Cardiac involvement in MRI in young population after COVID-19: A single tertiary center experience.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) causes morbidity and mortality in an increasing number of people worldwide. Although it mainly affects the respiratory system, it influences all organs, including the heart. It is associated with a broad spectrum of widespread cardiovascular problems ranging from mild myocardial injury to fulminant myocarditis. We aimed to evaluate the presence and prevalence of cardiac involvement in asymptomatic or symptomatic patients after they recovered from COVID 19 infection. METHODS: A total of 100 consecutive patients with COVID-19 proven by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), under 40 years of age and without any known additional chronic diseases were analyzed retrospectively for cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) results and symptoms. RESULTS: Cardiac involvement was detected in 49 out of 100 patients on CMR imaging. In the cardiac involvement group, the number of patients with chest pain and/or dyspnea was 41 (84%), which was statistically significant (p = 0.001). Twenty-four patients (47%) in the without cardiac involvement group were asymptomatic and this was also statistically significant (p = 0.001). LV ejection fraction was statistically significantly lower in the group with cardiac involvement (61% vs 66%, p = 0.001). LV stroke volume and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) were statistically significantly lower in patients with cardiac involvement (p = 0.028 and p = 0.019, respectively). CONCLUSION: Based on single center experience, myocardial involvement is common in symptomatic patients after COVID-19. More studies are needed for long-term side effects and clinical results in these patients.

Pulmonary Arterial Hemodynamic Assessment by a Novel Index in Systemic Sclerosis Patients: Pulmonary Pulse Transit Time.

OBJECTIVES: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic, inflammatory, and autoimmune connective tissue disease that is associated with vascular lesions, and fibrosis of the skin and visceral organs. Cardiac complications may occur as a secondary effect of SSc as a result of pulmonary arterial hypertension and interstitial lung disease. The objective of this study was to assess whether the pulmonary pulse transit time (pPTT) could serve as a diagnostic marker for pulmonary arterial alterations in patients with SSc, prior to development of pulmonary hypertension. METHODS: Twenty-five SSc patients as a study group and 25 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers for the control group were recruited to the study. Right ventricle function parameters, such as tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (ePASP), right ventricular dimensions, right ventricle fractional area changes, and myocardial perfusion index (MPI) were measured and calculated. Pulmonary pulse transit time was defined as the time interval between the R-wave peak in the ECG and the corresponding peak late systolic pulmonary vein flow velocity. RESULTS: Right ventricle myocardial performance index (RVMPI) and eSPAP were significantly higher in the SSc group than the controls (p = 0.032, p = 0.012, respectively). Pulmonary pulse transit time and TAPSE was shorter in the patients with SSc (p = 0.006, p = 0.015, respectively). In correlation analysis, pPTT was inversely correlated with RVMPI (r = - 0.435, p = 0.003), eSPAP (r = - 0.434, p = 0.003), and disease duration (r = - 0.595, p = 0.003). Conversely, it positively correlated with TAPSE (r = 0.345, p = 0.022). CONCLUSION: pPTT was found to be shorter in SSc patients. pPTT might serve as a surrogate marker of pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with SSc, even prior to the development of pulmonary hypertension.

Tp-e Interval, Tp-e/QTc Ratio, and Fragmented QRS Are Correlated with the Severity of Liver Cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND: Arrhythmias and electrocardiographic changes are reported in several noncardiac diseases, including liver cirrhosis (LC). We intended to evaluate the interval from the peak to the end of the electrocardiographic T wave (Tp-e), Tp-e/QTc ratio, and fQRS as presumed markers of arrhythmias in LC. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 88 consecutive patients with LC according to clinical, biological, ultrasonographic, or histological criteria and 73 control subjects were enrolled. The severity of cirrhosis was classified according to Pugh-Child's classification and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score. Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QTc ratio, and fQRS rates were measured from the 12-lead electrocardiogram. RESULTS: Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QTc ratio and fQRS rates were significantly increased in parallel to the severity of LC (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.003, respectively). In correlation analysis, Pugh-Child stage showed a significantly positive correlation with Tp-e interval (r = 0.462, P < 0.001), QTc interval (r = 0.373, P < 0.001), Tp-e/QTc ratio (r = 0.352, P < 0.001), and fQRS (r = 0.407, P < 0.001). Furthermore, Tp-e interval (r = 0.414, P < 0.001) and Tp-e/QTc ratio (r = 0.426, P< 0.001) had significant positive correlation with MELD score. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QTc ratios, and fQRS rates were significantly increased in parallel to the severity of LC. Thus, these findings may implicate that Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QTc ratio, and fQRS may be novel and useful indicators for prediction of arrhythmias in LC.

Atrial Electromechanical Properties in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

BACKGROUND: There is much evidence linking inflammation to the initiation and continuation of atrial fibrillation (AF). Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), are chronic systemic inflammatory disorders. Atrial electromechanical delay (EMD) has been known as an early marker of AF. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the atrial electromechanical properties in patients with IBD. METHODS: Fifty-two patients with IBD and 26 healthy controls were recruited in the study. Twenty-five of patients with IBD were on active period, and the remaining 27 were on remission period. Atrial electromechanical properties were measured by using transthoracic echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging and simultaneous surface ECG recording. Interatrial EMD, left intraatrial EMD, and right intraatrial EMD were calculated. RESULTS: Patients on activation with IBD had significantly prolonged left and right intraatrial EMDs and interatrial EMD compared to patients on remission (P = 0.048, P = 0.036, P < 0.001, respectively) and healthy controls (P < 0.001, for all comparisons). Left and right intraatrial EMDs and interatrial EMD were also found to be higher when patients on remission with IBD compared with healthy controls. No statistical difference was observed between UC and CD in terms of inter- and intraatrial EMDs. CONCLUSIONS: Atrial electromechanical conduction is prolonged in IBD, and exposure to chronic inflammation may lead to structural and electrophysiological changes in the atrial tissue that causes slow conduction. Measurement of atrial EMD parameters might be used to predict the risk for the development of AF in patients with IBD.

Atrial Electromechanical Properties in Coeliac Disease.

BACKGROUND: Coeliac disease (CD) is an autoimmune and inflammatory disorder of the small intestine. There is reasonable evidence linking inflammation to the initiation and continuation of atrial fibrillation (AF) in inflammatory conditions. Atrial electro-mechanic delay (EMD) was suggested as an early marker of AF in previous studies. The objectives of this study were to evaluate atrial electromechanical properties measured by tissue Doppler imaging and simultaneous electrocardiography (ECG) tracing in patients with CD. METHODS: Thirty-nine patients with coeliac disease (CD), and 26 healthy volunteers, matched for age and sex, were enrolled in the study. Atrial electromechanical properties were measured by using transthoracic echocardiography and surface ECG. Interatrial electro-mechanic delay (EMD), left intraatrial EMD, right intratrial EMD were calculated. RESULTS: There was no difference between CD patients and healthy volunteers in terms of basal characteristics. Patients with CD had significantly prolonged left and right intraatrial EMDs, and interatrial EMD compared to healthy controls (p= 0.03, p= 0.02, p<0.0001, respectively). Interatrial EMD was positively correlated with age, disease duration, anti-gliadin IgG, anti-endomysium and disease status. In multiple linear regression, interatrial EMD was independently associated with disease duration, anti-endomysium and disease status after adjusting for age and sex. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, atrial EMDs were found significantly higher in patients with CD compared with healthy individuals. Measurement of atrial EMD parameters might be used to predict the risk of development of AF in patients with CD.

Chronic inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α with infliximab improves myocardial deformation in parallel with aortic elasticity in rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the effects of infliximab, a monoclonal antibody against TNFα, on myocardial deformation and aortic elasticity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and the association of aortic elasticity with myocardial deformation. STUDY DESIGN: 38 female rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and 30 healthy controls were included in the study. Twenty patients received infliximab and 18 patients received prednisolone. Left ventricular (LV) longitudinal, circumferential and radial strain, systolic strain rate and early diastolic strain rate using speckle-tracking echocardiography, and aortic elasticity using M-mode echocardiography were assessed at baseline and post-treatment. RESULTS: LV systolic longitudinal basal-, mid-, and apical strain, systolic mid- and apical strain rate, basal-, mid- and apical early strain rate, circumferential systolic apical strain and systolic strain rate were reduced in RA patients compared to controls. Compared to baseline, infliximab treatment increased aortic strain, aortic distensibility and decreased aortic ß index. No significant aortic elastic changes were observed with prednisolone treatment. Longitudinal basal- and apical strain, basal-, mid- and apical systolic and diastolic strain rates, circumferential basal systolic strain, radial mid- and apical strain and apical strain rate were increased following infliximab treatment. Infliximab treatment improves aortic elasticity in parallel to myocardial deformation, but no significant association was observed following prednisolone treatment. CONCLUSION: Myocardial deformation is impaired in RA patients and is related to aortic stiffness. Chronic inhibition of TNFα improves LV deformation in association with aortic elasticity.

Relationship between HbA1c levels and coronary artery severity in nondiabetic acute coronary syndrome patients.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between HbA1c levels and the severity of coronary artery stenosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) without diabetes mellitus. STUDY DESIGN: In this study, we included 65 patients (11 females, mean age: 57±11.42 years; 54 males, mean age: 54.56±8.51 years) who were diagnosed as acute myocardial infarction without diabetes mellitus. During hospitalization, fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose and HbA1C were measured in each patient. Gensini score was used to assess the severity of coronary artery disease. RESULTS: Twenty patients (30.8%) had hypertension, 15 (23.1%) had impaired fasting glucose, 10 (15.3%) had combined impaired fasting and postprandial glucose, 28 had a low HDL cholesterol (45%), and 30 (46%) had abdominal obesity. Coronary angiography revealed one-vessel disease in 13 patients (20%), and two- and three-vessel disease in 52 patients (80%). There were no significant differences in terms of high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), total cholesterol, fasting glucose, and postprandial glucose (0.068, 0.974, 0.178, 0.677, respectively). There was no significant relation between the Gensini score and HbA1c levels (p=0.299), but there was a significant relation between the Gensini score and obesity (p=0.024). CONCLUSION: In our study, no significant relationship could be determined between the Gensini score and HbA1C, fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels, lipid profile, and hs-CRP levels in patients with nondiabetic ACSs.

Relationship Between C-Reactive Protein to Albumin Ratio and Infarct-Related Artery Patency in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction.

The C-reactive protein to albumin ratio (CAR) is a predictive marker of systemic inflammatory state in atherosclerotic coronary disease when compared with the predictive value of these 2 markers separately. We investigated the relationship between CAR and infarct-related artery (IRA) patency in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The study population (n = 1047) was divided into 2 groups according to IRA patency which was assessed by the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade. Nonpatent flow was defined as TIMI grade 0 (no-reflow), 1, and 2 flows, and normal flow was defined as TIMI 3 flow. There was a significant positive correlation between CAR and SYNTAX score (r = 0.312, P < .001) and a negative correlation between CAR and TIMI grade flow (r = -0.210, P < .001). At a cutoff level of 0.693, the CAR predicted TIMI no-reflow with a sensitivity of 65.4% and a specificity of 65.5% (area under the curve: 0.670, 95% CI: 0.62-0.71, P < .001). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that CAR was an independent predictor of IRA patency (0.003 [0.001-0.029]; P < .001). A higher CAR is a significant and independent predictor of IRA patency in patients with STEMI.

Association of the Novel Inflammatory Marker Systemic Immune-Inflammation index and Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement for Severe Aortic Stenosis.

This study investigated whether the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) is an independent predictor of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) for severe aortic stenosis. TAVR patients (n = 130) were included in the study. The patients were divided into 2 groups: those who developed CIN [CIN (+)] and those who did not [CIN (-)]. The SII was calculated as the ratio of the product of the total neutrophil count and the total platelet count to the lymphocyte count. CIN developed in 20 (15.3%) patients after TAVR. White blood cell count (7.66 ± 1.75 vs 6.78 ± 1.71 103/mm3P = .038), neutrophil count (5.1 (3.9-6.7) vs 4.2 (3.5-5.1) 103/mm3P = .024), neutrophillymphocyte ratio (4.20 (2.39-7.00) vs 2.75 (2.06-3.88), P = .010) and SII index (1069 (616-1514) vs 598 (426-955), P = .003) were at higher levels in patients with CIN. In addition, the SII index was an independent predictor for the development of CIN. The SII index, which can be easily calculated from a complete blood count, is an independent predictor of CIN in patients undergoing TAVR for severe aortic stenosis.

The predictive value of epicardial fat volume for clinical severity of COVID-19.

Introduction: Epicardial adipose tissue serves as a source of inflammatory cytokines and mediators. Cytokine storm is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Objectives: To investigate the association between epicardial fat volume (EFV), inflammatory biomarkers and clinical severity of COVID-19. Methods: This retrospective study included 101 patients who were infected with COVID-19. Serum inflammatory biomarkers including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), procalcitonin (PCT) and ferritin levels were measured. Computed tomography images were analyzed and semi-automated measurements for EFV were obtained. The primary composite endpoint was admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) or death. Results: The primary composite endpoint occurred in 25.1% (n=26) of patients (mean age 64.8±14.8 years, 14 male). A total of 10 patients died. EFV, CRP, PCT, ferritin and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in ICU patients. Moreover, a positive correlation was determined between EFV and CRP (r: 0.494, p<0.001), PCT (r: 0.287, p=0.005), ferritin (r: 0.265, p=0.01) and IL-6 (r: 0.311, p=0.005). On receiver operating characteristic analysis, patients with EFV >102 cm3 were more likely to have severe complications. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, EFV independently predicted admission to the ICU at a significant level (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01-1.03, p=0.025). Conclusion: EFV and serum CRP, IL-6, PCT and ferritin levels can effectively assess disease severity and predict the outcome in patients with COVID-19. EFV is an independent predictor of admission to the ICU in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

Introdução: O tecido adiposo epicárdico é fonte de citocinas inflamatórias e mediadores. A tempestade de citocinas é uma importante causa de morbilidade e mortalidade na doença coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19). Objetivos: Investigar a associação entre volume adiposo epicárdico (VAE), biomarcadores inflamatórios e gravidade clínica da COVID-19. Métodos: Este estudo retrospetivo incluiu 101 doentes infetados com COVID-19. Foram avaliados biomarcadores inflamatórios séricos, incluindo os níveis de proteína C-reativa (PCR), de interleucina-6 (IL-6), de procalcitonina (PCT) e de ferritina. Foram analisadas imagens de tomografia computorizada (TC) e foram obtidas medições semi-automáticas do VAE. O endpoint primário composto foi a admissão na unidade de cuidados intensivos (UCI) ou morte. Resultados: O endpoint primário ocorreu em 25,1% (n=26) dos doentes (idade média 64,8±14,8 anos, 14 homens). Um total de 10 doentes morreu. Os níveis de VAE, PCR, PCT, ferritina e IL-6 foram significativamente superiores nos doentes internados na UCI. Além disso, verificou-se uma correlação positiva entre o VAE e a PCR (r: 0,494, p<0,001), PCT (r: 0,287, p=0,005), ferritina (r: 0,265, p=0,01) e IL-6 (r: 0,311, p=0,005). Na análise de regressão logistica multivariada, os doentes com VAE>102 cm3 tinham maior probabilidade de ter complicações graves. Conclusão: O VAE e os níveis séricos de PCR, IL-6, PCT e ferritina podem avaliar a gravidade da doença e prever o resultado em doentes com COVID-19. O VAE constitui um fator preditivo na admissão dos doentes hospitalizados com COVID-19 numa UCI.

Sarcopenia and Its Prognostic Role on Hospitalization and In-Hospital Mortality in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients with At Least One Cardiovascular Risk Factor.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 infection is a global pandemic that has affected the whole world population. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic role of cross-sectional area, muscle index, and muscle attenuation values in computed tomography-based skeletal groups [erector spinae muscle, pectoralis muscle, and total skeletal muscle] of patients hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 and with at least 1 cardiovascular risk factor. METHODS: A total of 232 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and at least 1 cardiovascular risk factor were enrolled in the study, retrospectively. The cross-sectional area, muscle index, and attenuation of erector spine muscle, pectoralis muscle, and total skeletal muscle were automatically measured on computed tomography images. The study population was assigned into tertiles on the basis of the total SMcsa index. The relationship between the values obtained and the length of hospital stay, admission to intensive care unit, the need for invasive mechani cal ventilation, and mortality was investigated. RESULTS: Admission to intensive care unit, need for invasive mechanical ventilation, and mor tality were higher at tertile 3 groups than in the other groups (all P values <.001). Statistically, all muscle measurements were significantly lower in tertile 3 (P <.001). Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and total SMcsa index were predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 on the basis of Cox regression analysis. In the Kaplan-Meier analysis for the proportion of survivors relative to the total SMcsa index, tertile 3 had the highest mortal ity (survival rates 57%, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenia and attendant cardiovascular comorbidities can effectively assess dis ease severity and predict outcome in patients with coronavirus disease 2019.

Effect of chelation therapy on arrhythmogenic and basal ECG parameters of lead exposed workers.

Lead exposure has etiological role on cardiovascular system diseases as hypertension, atherosclerosis, stroke, and arrhythmic events. In this study, we aimed to compare the basal and arrhythmogenic ECG parameters of lead exposed workers before and after chelation therapy and to evaluate the effect of acute change of blood lead levels on ECG. Fourty consecutive occupationally lead exposed workers were enrolled, demographic, blood, echocardiographic, and electrocardiographic data's were analyzed before and after chelation therapy. Pmax, P min, P Wave Dispersion, and QT Dispersion values which are arrhythmia predictors were significantly lower after chelation therapy compared to values before chelation therapy. Lead exposed workers are under the risk of ventricular and atrial arrythmias and chelation treatment has a positive effect on these parameters.

Assessment of Pulmonary Arterial Hemodynamic and Vascular Changes by Pulmonary Pulse Transit Time in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.

INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary arterial hypertension and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a well-known association. Pulmonary pulse transit time (pPTT) is a recent echocardiographic marker that might be used for evaluation of pulmonary arterial stiffness (PAS) in patients with HIV infection. We aimed to investigate whether pPTT elevated in patients with HIV infection compared to healthy controls and its association with echocardiographic indices of right ventricular functions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty HIV (+) patients from infectious disease outpatient clinics and fifty age- and sex-matched HIV (-) healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. pPTT was measured from pulmonary vein flow velocity as the time interval between the R-wave in the electrocardiography and corresponding peak late systolic was then calculated as the mean from two separate pw-Doppler measurements. RESULTS: pPTT, tricuspid annular peak systolic excursion (TAPSE) and right ventricle fractional area change (FAC) were significantly lower in patients with HIV than control patients (177.1 ± 34.9 vs. 215.7 ± 35.7 msn, P < 0.001; 2.33 ± 0.28 vs. 2.19 ± 0.22, P = 0.039; 45 [4.25] vs. 41.1 [4.0], P = 0.032, respectively). pPTT was positively correlated with FAC, TAPSE and cluster of differentiation 4 count (r = 0.210; P = 0.036, r = 0.256; P = 0.041, r = 0.304; P = 0.044, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our study showed that pPTT, TAPSE, and right ventricle FAC levels were lower in patients with HIV infection. pPTT is an important predictor in patients with HIV expected to develop pulmonary vascular pathology.

Monocyte-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio is associated with Ascending Aorta Dilatation in Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valve.

BACKGROUND: The importance of monocyte count-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio (MHR) in cardio- vascular diseases has been shown in various studies. Ascending aortic dilatation (AAD) is a common complication in the patients with bicuspid aortic valve. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between MHR and the presence of aortic dilatation in the patients with bicuspid aortic valve. METHODS: The study population included totally 347 patients with bicuspid aortic valve.169 patients with aortic dilatation (ascending aorta diameter ≥ 4.0 cm) and 178 patients with no aortic dilatation. Echocardiographic and laboratory measurement was done and compared between groups. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 44.7 ± 15.4 years and average ascending aorta diameter was 3.2 ± 0.3 cm in dilatation negative group and 4.4 ± 0.4 cm in positive group. MHR was significantly increased in in patients with aortic dilatation. MHR and uric acid level was independently associated with the presence of aortic dilatation in the patients with bicuspid aortic valve. CONCLUSION: We found a significant relationship between MHR and aortic dilatation in the patients with bicuspid aortic valve.

Left main coronary artery stenosis treated with renal stents after Cabrol operation.

Cabrol procedure is an alternative technique of anastomosing coronary arteries to the aortic root graft by an extra graft, if direct implantation of coronary arteries to the aortic root graft is not possible. The left main coronary artery stenosis is a rarely seen complication after aortic root operations. Treatment of large coronary arteries with renal stents is a challenging procedure. Herein, we, for the first time in the literature, present a case of left main coronary artery stenosis treated with renal stents after Cabrol operation.

Diurnal rhythm of blood pressure in patients with polycythemia vera.

AIMS: Polycythemia vera increases the risk of hypertension, but there is limited information about the effect on daily blood pressure fluctuations. This study aimed to demonstrate how diurnal blood pressure rhythm is affected in polycythemia vera patients. METHODS: Fifty (50) patients (33 men; mean age 48 ± 15 years) with a diagnosis of polycythemia vera and 51 age and sex-matched healthy subjects for the control group were prospectively evaluated. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were evaluated by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) as average 24-hour, daytime and nighttime measures. RESULTS: Average 24-hour SBP and DBP, daytime SBP and DBP were similar in both groups. However, nighttime SBP and DBP were significantly higher in the polycythemia vera group compared with the control group (125.3 ± 17.2 and 73.7 ± 12.2 vs. 118.9 ± 12.2 and 69.5 ± 8.5; P = 0.034 and P = 0.044). Both nocturnal SBP fall and nocturnal DBP fall were blunted in the polycythemia vera group compared with the control group (-6.9 ± 8.9 and -11.3 ± 12.2 vs. -11.6 ± 7.7 and -16.3 ± 12.0, respectively). Both hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were positively correlated with nocturnal SBP fall (r = 0.306, P = 0.002 and r = 0.355, P < 0.001; respectively) in all patients. CONCLUSION: We found that the polycythemia vera group had significantly decreased nocturnal dipping compared with healthy controls. The SBP fall was also positively correlated with hemoglobin and hematocrit levels.