Indole-based aryl sulfides target the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus without detectable resistance.

Sulfur-containing classes of the scaffold "Arylthioindoles" have been evaluated for antibacterial activity; they demonstrated excellent potency against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as well as against vancomycin-resistant strains and a panel of clinical isolates of resistant strains. In this study, we have elucidated the mechanism of action of lead compounds, wherein they target the cell wall of S. aureus. Further, S. aureus failed to develop resistance against two lead compounds tested in a serial passage experiment in the presence of the compounds over a period of 40 days. Both the compounds demonstrated comparable in vivo efficacy with vancomycin in a neutropenic mice thigh infection model. The results of these antibacterial activities emphasize the excellent potential of thioethers for developing novel antibiotics and may fill in as a target for the adjustment of accessible molecules to develop new powerful antibacterial agents with fewer side effects.

Synergistic Dual Role of [hmim]Br-ArSO2Cl in Cascade Sulfenylation-Halogenation of Indole: Mechanistic Insight into Regioselective C-S and C-S/C-X (X = Cl and Br) Bond Formation in One Pot.

Bifunctionalized indoles are an important class of biologically active heterocyclic compounds and potential drug candidates. Because of the lack of efficient synthetic methods, one pot cascade synthesis of these compounds is rare and remains a challenge. To expand this field, we herein disclose a step-economical and temperature tunable strategy wherein the synergistic effect between [hmim]Br-ArSO2Cl leads exclusively to the formation of 3-arylthio indole via sulfenylation of indole at room temperature, while heating the reaction mixture at 50 °C provided an unexpected 2-halo-3-arylthio indole with construction of C-S and C-S/C-X (X = Cl and Br) bonds without addition of any external halogenating agent via cascade sulfenylation-halogenation reactions under metal-oxidant-base-free conditions. Further, insight into the reaction mechanism provides an unprecedented observation wherein the synergistic interaction between [hmim]Br-ArSO2X in the presence of a catalytic amount of water generates arylsulfonic anhydride (ArSO2)2O in situ as a new sulfur source along with the formation of [hmim]PTS as probed by NMR, ESI-MS, DART-MS, and HPLC studies. Notably, the mixture of bifunctionalized 2-halo(Br/Cl)-3-arylthio indole was smoothly diversified with privileged heterocycle triazole to provide 2-(1 H-triazole-1-yl)-3-arylthio indole, which is an analogue of the potent indole-based anticancer agent.

Biocatalytic synthesis of diaryl disulphides and their bio-evaluation as potent inhibitors of drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus is a WHO Priority II pathogen for its capability to cause acute to chronic infections and to resist antibiotics, thus severely impacting healthcare systems worldwide. In this context, it is urgently desired to discover novel molecules to thwart the continuing emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Disulphide containing small molecules has gained prominence as antibacterials. As their conventional synthesis requires tedious synthetic procedure and sometimes toxic reagents, a green and environmentally benign protocol for their synthesis has been developed through which a series of molecules were obtained and evaluated for antibacterial activity against ESKAPE pathogen panel. The hit compound was tested for cytotoxicity against Vero cells to determine its selectivity index and time-kill kinetics was determined. The activity of hit was determined against a panel of S. aureus multi-drug resistant clinical isolates. Also, its ability to synergize with FDA approved drugs was tested as was its ability to reduce biofilm. We identified bis(2-bromophenyl) disulphide (2t) as possessing equipotent antimicrobial activity against S. aureus including MRSA and VRSA strains. Further, 2t exhibited a selectivity index of 25 with concentration-dependent bactericidal activity, synergized with all drugs tested and significantly reduced preformed biofilm. Taken together, 2t exhibits all properties to be positioned as novel scaffold for anti-staphylococcal therapy.

Targeted Smart pH and Thermoresponsive N,O-Carboxymethyl Chitosan Conjugated Nanogels for Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy of Doxorubicin in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells.

In cancer treatment, developing ideal anticancer drug delivery systems to target tumor microenvironment by circumventing various physiological barriers still remains a daunting challenge. Here, in our work, a series of pH- and temperature-responsive nanogels based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-1-propene-2-3-dicarboxylate-co-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate [poly(NIPAAm-IA-AMPS)] cross-linked by ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) were synthesized by random copolymerization. The molar ratio between monomer-comonomers-cross-linker was varied to fine-tune the optimum responsiveness of the nanogels. These optimized nanogels were further coupled to N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan (NOCC) stoichiometrically using EDC-NHS coupling chemistry to enhance the swelling behavior at lower pH. Interestingly, these NOCC-g-nanogels, when dispersed in aqueous media under sonication, attain nanosize and retain their high water-retention capacity with conspicuous pH and temperature responsiveness (viz. nanogel shrinkage in size beyond 35 °C and swelled at acidic pH) in vitro, as reflected by dynamic light scattering data. Doxorubicin (DOX), a potent anticancer drug, was loaded into these nanogels using the physical entrapment method. These drug-loaded nanogels exhibited a slow and sustained DOX release profile at physiological temperature and cytosolic pH. Furthermore, confocal and TEM results demonstrate that these nanogels were swiftly internalized by MCF-7 cells, and cell viability data showed preferential heightened cytotoxicity toward cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB231) compared to the MCF10A cells (human breast epithelial cell). Furthermore, intracellular DNA damage and cell cycle arrest assays suggest a mitochondrial mediated apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. This study substantiates our NOCC-g-nanogel platform as an excellent modality for passive diffusive loading and targeted release of entrapped drug(s) at physiological conditions in a controlled way for the improved therapeutic efficacy of the drug in anticancer treatment.

Cooperative catalysis by bovine serum albumin-iodine towards cascade oxidative coupling-C(sp(2))-H sulfenylation of indoles/hydroxyaryls with thiophenols on water.

Cooperative cascade catalysis by bovine serum albumin (BSA)-iodine allows for the first time the performance of C(sp(2))-H sulfenylation of indole from readily available thiophenol (-SH bond) via in situ generation/cleavage of disulfide (S-S bond) in air under aqueous conditions, whereas BSA or I2 individually do not permit this two step sequence to occur in the same pot towards C-S bond formation. This green cooperative protocol is extendable to sulfenylation of hydroxyaryls (i.e. 2-naphthol or 4-hydroxycoumarin) with diverse thiols (aryl/heteroaryl) without using any toxic metal catalysts, bases or oxidants, thus rendering the process environmentally and economically reliable. Further, the gram scale synthesis of a COX-2 inhibitor (3-(pyridin-2-ylthio)-1H-indole), regioselectivity and recyclability (up to four cycles) are the additional merits of this cooperative cascade bio-chemocatalytic (BSA-I2) protocol. Moreover, HPLC and ESI-MS provide powerful insights into the mechanistic aspects of the above cascade sulfenylation reaction.

Coumarin as a Surrogate for the Protection-group-free Synthesis of o-Hydroxy Stilbenes: Hydrolysis-Decarboxylation-Heck Coupling Reactions in One Pot.

The 2-hydroxystyrylbenzene scaffold is found in various compounds that are widely applicable in medicinal chemistry as well as material chemistry. Here, a successful attempt is made to develop a one-pot protocol for the synthesis of 2-hydroxystilbene derivatives via hydrolysis of natural coumarins followed by in situ decarboxylative Heck coupling with haloarenes. Fine tuning of the reaction conditions allowed exclusive formation of 2-hydroxystyrylbenzenes over other possible side products, i. e., benzofuran/substituted coumarins.

Facile synthesis of vanillin-based novel bischalcones identifies one that induces apoptosis and displays synergy with Artemisinin in killing chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum.

The inherent affinity of natural compounds for biological receptors has been comprehensively exploited with great success for the development of many drugs, including antimalarials. Here the natural flavoring compound vanillin has been used as an economical precursor for the synthesis of a series of novel bischalcones whose in vitro antiplasmodial activities have been evaluated against erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum. Bischalcones 9, 11 and 13 showed promising antiplasmodial activity {Chloroquine (CQ) sensitive Pf3D7 IC50 (µM): 2.0, 1.5 and 2.5 respectively}but only 13 displayed potent activities also against CQ resistant PfDd2 and PfIndo strains exhibiting resistance indices of 1.4 and 1.5 respectively. IC90 (8 µM) of 13 showed killing activity against ring, trophozoite and schizont stages. Further, 13 initiated the cascade of reactions that culminates in programmed cell death of parasites including translocation of phosphatidylserine from inner to outer membrane leaflet, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspase like enzyme, DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation. The combinations of 13 + Artemisinin (ART) exhibited strong synergy (ΣFIC50:0.46 to 0.58) while 13 + CQ exhibited mild synergy (ΣFIC50: 0.7 to 0.98) to mild antagonism (ΣFIC50: 1.08 to 1.23) against PfIndo. In contrast, both combinations showed marked antagonism against Pf3D7(ΣFIC50: 1.33 to 3.34). These features of apoptosis and strong synergy with Artemisinin suggest that bischalcones possess promising antimalarial drug-like properties and may also act as a good partner drugs for artemisinin based combination therapies (ACTs) against Chloroquine resistant P. falciparum.