Associations among environmental exposure to trace elements and biomarkers of early kidney damage in the pediatric population.

BACKGROUND: In kidney damage, molecular changes can be used as early damage kidney biomarkers, such as Kidney Injury Molecule-1 and Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. These biomarkers are associated with toxic metal exposure or disturbed homeostasis of trace elements, which might lead to serious health hazards. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between exposure to trace elements and early damage kidney biomarkers in a pediatric population. METHODS: In Tlaxcala, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 914 healthy individuals. The participants underwent a medical review and a socio-environmental questionnaire. Five early damage kidney biomarkers were determined in the urine with Luminex, and molybdenum, copper, selenium, nickel, and iodine were measured with ICP-Mass. RESULTS: The eGFR showed a median of 103.75 mL/min/1.73 m2. The median levels for molybdenum, copper, selenium, nickel, and iodine were 24.73 ng/mL, 73.35 ng/mL, 4.78 ng/mL, 83.68 ng/mL, and 361.83 ng/mL, respectively. Except for molybdenum and nickel, the other trace elements had significant associations with the eGFR and the early kidney damage biomarkers. Additionally, we report the association of different exposure scenarios with renal parameters. DISCUSSION: and Conclusions. Among the explored metals, exposure to Cu and iodine impairs renal function. In contrast, Se may manifest as a beneficial metal. Interactions of Mo-Se and Mo-Iodine seem to alter the expression of NGAL; Mo-Cu for CLU; Mo-Cu, Mo-Se, and Mo-iodine for Cys-C and a-1MG; and Mo-Cu and Mo-iodine for KIM-1; were noticed. Our study could suggest that trace element interactions were associated with early kidney damage biomarkers.

Histomorphometric reference data of transiliac bone biopsy in children from 8 to 17 years old.

Background: Histomorphometric analysis of bone samples is a key tool for studying bone metabolism; however, only a few pediatric reference data exist. The aim of the present study is to report more reference data and to investigate if histomorphometric differences exist between age and gender. Methods: We obtained 19 transiliac bone samples previously marked with tetracycline, from children between 8 and 17 years (13 were male), with normal blood test results and urine biochemical bone markers. We evaluated bone histomorphometric parameters using a digitalizing table with osteomeasure to obtain normative data of means and standard deviations, as well as median and range. Due to the small sample, a Monte Carlo simulation was applied. Structural, static, dynamic, and resorptic histomorphometric parameters were evaluated by age and gender following the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research recommendations. Results: Bone volume (in the older children) and mineral apposition rate (in the younger children), the eroded surface (in boys), and the new bone wall thickness (in girls) were significantly increased. On the trabecular area of mineralization front, the modeling and the remodeling bone formation were similar (16 and 18%). The rest of the histomorphometric bone parameters by age and gender showed no significant difference. Conclusion: In healthy children, these bone histomorphometric findings, with these techniques and for this ages could be used as reference values.

Introducción: El análisis histomorfométrico del tejido óseo para el estudio de las enfermedades metabólicas óseas, cuando se correlacionan los hallazgos clínicos, sigue siendo la herramienta con mayor sensibilidad y especificidad para la mayoría de los diagnósticos. En los niños existen pocos reportes histomorfométricos del tejido óseo metabólico normal, por lo que nuestro propósito es reportar más datos de referencia e investigar si hay diferencias histomorfométricas entre edades y sexos. Métodos: Estudio realizado en 19 niños de 8 a 17 años (13 masculinos) sin anomalías clínicas ni bioquímicas evidentes. Se tomaron muestras de tejido óseo transilíaco marcadas con tetraciclina. Se obtuvieron medias, desviaciones y rangos histomorfométricos totales, y correlación por edad y sexo, siguiendo las recomendaciones para la histomorfometría de la American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. Se realizó una simulación Montecarlo. Resultados: El volumen óseo (en niños mayores), la velocidad de agregación del mineral (en niños menores), la erosión trabecular periférica (en niños) y el grosor de la pared ósea nueva (en niñas) exhibieron aumentos significativos. En el área trabecular del frente de mineralización, el modelado y el remodelado de la formación ósea fueron similares (16 y 18%). El resto de los parámetros histomorfométricos óseos no mostraron diferencias significativas. Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos histomorfométricos del tejido óseo de niños normales con estas técnicas y para estas edades pueden ser utilizados como valores de referencia.

Histomorphometric reference data of transiliac bone biopsy in children from 8 to 17 years old / Datos histomorfométricos de referencia de la biopsia ósea en niños de 8 a 17 años

Abstract: Background: Histomorphometric analysis of bone samples is a key tool for studying bone metabolism; however, only a few pediatric reference data exist. The aim of the present study is to report more reference data and to investigate if histomorphometric differences exist between age and gender. Methods: We obtained 19 transiliac bone samples previously marked with tetracycline, from children between 8 and 17 years (13 were male), with normal blood test results and urine biochemical bone markers. We evaluated bone histomorphometric parameters using a digitalizing table with osteomeasure to obtain normative data of means and standard deviations, as well as median and range. Due to the small sample, a Monte Carlo simulation was applied. Structural, static, dynamic, and resorptic histomorphometric parameters were evaluated by age and gender following the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research recommendations. Results: Bone volume (in the older children) and mineral apposition rate (in the younger children), the eroded surface (in boys), and the new bone wall thickness (in girls) were significantly increased. On the trabecular area of mineralization front, the modeling and the remodeling bone formation were similar (16 and 18%). The rest of the histomorphometric bone parameters by age and gender showed no significant difference. Conclusion: In healthy children, these bone histomorphometric findings, with these techniques and for this ages could be used as reference values.

Resumen: Introducción: El análisis histomorfométrico del tejido óseo para el estudio de las enfermedades metabólicas óseas, cuando se correlacionan los hallazgos clínicos, sigue siendo la herramienta con mayor sensibilidad y especificidad para la mayoría de los diagnósticos. En los niños existen pocos reportes histomorfométricos del tejido óseo metabólico normal, por lo que nuestro propósito es reportar más datos de referencia e investigar si hay diferencias histomorfométricas entre edades y sexos. Métodos: Estudio realizado en 19 niños de 8 a 17 años (13 masculinos) sin anomalías clínicas ni bioquímicas evidentes. Se tomaron muestras de tejido óseo transilíaco marcadas con tetraciclina. Se obtuvieron medias, desviaciones y rangos histomorfométricos totales, y correlación por edad y sexo, siguiendo las recomendaciones para la histomorfometría de la American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. Se realizó una simulación Montecarlo. Resultados: El volumen óseo (en niños mayores), la velocidad de agregación del mineral (en niños menores), la erosión trabecular periférica (en niños) y el grosor de la pared ósea nueva (en niñas) exhibieron aumentos significativos. En el área trabecular del frente de mineralización, el modelado y el remodelado de la formación ósea fueron similares (16 y 18%). El resto de los parámetros histomorfométricos óseos no mostraron diferencias significativas. Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos histomorfométricos del tejido óseo de niños normales con estas técnicas y para estas edades pueden ser utilizados como valores de referencia.