided as open-source material.