Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma following checkpoint inhibitor therapy with nivolumab.

Limited case series describe conflicting results regarding the safety of checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) prior to liver transplantation (LT). We reviewed single-center data on all consecutive patients who underwent LT for hepatocellular carcinoma treated with CPI between January 1, 2018, and January 30, 2021. Time from CPI to LT, immunosuppression, biopsy-proven acute cellular rejection (BPACR), graft loss and death were evaluated. Five patients with a mean age 65 (range 61-71) years underwent LT after CPI with nivolumab. Time from last CPI to LT ranged from 0.3 to 11 months. Two patients with <3 months from the last dose of CPI to LT developed BPACR and severe hepatic necrosis, one of whom required retransplantation with recurrent BPACR but without recurrent graft loss over 38 months of follow up. None of the patients who underwent LT >3 months from the last dose of CPI had BPACR. In conclusion, pretransplant use of CPIs, particularly within 90 days of LT, was associated with BPACR and immune-mediated hepatic necrosis. Future multicenter studies should consider a sufficient interval from the last dose of CPI to LT to mitigate the risk for adverse immune-mediated outcomes and graft loss.

Marijuana use should not preclude consideration for kidney transplantation.

Transplant eligibility for tobacco and/or marijuana using candidates varies among transplant centers. This study compared the impact of marijuana use and tobacco use on kidney transplant recipient outcomes. Kidney transplant recipients at a single center from 2001 to 2015 were reviewed for outcomes of all-cause graft loss, infection, biopsy-proven acute rejection, and estimated glomerular filtration rate between four groups: marijuana-only users, marijuana and tobacco users, tobacco-only users, and nonusers. The cohort (N = 919) included 48 (5.2%) marijuana users, 45 (4.8%) marijuana and tobacco users, 136 (14.7%) tobacco users, and 75% nonusers. Smoking status was not significantly associated with acute rejection, estimated glomerular filtration rate or pneumonia within one-year post-transplant in an adjusted model. Compared to nonuse, marijuana and tobacco use and tobacco-only use was significantly associated with increased risk of graft loss (aHR 1.68, P = .034 and 1.52, P = .006, respectively). Patients with isolated marijuana use had similar overall graft survival compared to nonusers (aHR 1.00, P = .994). Marijuana use should not be an absolute contraindication to kidney transplant.

Subtle Changes in Tacrolimus Levels Have an Impact on Early Donor-Specific Antibodies in Kidney Transplantation.

Introduction: The impact of each immunosuppressive agent on de novo donor-specific antibodies in kidney transplant recipients varies among extant literature. Project aims: Patterns in immunosuppression and the effects on incidence of de novo donor-specific antibodies were evaluated. Design: Adult kidney transplant recipients from 2017 to 2019 without preformed antibodies were sampled. Allograft function, de novo donor-specific antibodies, tacrolimus concentrations, duration of goal-dose antiproliferatives, and steroid doses were recorded. Outcomes included incidence of de novo donor-specific antibodies, and their relation to tacrolimus concentrations, time at goal-dose antiproliferatives, and steroid doses. Results: Recipients (N = 153) were followed for 1 year; all were crossmatch negative and received rabbit antithymocyte globulin induction. Sixteen (10%) recipients developed de novo donor-specific antibodies in a median of 31 days [interquartile range, IQR: 12-67 days], most were Class II antibodies (87.5%). Incidence of de novo donor-specific antibodies did not differ based on induction dosing. Tacrolimus levels in the first month were lower for patients with de novo donor-specific antibodies (8.8 ng/mL vs 10.4 ng/mL, P < .01). There was no difference in time on goal antiproliferative doses, but higher steroid doses (0.4 vs 0.3 mg/kg/d; P = .02) were noted in patients with antibodies. Steroid dosing was likely impacted by baseline risk factors. Conclusion: A significant association was found between lower tacrolimus concentrations early post-transplant and incidence of de novo donor-specific antibodies. This highlighted the importance of clinician attention to subtle changes in tacrolimus and the impact it can have on antibody risk in the early post-transplant period.