Imaging features for the evaluation of skin and nail infections.

Clinical manifestations of dermatological and musculoskeletal conditions can sometimes overlap, leading to confusion in diagnosis. Patients with nail and skin infections may undergo imaging examinations with suspicions of muscle, tendon, or joint injuries. Dermatological infections often involve soft tissues and musculoskeletal structures, and their etiology can range from fungi, bacteria, viruses, to protozoa. Relying solely on physical examination may not be sufficient for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning, necessitating the use of complementary imaging exams. The objective of this paper is to present and discuss imaging findings of the main infectious conditions affecting the nail apparatus and skin. The paper also highlights the importance of imaging in clarifying diagnostic uncertainties and guiding appropriate treatment for dermatological conditions.

Trichodynia and telogen effluvium in COVID-19 patients: Results of an international expert opinion survey on diagnosis and management.

BACKGROUND: The cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 may be useful disease markers and prognostic indicators. Recently, postinfectious telogen effluvium and trichodynia have also been reported. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the presence of trichodynia and telogen effluvium in patients with COVID-19 and describe their characteristics in relation to the other signs and symptoms of the disease. METHODS: Patients with a history of COVID-19 presenting to the clinics of a group of hair experts because of telogen effluvium and/or scalp symptoms were questioned about their hair signs and symptoms in relation to the severity of COVID-19 and associated symptoms. RESULTS: Data from 128 patients were collected. Telogen effluvium was observed in 66.3% of the patients and trichodynia in 58.4%. Trichodynia was associated with telogen effluvium in 42.4% of the cases and anosmia and ageusia in 66.1% and 44.1% of the cases, respectively. In majority (62.5%) of the patients, the hair signs and symptoms started within the first month after COVID-19 diagnosis, and in 47.8% of the patients, these started after 12 weeks or more. LIMITATIONS: The recruitment of patients in specialized hair clinics, lack of a control group, and lack of recording of patient comorbidities. CONCLUSION: The severity of postviral telogen effluvium observed in patients with a history of COVID-19 infection may be influenced by COVID-19 severity. We identified early-onset (<4 weeks) and late-onset (>12 weeks) telogen effluvium.

Alopecia secondary to anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy.

Biologic drugs represent a substantial progress in the treatment of chronic inflammatory immunologic diseases. However, its crescent use has revealed seldom reported or unknown adverse reactions, mainly associated with anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF). Psoriasiform cutaneous reactions and few cases of alopecia can occur in some patients while taking these drugs. Two cases of alopecia were reported after anti-TNF therapy. Both also developed psoriasiform lesions on the body. This is the second report about a new entity described as 'anti-TNF therapy-related alopecia', which combines clinical and histopathological features of both alopecia areata and psoriatic alopecia. The recognition of these effects by specialists is essential for the proper management and guidance of these patients.

Dermoscopy patterns of cicatricial alopecia resulting from discoid lupus erythematosus and lichen planopilaris.

BACKGROUND: Dermoscopy is an important tool for the diagnosis of benign and malignant melanocytic diseases. Recently, this method has also been found to be extremely useful in the diagnosis and follow-up of alopecias. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe dermoscopic findings in patients with clinical and histopathological characteristics of cicatricial alopecia. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in which 14 patients with cicatricial alopecia were selected based on clinical and histopathological evaluation of the scalp. The underlying cause was classic lichen planopilaris in four cases, frontal fibrosing alopecia in five and discoid lupus erythematosus in the remaining five. The patients were evaluated using videodermoscopy and conventional dermoscopy (with a handheld dermoscope), performed independently by three different examiners. Magnification ranged from 10x to 70x. RESULTS: Principal findings in cases of discoid lupus erythematosus were: white patches, branching capillaries, keratin plugs and areas of reduced follicular ostia; in classic lichen planopilaris: perifollicular scales, white dots and reduced follicular ostia; and in frontal fibrosing alopecia: reduced follicular ostia, perifollicular scales, perifollicular erythema and branching capillaries. The blue-grey dots described in this paper were a novel feature in scalp dermoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: The use of dermoscopy for the clinical evaluation of the scalp in cases of cicatricial alopecia improves diagnostic capacity beyond simple clinical inspection and reveals novel features of the disease.

Alopecia secondary to anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy

Biologic drugs represent a substantial progress in the treatment of chronic inflammatory immunologic diseases. However, its crescent use has revealed seldom reported or unknown adverse reactions, mainly associated with anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF). Psoriasiform cutaneous reactions and few cases of alopecia can occur in some patients while taking these drugs. Two cases of alopecia were reported after anti-TNF therapy. Both also developed psoriasiform lesions on the body. This is the second report about a new entity described as 'anti-TNF therapy-related alopecia', which combines clinical and histopathological features of both alopecia areata and psoriatic alopecia. The recognition of these effects by specialists is essential for the proper management and guidance of these patients.

Padrão dermatoscópico das alopecias cicatriciais causadas por lúpus eritematoso discoide e líquen plano pilar / Dermoscopy patterns of cicatricial alopecia resulting from discoid lupus erythematosus and lichen planopilaris

FUNDAMENTOS: A dermatoscopia é método importante de diagnóstico de doenças melanocíticas benignas e malignas. Recentemente, o uso desse método tem demonstrado grande ajuda também no diagnóstico e acompanhamento das alopecias. OBJETIVO: Descrever e demonstrar os achados dermatoscópicos de pacientes com quadros clínicos e histopatológicos de alopecia cicatricial. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal descritivo em que foram selecionados, pelos achados clínicos e histopatológicos do couro cabeludo, 14 pacientes com alopecia cicatricial, sendo quatro casos de líquen plano pilar clássico, cinco casos de alopecia fibrosante frontal e cinco com lúpus eritematoso discoide. Os pacientes foram avaliados com videodermatoscópio e dermatoscópio manual por três examinadores diferentes, de forma independente. Os aumentos variaram de 10 a 70 vezes. RESULTADOS: Foram achados predominantes no lúpus eritematoso discoide placas brancas, capilares arboriformes, tampões ceratósicos e áreas com diminuição dos óstios foliculares; no líquen plano pilar clássico, escamas perifoliculares, pontos brancos e diminuição de óstios foliculares; na alopecia fibrosante frontal, diminuição de óstios foliculares, escama e eritema perifolicular, além de capilares arboriformes. As estruturas azul-acinzentadas, demonstradas neste estudo, não foram descritas na literatura. CONCLUSÕES: O uso da dermatoscopia na avaliação clínica das alopecias ajudou a estabelecer elementos semióticos, melhorou a capacidade de diagnóstico em relação à simples inspeção e revelou novas características das alopecias cicatriciais.

BACKGROUND: Dermoscopy is an important tool for the diagnosis of benign and malignant melanocytic diseases. Recently, this method has also been found to be extremely useful in the diagnosis and follow-up of alopecias. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe dermoscopic findings in patients with clinical and histopathological characteristics of cicatricial alopecia. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in which 14 patients with cicatricial alopecia were selected based on clinical and histopathological evaluation of the scalp. The underlying cause was classic lichen planopilaris in four cases, frontal fibrosing alopecia in five and discoid lupus erythematosus in the remaining five. The patients were evaluated using videodermoscopy and conventional dermoscopy (with a handheld dermoscope), performed independently by three different examiners. Magnification ranged from 10x to 70x. RESULTS: Principal findings in cases of discoid lupus erythematosus were: white patches, branching capillaries, keratin plugs and areas of reduced follicular ostia; in classic lichen planopilaris: perifollicular scales, white dots and reduced follicular ostia; and in frontal fibrosing alopecia: reduced follicular ostia, perifollicular scales, perifollicular erythema and branching capillaries. The blue-grey dots described in this paper were a novel feature in scalp dermoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: The use of dermoscopy for the clinical evaluation of the scalp in cases of cicatricial alopecia improves diagnostic capacity beyond simple clinical inspection and reveals novel features of the disease.

Dermatologia comparativa: psoríase hiperceratósica / Comparative dermatology: hyperkeratotic psoriasis

A psoríase possui diversas formas de apresentações clínicas. Lesões hiperceratósicas podem ser observadas e verificam-se na literatura diversas denominações para essas lesões, como elefanthine, rupióide, ostrácea e pseudocórnea. É interessante notar que duas dessas denominações se remetem à semelhança com conchas encontradas nos estudos de conquiliologia: rupióide e ostrácea. Os autores comparam os aspectos morfológicos das variantes da psoríase hiperceratósica com as conchas de diversas espécies de moluscos.

Psoriasis is a skin disorder with several clinical expressions. Hyperkeratotic lesions may be observed, and have been named rupioid, elephantine, ostraceous and pseudohorny in the literature. It is worth noting that two of such denominations refer to the similarity they bear with shells found by the study of conchology, namely rupioid and ostraceous. The authors compare the morphological aspects of hyperkeratotic psoriasis variants with the shells of different mollusk species.