Opium use and risk of lung cancer: A multicenter case-control study in Iran.

Opium use was recently classified as a human carcinogen for lung cancer by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. We conducted a large, multicenter case-control study evaluating the association between opium use and the risk of lung cancer. We recruited 627 cases and 3477 controls from May 2017 to July 2020. We used unconditional logistic regression analyses to estimate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) and measured the association between opium use and the risk of lung cancer. The ORs were adjusted for the residential place, age, gender, socioeconomic status, cigarettes, and water pipe smoking. We found a 3.6-fold risk of lung cancer for regular opium users compared to never users (95% CI: 2.9, 4.6). There was a strong dose-response association between a cumulative count of opium use and lung cancer risk. The OR for regular opium use was higher for small cell carcinoma than in other histology (8.3, 95% CI: 4.8, 14.4). The OR of developing lung cancer among opium users was higher in females (7.4, 95% CI: 3.8, 14.5) than in males (3.3, 95% CI: 2.6, 4.2). The OR for users of both opium and tobacco was 13.4 (95% CI: 10.2, 17.7) compared to nonusers of anything. The risk of developing lung cancer is higher in regular opium users, and these results strengthen the conclusions on the carcinogenicity of opium. The association is stronger for small cell carcinoma cases than in other histology.

The Prevalence of Atopic Manifestations in 313 Iranian Patients with Inborn Errors of Immunity.

INTRODUCTION: Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) are rare inherited disorders with a broad spectrum of manifestations. Here, we aimed to delineate the atopy burden in a cohort of patients with IEIs. METHODS: 313 patients with IEIs were enrolled in the study within a 9-years period, and data were collected via a questionnaire. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (v. 25.0, Chicago, IL, USA). The statistical significance level was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Overall, 51 out of 313 (16.3%) patients were identified to have atopic manifestations. Food allergy was detected in 34 (10.2%), atopic dermatitis in 21 (6.7%), as well as allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis each in 4 (1.3%) patients. The allergic disorders were reported as initial manifestations among 14 out of 35 (40.0%) atopic patients. Most of these 51 patients fell within the category of combined immunodeficiency (CID) (n = 38, 74.5%), followed by, severe CID (SCID) (n = 5, 9.8%), common variable immunodeficiency (n = 3, 5.9%), chronic granulomatous disease (n = 3, 5.9%), selective IgA deficiency (n = 1, 2.0%), and leukocyte adhesion defect (n = 1, 2.0%). No patient with Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacteria was found to have atopic manifestation. Atopic dermatitis (p = 0.001) and food allergy (p < 0.001) were both significantly higher in patients with CID than in other IEI groups. Among atopic patients with CID and SCID, food allergy and atopic dermatitis were the most prevalent comorbidities. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Atopic diseases may contribute to the clinical picture of IEIs, particularly in patients with CID. Atopy in association with other warning signs of IEIs increases the possibility of an underlying IEI.

Lung ultrasound for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbation.

BACKGROUND: High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is the gold standard for the evaluation of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease; however, lung ultrasound (LUS) is being increasingly used for the assessment of lung in these patients due to its lower cost, availability, and lack of irradiation. We aimed to determine the diagnostic performance of LUS for the evaluation of CF pulmonary exacerbation. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included patients with CF pulmonary exacerbation admitted to Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from March 21, 2020 to March 20, 2021. Age, gender, and body mass index (BMI) of the patients were recorded. All patients underwent chest X-ray (CXR), HRCT, and LUS on admission. Pleural thickening, atelectasis, air bronchogram, B-line, and consolidation were noted in LUS and then compared with the corresponding findings in CXR and HRCT. Taking HRCT findings as reference, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy (DA) of LUS and CXR for the detection of each pulmonary abnormality were determined. RESULTS: Of the 30 patients included in this study, with a mean age of 19.62 ± 5.53 years, 14 (46.7%) were male. Of the 15 patients aged 2-20 years, BMI was below the 5th percentile in 10 (66.7%), within the 5-10 percentiles in 1 (6.7%), 10-25 percentiles in 3 (20%), and 25-50 percentiles in 1 (6.7%). The mean BMI for 15 patients > 20 years was 18.03 ± 2.53 kg/m2. LUS had better diagnostic performance compared to CXR for the detection of air bronchogram, consolidation, and pleural thickening (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC]: 0.966 vs. 0.483, 0.900 vs. 0.575, and 0.656 vs. 0.531, respectively). Also, LUS was 100% and 96.7% specific for the diagnosis of pleural effusion and atelectasis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: LUS appears to be superior to CXR and comparable with HRCT for the evaluation of CF pulmonary exacerbation, especially in terms of air bronchogram and consolidation detection. LUS can be used to lengthen the HRCT evaluation intervals in this regard or utilized along with HRCT for better evaluation of CF pulmonary exacerbation.

Evaluation of the prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking and its related factors in Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.

This study is designed to evaluate the prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking and its related factors among Iranian adults. This is a cross-sectional study carried out during 2013/14 in Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, among 1830 citizens aged over 15 years. Sampling was through Stratified multistage cluster sampling with proportional allocation within strata. Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) questionnaire for waterpipe consumption was used for data gathering. Data were statistically analyzed by SPSS software. The prevalence of current waterpipe tobacco smoking was 17.6% .Waterpipe use prevalence in men was significantly more than women (24.2% vs. 11.3%). Multivariate analysis showed that age, sex, cigarette consumption, waterpipe consumption at home and ignorance of safety issues significantly influenced current waterpipe smoking (P = 0.001). Thus, prevalence of waterpipe smoking in Iranian adults is high and significant. Tackling waterpipe smoking should be considered in tobacco control programmes. However, further studies in this field are needed.

Association of Mycobacterium infections in patients with Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease with venous thromboembolism.

An association between a hypercoagulable state and Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) has been established in a few studies; resultant thrombosis is considered rare. In a case-control study, the prevalence of factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T, A1298C mutations were investigated in mycobacterium-infected patients. The study comprised 30 patients with mycobacterial infections (invasive, disseminated and/or recurrent infections with Bacille Calmette-Guerin or non-tuberculosis mycobacteria and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis with positive results for acid-fast bacilli and tuberculin skin tests) and 30 normal healthy controls. Forty female (66.7%) and 20 male subjects (33.3%) aged from 3 to 70 years were recruited into this study. Genotyping of targeted genes was performed by RT-PCR and cytokine TNF-α concentrations were quantified using a commercially available ELISA kit. Significant associations between mycobacterial infection and TNF-α production after stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells with LPS alone and with IFN-γ plus LPS were identified. Moreover, genotyping analysis in the studied population revealed a significant association between MTHFR c.677C>T (OR, 3.28; 95% CI, 1.35-7.92; P < 0.05), MTHFR c.1298A>C (OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.10-4.93; P < 0.05) and mycobacterial infection in affected patients, indicating susceptibility to venous thromboembolism according to previous studies. Additionally, mycobacterium-infected patients had a significantly greater prevalence of MTHFR C677T and A1298C mutations than controls.

A randomized controlled trial of smoking cessation methods in patients newly-diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) and tobacco use are two major alarming global health issues that tend to be co-prevalent in many developing countries and various surveys have provided evidence on their entangled associations. Accordingly, it is strongly suggested that smoking cessation be incorporated in TB control programs. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of two smoking cessation methods among newly-diagnosed pulmonary TB patients. METHODS: A total of 210 newly-diagnosed pulmonary TB patients from Tehran, Iran with smoking habits were included in this randomized clinical trial during 2012-2013. Patients were assigned to three groups of control (just TB medical treatment), brief advice (TB medical treatment plus individualized counseling sessions of quitting behavioral therapy) and combined intervention (TB medical treatment plus individualized counseling sessions of quitting behavioral therapy plus medical treatment with slow release bupropion). Patients' abstinence was followed at six time point during six months. Data were analyzed by SPSS v.22 using Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) model. RESULTS: Abstinance rate at the end of six months were 71.7 % for combined intervention group, 33.9 % for brief advice group and 9.8 % for the control group (p < 0.001). Combined intervention group and brief advice group respectively had 35 times (p < 0.001, OR = 35.26, 95 % CI = 13.77-90.32) and 7 times (p < 0.001, OR = 7.14, 95 % CI = 2.72-18.72) more odds of not being an active smoker at each time point, compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: Considering the prevalence and importance of TB and the substantial influence of these preventive measures on controlling tobacco use, application of such programs is recommended. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The survey was registered in the Iranian registry of clinical trials website (irct.ir) in August 31, 2013 with IRCT ID: IRCT2013062613783N1 .

Impact of Using Educational Multimedia on Knowledge, Skill, and Reduction of Medical Error Following Bronchoscopy.

Background: Achieving procedural skills is one of the pillars of health higher education which is in line with the social responsibility of medical education. Since it is not possible to encounter important cases in bronchoscopy during the training course, the common cases that the students encounter in their future work environment were prepared as an educational video. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to find out the impact of using bronchoscopy educational video intervention on medical assistants' knowledge, skill, and medical error comparing it with the traditional method at Dr. Masih Daneshvari Hospital. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, two groups were randomly assigned: the experimental and the control. Each one consists of 15 participants. The first group used mannequins (traditional method) and the second used multimedia as the experimental group. Both groups were evaluated by pre and post-tests. Multiple choices (MCQs) were given to evaluate the knowledge and a checklist for skills. A comparison of the impact of intervention before and after education in both groups was statistically analyzed using the independent t-test. Results: There were statistically significant differences between the experimental group and the control group at a significance level of 0.042 for the skill. An average increase of 3 points was observed in the experiment group, while the control group increased by 1.4 points. No significant difference was seen for knowledge. The number of patients with pneumothorax was also decreased. Conclusion: Results showed that the multimedia training method effectively promotes the assistants' skills and reduces medical errors following bronchoscopy Administration. It is recommended to use educational videos (multimedia) to improve assistants' skills. It is suggested to apply the new model of education rather than sticking to the traditional one.

Human papillomavirus is associated with breast cancer in the north part of Iran.

We have analyzed the possible relevance of HPV infection for breast cancer risk among Iranian women from north part of Iran. Among women with breast cancer, 25.9% had positive test results for HPV DNA in breast tumor samples in contrast to 2.4% of women with noncancer status (P = 0.002). The infection of HPV has increased the risk of breast cancer (OR 14.247; 95% CI 1.558-130.284, P = 0.019). The high-risk HPV genotypes (types 16 and 18) in samples of breast cancer patients were the predominant types (53.34%). Other genotypes detected in breast cancer were HPV-6, HPV-11, HPV-15, HPV-23, and HPV-124, and one isolate could not be genotyped compared to HPV reference sequences. While the sole detected HPV in control specimens was HPV-124. Our study reveals that HPV infection and age are the risk factors in breast cancer development in the north part of Iran.

68Ga-DOTATATE Radioisotope scan to detect neuroendocrine tumors; A Cross-Sectional Study.

OBJEVTIVES: Neuroendocrine tumors are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that arise from the peptide-producing cells of the neuroendocrine system. Different functional imaging methods have been suggested to diagnose NETs. There is still not enough evidence to recommend 68Ga-DOTATATE as a standard diagnostic tool in NETs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the value of 68Ga-DOTATATE scan in detecting NETs. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. All patients with a pathologically confirmed NET tumor referred to Masih Daneshvari Hospital affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences entered the study. Patients underwent a 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT. All statistical analysis were performed by SPSS software version 18. RESULTS: Forty patients with a mean age of 48.1±15.80 years entered the study. Twenty-one (52.5%) were male and 19 (47.5%) female. In the studied patients, neuroendocrine tumor was present in 19 cases (47.5%) in pancreas and gastrointestinal tract, 9 (22.5%) in lung, 3 (7.5%) in mediastinum and adrenal gland, 6 cases (5%) in liver and 3 other sites. There was no significant association between mean age and gender with primary location of the tumor. The mean SUVmax was 11.62±20.02 and the the mean tumor size was 38.25±31.35 mm. The mean size of the metastasis was 40.55±24.53 mm. The mean percentage of ki-67 was 12.54±18.40. There was no significant correlation between SUVmax of the lesion and age (r=0.063, P=0.701), tumor size (r=-0.63, P=0.067) or Ki-67 (r=0.011, P=0.960). In 20 cases, metastases were reported, of which 14 were (70%) in the liver, 3 in the lungs (15%), 2 in the gastrointestinal and cervical lymph nodes, and 1 in the bones and pancreas(%5). CONCLUSION: 68Ga-DOTA-peptide PET/CT could find the primary or metastasis sites of NETs with good quality images. In general, this modality can enhance the management in patients with NETs.

Correlation of Echocardiographic and Right Heart Catheterization Estimations of Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure.

Background: Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) is one of the most important and valuable markers in cardiovascular disease, measured by right heart catheterization (RHC) as the gold standard diagnostic modality. However, due to several limitations, such as invasiveness, lack of repeatability, and high health costs, echocardiographic estimation of PAP has been used to substitute RHC for diagnosis and monitoring of this disease. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation of echocardiographic and RHC estimations of systolic PAP. Materials and Methods: In this study, patients, who were referred to Masih Daneshvari Hospital in Tehran, Iran, evaluated by RHC and echocardiography, were selected. The median PAP (mPAP) and systolic PAP (sPAP) for each modality, time interval between the two modalities, sex, and age were extracted from the patients' records. The RHC mPAP data was used for categorization of patients as pulmonary hypertension, while the sPAP data of two modalities was used to assess correlations and define a cut-off point by the ROC analysis. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 24, and the level of statistical significance was less than 0.05. Results: Seventy-six patients, including 31 males (40.8%) and 45 females (59.2%) with the mean age of 45±14 years, were evaluated in this study. The mean sPAP was 71.98±30.22 mmHg when measured by RHC and 69.75±26.03 mmHg when measured by echocardiography (correlation coefficient=0.805; P<0.001). Agreement between the two measurements was 97%, and the accuracy of echocardiography was 43%. By considering 40 mmHg as the cutoff point, the sensitivity and specificity of echocardiography were estimated at 89.2% and 42.8%, respectively. Based on the ROC analysis, the highest sensitivity (86.7%) and specificity (87.5%) were achieved with an estimated sPAP of 57.5 mmHg. Conclusion: Echocardiography showed a good correlation and agreement with RHC in estimating sPAP; therefore, it is appropriate for screening of patients because of high sensitivity. However, for diagnosis confirmation, monitoring, and follow-up of pulmonary hypertension via echocardiography, high specificity is needed, which can be achieved by considering sPAP of 57.5 mmHg as the cutoff value for pulmonary hypertension.

Prognostic Value of Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) and Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension.

Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a hemodynamic and pathophysiological disease defined by a mean pulmonary artery pressure of ≥20 mm Hg. Pulmonary hypertension severity and prognosis play an essential role in the management of these patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in patients with PH referred to Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 61 patients with PH referred to Masih Daneshvari Hospital in Tehran were enrolled. Patients' information such as age, sex, type of PH, echocardiographic data, and blood cell count, including platelet, lymphocyte, and neutrophil count, hemoglobin, and RDW, were collected in each follow-up. Results: Out of 61 patients with PH, 27 (44.3%) were male, and 34 (55.7%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 43.19 ± 2.25 years. Our results showed that during hospitalization, PLR decreased from 13.2 to 9.7, and NLR also decreased from 4.49 to 3.08. Neither PLR nor NLR was associated with gender. However, both PLR and NLR showed a significant difference between deceased vs. discharged patients and were significantly lower in the patients who died. Conclusion: Both PLR and NLR decreased during hospitalization in patients with PH, and this decrease was greater in the patients who died, suggesting these indicators as potential prognostic markers for the disease.

Comparing the Quality of Life and General Health Status in Thoracic Cancer Patients with their Family Caregivers in Iran.

Background: Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality around the world. Caregivers of these patients are affected by various physical, emotional, social, spiritual, and financial factors that can affect their quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to compare the QoL and general health status of thoracic cancer patients with their family caregivers in Iranian population. Materials and Methods: Using the City of Hope-Quality of Life (COH-QOL) questionnaire and the General Health Status (GHQ) questionnaire, this cross-sectional study compared the QoL and general health status in 71 thoracic cancer patients with their family members as the primary caregivers. The study was conducted in Masih Daneshvari Hospital of Tehran, Iran from 2017 to 2018. Demographic data and results of the questionnaires were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS v.20). Student's t-test, Chi square test, and Pearson's correlation were used to compare the results. Results: In patients and their caregivers, 53.5% (N=38) and 36.6% (N=26) were male, respectively (P=0.043). While the average score of physical wellbeing was 6.12 ± 1.95 in caregivers, it was 5.32 ± 2.08 in patients (P=0.021). In case of psychological wellbeing, the average score in caregivers was 4.14 ± 1.50 and in patients was 5.7 ± 1.54 (P=0.000). We observed no significant difference between caregivers and patients regarding social concerns (4.62 ± 1.50 vs. 4.90 ± 1.74) and spiritual wellbeing (7.03 ± 1.17 vs. 7.2 ± 1.53). Also, the mean scores of GHQ-12 were 5.06 ± 2.5 and 4.17 ± 2.53 in caregivers and patients, respectively (P=0.04). A significant negative correlation was observed between GHQ-12 and QoL scores (r=-0.593, P<0.001). The probability of acquiring mental disorders in female caregivers was two times higher than male caregivers (P=0.05). Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that family caregivers of thoracic cancer patients suffer from physical and psychological distress, sometimes even more than the patients. This highlights the important role of family caregivers in the process of approaching a patient with thoracic cancer.

Inflammatory Markers in the Serum and Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Children with Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis.

Background: It is known that inflammatory responses occur in the airways of patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis during respiratory exacerbations but the role of these cytokines is not clear in this condition. Herein we evaluated the levels of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in the serum and bronchoalveolar lavage among children with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on all children with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis who were admitted with respiratory exacerbation in the pediatric pulmonology ward of Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Tehran-Iran. All patients underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy and spirometry before and after the bronchoscopy. IL-1ß, IL-8, and TNF-α levels were measured in the serum and bronchoalveolar lavage. Results: Patients included 10 (59%) female and 7 (41%) male subjects with mean age of 13.8 years (range, 5-18). Mean values for forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) were below the normal range before and after bronchoscopy. Mean value for FVC (from 55% to 63%, P= 0.01) and FEV1 (from 60% to 64%, P= 0.26) increased after bronchoscopy compared to before that. IL-1ß and IL-8 levels were increased and TNF-α level was decreased in the serum and bronchoalveolar lavage but no significant correlation was found between spirometry and these cytokines levels. Conclusion: Changes in inflammatory cytokines levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage during respiratory exacerbation in patients with noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis have no significant correlation with spirometry and cannot be used in clinical practice.

The relationship between QT interval indices with cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetic patients: a case control study.

BACKGROUND: Long QT interval (QT) and abnormal QT dispersion (QTd) are associated with sudden death. The relationship between cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) and QT indices in type 2 diabetic patients were investigated. METHODS: Totally 130 diabetic subjects (mean age 50.87 ± 13.9 years) were included (70 individuals with and 60 individuals without CAN). All participants had sinus cardiac rhythm. The patients who had diseases or take drugs that cause orthostatic hypotension (OH), cardiac arrhythmia and QT prolongation were excluded. After interview and examination, standard and continuous ECG was taken in supine position with deep breathing and standing up position. CAN diagnosis was based on Ewing's tests. QT, QT corrected (QTc), minimum QT (QT min), maximum QT (QT max) and mean ± SD of QT (QT mean) and QTd were assessed from standard ECG. QTc was calculated by Bazett's formula from V2 lead. QTc > 440 ms in men and QTc > 460 ms in women and QTd > 80 ms were considered abnormal. RESULTS: In patients with CAN, 21.5% were symptomatic. The prevalence of abnormal QTc and QTd was 11.3% and 28.7%, respectively. There was no significant difference between the patients with or without CAN in terms of long QTc and abnormal QTd. However, the mean ± SD of QT max, QT mean and QTd was higher in the patients with CAN (P value < 0.03). The used cut points for QTc and QTd have high specificity (79% for both) and low sensitivity (30% and 37%, respectively). To use QTc and QTd as screening test for CAN in T2DM patients, the cutoff points 380 and 550 ms are suggested, respectively. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of asymptomatic CAN was 3.7 times that of symptomatic CAN. In patients with CAN the QT max, QT mean and QTd were higher than those without CAN. There was no association between CAN and long QTc and abnormal QTd.

Structural Characteristics of the Iranians Nose: An Anatomical Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Rhinoplasty is one of the most common surgical procedures performed among Iranians. An important issue to be considered by nasal surgeons is anatomical variations between different ethnic groups. Working on Iranians with the existing ethnic variety encourages the need for an analysis of this particular population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present cross-sectional observational study was conducted on Iranian patients who underwent primary open rhinoplasty at a university hospital in Tehran, Iran. The preoperative evaluations included routine aesthetic analysis as well as the measurement of the subcutaneous fat thickness (using ultrasound imaging) and the angle between the anterior nasal spine and the alveolar process of the maxilla. Intraoperative assessments were performed on the alar rim-inferior border of lateral crus distance, maximal width of lateral crus, connection pattern of upper lateral cartilage, and lower lateral cartilage. Alar cartilage thickness was measured with microscopic evaluation. Moreover, the similar studies conducted on other ethnic groups were reviewed as well. RESULTS: In total, 66 cases were included in the study (41 females and 25 males) who were within the age range of 18-38 years old (27.82±5.51). According to the results, nasolabial angles were 93.68°±7.82° and 92.25°±6.98° in females and males, respectively. In addition, a significant correlation was found between the anterior nasal spine-maxilla angle and nasolabial angle (P<0.05). Moreover, the findings revealed a significant but weak negative correlation between alar subcutaneous fat thickness and alar cartilage thickness (0.0002). Maximal width of lateral crus was found to be 11.44mm±2.02 and 10.41 mm±1.72 in males and females, respectively. CONCLUSION: Despite the differences observed between various ethnic groups, drawing a definiteconclusion about these variations needs comparative studies with similar samples (cadaver vs. patients) and measurement techniques.

The utility of elastography during EBUS-TBNA in a population with a high prevalence of anthracosis.

BACKGROUND: Ultrasound elastography, is a pioneer sonographic modality that is conducted during endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) in order to increase the accuracy of sampling location. The current study aims to evaluate the usefulness of elastography during EBUS-TBNA in a population with a high prevalence of anthracosis. METHODS: This prospective single-blinded study was performed on 69 lymph nodes (LNs) of patients with mediastinal lymphadenopathy undergoing EBUS-TBNA and EBUS-elastography from October 2017 to July 2018. The stiffness level of the tissue was translated into a color to demonstrate the hardness of tissue. Blue and total areas of each section were measured to calculate the hardness of each LN. RESULTS: Sixty-nine LNs were evaluated by elastography. Twenty percent of LNs were malignant. There was a statistical difference between malignant and non-malignant nodes based on color dominancy (P = 0.032). However, with the exclusion of anthracosis nodes from the analysis, the difference was more significant (P < 0.001). Moreover, when the blue dominancy was used as the predictor of malignancy or anthracosis, the results showed a significant correlation (P < 001). CONCLUSION: The usefulness of elastography in selecting the hardest area of tissue that is appropriate for diagnosing diseases has been proven previously. Since in countries with a high prevalence of anthracosis, blue color achieved using elastography predicts either malignancy or anthracosis so, cases with blue dominancy of LNs in elastography and the white color in the EBUS-TBNA indicate anthracosis-caused calcification should be reconsidered.

Identification of Sonographic Features for Predicting Benign Versus Malignant Mediastinal or Hilar Lymph Nodes Using Endobronchial Ultrasound.

OBJECTIVES: In countries with a high prevalence of tuberculosis, such as Iran, the differentiation of malignant from non-malignant tumors is crucial. We attempted to find a reliable model in determining malignant nodes by investigating the sonographic characteristics of lymph nodes (LNs). METHODS: In this prospective study, the morphologic characteristics of LNs, including size, shape, vascular pattern, echogenicity, margin, coagulation necrosis sign, calcification, and central hilar structure, which had been obtained during endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration, were compared with the final pathology results. RESULTS: We examined 253 LNs from 93 patients. Round shape, non-hilar vascular pattern, heterogeneous echogenicity, hyperechogenicity, distinct margin, and the existence of necrosis signs were significantly higher in malignant nodes. On the other hand, the existence of calcification, as well as the presence of central hilar structure, were highly suggestive of benign nodes (p < 0.050). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that size > 1 cm, heterogeneous echogenicity, hyperechogenicity, the existence of necrosis signs, and the lack of central hilar structure are independent predictive factors for malignancy. The accuracy of each of the aforementioned characteristics are 42.3%, 71.5%, 71.9%, 73.5%, and 65.6%, respectively. Of 74 malignant LNs, 100% had at least one of these independent factors. CONCLUSIONS: The morphological features of LNs based on endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration can play a role in predicting malignancy.

Clinical Significance of Quantitative FDG PET/CT Parameters in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients.

BACKGROUND: An initial evaluation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with 18F- fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scan can modify treatment planning. We investigated the clinical significance of FDG PET/CT quantitative parameters (QPs) in NSCLC patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included 125 NSCLC patients for initial staging FDG PET/CT scan. The primary tumor (T), regional lymph node metastases (N), and distant metastases (M) were evaluated on FDG PET/CT images. QPs, including standard uptake value (SUVmax), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) were calculated separately for each T, N, and M lesion and also for the whole body. Statistical analysis through SPSS version 22 was used to evaluate the clinical significance of PET/CT QPs concerning primary tumor pathology characteristics, initial tumor stage, and patient's prognosis. RESULTS: We followed the patients for 19.28 (±11.42) months. Considering primary tumor pathology, there was a significant difference in FDG PET/CT QPs, including primary tumor SUVmax (p=0.00), metastases SUVmax (p=0.014), whole-body MTV (p=0.045), and whole-body TLG (p=0.002). There was also a significant difference in QPs, including primary tumor SUVmax (p=0.00) and regional lymph node metastases SUVmax (p=0.048) when accounting for tumor initial stage. There was a significant prognostic value for the whole-body TLG (p=0.01) and a cut-off point of 568 was reached to differentiate better versus worse survival outcome. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated a statistically significant difference in FDG PET/CT QPs when accounting for primary NSCLC pathology characteristics and initial stage, as well as patient's prognosis, and recommend incorporating QP values into clinical PET/CT reports.

Age and gender differences in the use of various poisoning methods for deliberate parasuicide cases admitted to loghman hospital in Tehran (2000-2004).

Different methods of poisoning used by individuals with the diagnosis of parasuicide admitted to the Loghman Hospital, Tehran, from 2000 to 2004 were investigated, with particular focus on gender and age differences. Drugs, pesticides, and other agricultural chemicals (women: 12.7%, men: 9%) were the most commonly used methods. In males, the percentage of use of drugs increased with age, but the frequency of pesticides use decreased with age. In females, drugs were most often used in the youngest age group, whereas the use of pesticides was lowest in the youngest age category. Females outnumbered males, especially in the youngest age group of 10 to 19 years olds. Drugs and pesticides were the substances used most often for parasuicide in each age group regardless of gender.

Depression while on the lung transplantation waiting list.

BACKGROUND: Patients inflicted with severe illnesses are prone to depression, which tends to intensify the burden of the disease. Those awaiting organ transplantation cannot help but feel that they may not be fortunate enough to breathe through a new lung. Such sense of doom along with constraints imposed by the illness increases the likelihood of depression. We sought to investigate the presence of depression in a group of patients on the lung transplantation waiting list in Iran.
MATERIAL/METHODS: This cross-sectional study, conducted between August and September 2007, recruited 64 candidates from a single lung transplantation clinic. The Beck Depression Inventory was employed to identify the presence and severity of depression. This 21-item questionnaire has a total score ranging from 0 to 63, with higher scores denoting more severe depressive symptoms. In an Iranian population, scores from 0 to 15 signify no problem, while scores from 16 to 30 indicate mild, 31 to 46 moderate, and 47 to 63 severe depression.
RESULTS: The patient population was composed of 70.3% men and 29.7% women at a mean age of 36.6+/-13.6 years. 40.6% were single and 59.4% were married. Whereas 43.8% had no abnormal depressive symptoms, 37.5% had mild and 18.7% had moderate symptoms.
CONCLUSIONS: More than half of the patients on the lung transplantation waiting list had a degree of depression. Given the risk of non-compliance with treatment in depressives, it is advisable that lung transplantation candidates be screened for depression and diagnosed cases be referred for the treatment of depression.