IL-2 regulates tumor-reactive CD8+ T cell exhaustion by activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.

CD8+ T cell exhaustion dampens antitumor immunity. Although several transcription factors have been identified that regulate T cell exhaustion, the molecular mechanisms by which CD8+ T cells are triggered to enter an exhausted state remain unclear. Here, we show that interleukin-2 (IL-2) acts as an environmental cue to induce CD8+ T cell exhaustion within tumor microenvironments. We find that a continuously high level of IL-2 leads to the persistent activation of STAT5 in CD8+ T cells, which in turn induces strong expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 1, thus catalyzing the conversion to tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). 5-HTP subsequently activates AhR nuclear translocation, causing a coordinated upregulation of inhibitory receptors and downregulation of cytokine and effector-molecule production, thereby rendering T cells dysfunctional in the tumor microenvironment. This molecular pathway is not only present in mouse tumor models but is also observed in people with cancer, identifying IL-2 as a novel inducer of T cell exhaustion.

Broad-spectrum Delta-BA.2 tandem-fused heterodimer mRNA vaccine delivered by lipopolyplex.

Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, continues to mutate and generates new variants with increasingly severe immune escape, urging the upgrade of COVID-19 vaccines. Here, based on a similar dimeric RBD design as our previous ZF2001 vaccine, we developed a novel broad-spectrum COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, SWIM516, with chimeric Delta-BA.2 RBD dimer delivered by lipopolyplex (LPP). Unlike the popular lipid nanoparticle (LNP), this LPP-delivered mRNA expresses only in the injection site, which avoids potential toxicity to the liver. We demonstrated the broad-spectrum humoral and cellular immunogenicity of this vaccine to Delta and Omicron sub-variants in naïve mice and as booster shots. When challenged with Delta or Omicron live virus, vaccinated human angiotensin-converting enzyme (hACE2) transgenic mice and rhesus macaques were both protected, displaying significantly reduced viral loads and markedly relieved pathological damages. We believe the SWIM516 vaccine qualifies as a candidate for the next-generation broad-spectrum COVID-19 vaccine.

Brain Gene Regulatory Networks Coordinate Nest Construction in Birds.

Nest building is a vital behavior exhibited during breeding in birds, and is possibly induced by environmental and social cues. Although such behavioral plasticity has been hypothesized to be controlled by adult neuronal plasticity, empirical evidence, especially at the neurogenomic level, remains limited. Here, we aim to uncover the gene regulatory networks that govern avian nest construction and examine whether they are associated with circuit rewiring. We designed an experiment to dissect this complex behavior into components in response to pair bonding and nest material acquisition by manipulating the presence of mates and nest materials in 30 pairs of zebra finches. Whole-transcriptome analysis of 300 samples from five brain regions linked to avian nesting behaviors revealed nesting-associated gene expression enriched with neural rewiring functions, including neurogenesis and neuron projection. The enriched expression was observed in the motor/sensorimotor and social behavior networks of female finches, and in the dopaminergic reward system of males. Female birds exhibited predominant neurotranscriptomic changes to initiate the nesting stage, while males showed major changes after entering this stage, underscoring sex-specific roles in nesting behavior. Notably, major neurotranscriptomic changes occurred during pair bonding, with minor changes during nest material acquisition, emphasizing social interactions in nest construction. We also revealed gene expression associated with reproductive behaviors and tactile sensing for nesting behavior. This study presents novel neurogenomic evidence supporting the hypothesis of adult neural plasticity underlying avian nest-construction behavior. By uncovering the genetic toolkits involved, we offer novel insights into the evolution of animals' innate ability to construct nests.

Cell softness regulates tumorigenicity and stemness of cancer cells.

Identifying and sorting highly tumorigenic and metastatic tumor cells from a heterogeneous cell population is a daunting challenge. Here, we show that microfluidic devices can be used to sort marker-based heterogeneous cancer stem cells (CSC) into mechanically stiff and soft subpopulations. The isolated soft tumor cells (< 400 Pa) but not the stiff ones (> 700 Pa) can form a tumor in immunocompetent mice with 100 cells per inoculation. Notably, only the soft, but not the stiff cells, isolated from CD133+ , ALDH+ , or side population CSCs, are able to form a tumor with only 100 cells in NOD-SCID or immunocompetent mice. The Wnt signaling protein BCL9L is upregulated in soft tumor cells and regulates their stemness and tumorigenicity. Clinically, BCL9L expression is correlated with a worse prognosis. Our findings suggest that the intrinsic softness is a unique marker of highly tumorigenic and metastatic tumor cells.

FTO-mediated m6A mRNA demethylation aggravates renal fibrosis by targeting RUNX1 and further enhancing PI3K/AKT pathway.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health burden, with ineffective therapies leading to increasing morbidity and mortality. Renal interstitial fibrosis is a common pathway in advanced CKD, resulting in kidney function and structure deterioration. In this study, we investigate the role of FTO-mediated N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and its downstream targets in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis. M6A modification, a prevalent mRNA internal modification, has been implicated in various organ fibrosis processes. We use a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) as an in vivo model and treated tubular epithelial cells (TECs) with transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1 as in vitro models. Our findings revealed increased FTO expression in UUO mouse model and TGF-ß1-treated TECs. By modulating FTO expression through FTO heterozygous mutation mice (FTO+/- ) in vivo and small interfering RNA (siRNA) in vitro, we observed attenuation of UUO and TGF-ß1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as evidenced by decreased fibronectin and N-cadherin accumulation and increased E-cadherin levels. Silencing FTO significantly improved UUO and TGF-ß1-induced inflammation, apoptosis, and inhibition of autophagy. Further transcriptomic assays identified RUNX1 as a downstream candidate target of FTO. Inhibiting FTO was shown to counteract UUO/TGF-ß1-induced RUNX1 elevation in vivo and in vitro. We demonstrated that FTO signaling contributes to the elevation of RUNX1 by demethylating RUNX1 mRNA and improving its stability. Finally, we revealed that the PI3K/AKT pathway may be activated downstream of the FTO/RUNX1 axis in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis. In conclusion, identifying small-molecule compounds that target this axis could offer promising therapeutic strategies for treating renal fibrosis.

APC mutations disrupt ß-catenin destruction complex condensates organized by Axin phase separation.

The Wnt/ß-catenin pathway is critical to maintaining cell fate decisions. Recent study showed that liquid-liquid-phase separation (LLPS) of Axin organized the ß-catenin destruction complex condensates in a normal cellular state. Mutations inactivating the APC gene are found in approximately 80% of all human colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the molecular mechanism of the formation of ß-catenin destruction complex condensates organized by Axin phase separation and how APC mutations impact the condensates are still unclear. Here, we report that the ß-catenin destruction complex, which is constructed by Axin, was assembled condensates via a phase separation process in CRC cells. The key role of wild-type APC is to stabilize destruction complex condensates. Surprisingly, truncated APC did not affect the formation of condensates, and GSK 3ß and CK1α were unsuccessfully recruited, preventing ß-catenin phosphorylation and resulting in accumulation in the cytoplasm of CRCs. Besides, we propose that the phase separation ability of Axin participates in the nucleus translocation of ß-catenin and be incorporated and concentrated into transcriptional condensates, affecting the transcriptional activity of Wnt signaling pathway.

Enhancing head and neck tumor management with artificial intelligence: Integration and perspectives.

Head and neck tumors (HNTs) constitute a multifaceted ensemble of pathologies that primarily involve regions such as the oral cavity, pharynx, and nasal cavity. The intricate anatomical structure of these regions poses considerable challenges to efficacious treatment strategies. Despite the availability of myriad treatment modalities, the overall therapeutic efficacy for HNTs continues to remain subdued. In recent years, the deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare practices has garnered noteworthy attention. AI modalities, inclusive of machine learning (ML), neural networks (NNs), and deep learning (DL), when amalgamated into the holistic management of HNTs, promise to augment the precision, safety, and efficacy of treatment regimens. The integration of AI within HNT management is intricately intertwined with domains such as medical imaging, bioinformatics, and medical robotics. This article intends to scrutinize the cutting-edge advancements and prospective applications of AI in the realm of HNTs, elucidating AI's indispensable role in prevention, diagnosis, treatment, prognostication, research, and inter-sectoral integration. The overarching objective is to stimulate scholarly discourse and invigorate insights among medical practitioners and researchers to propel further exploration, thereby facilitating superior therapeutic alternatives for patients.

Revolutionizing the battle against locally advanced breast cancer: A comprehensive insight into neoadjuvant radiotherapy.

Breast cancer (BC) constitutes one of the most pervasive malignancies affecting the female population. Despite progressive improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic technologies, leading to an increased detection of early stage BCs, locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) persists as a significant clinical challenge. Owing to its poor overall survival (OS) rate, elevated recurrence rate, and high potential for distant metastasis, LABC prominently impacts the comprehensive efficacy of BC treatments. Radiotherapy, encompassing preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative modalities, is acknowledged as an effective strategy for mitigating BC metastasis and enhancing survival rates among patients. Nevertheless, the domain of preoperative neoadjuvant radiotherapy (NART) remains conspicuously underexplored in clinical studies. Available research suggests that NART can induce tumor volume reduction, provoke fibrotic changes in tumor and adjacent normal tissues, thereby mitigating intraoperative cancer propagation and enhancing the quality of life for LABC patients. This manuscript seeks to provide a review of contemporary research pertaining to LABC and its preoperative radiotherapy.

Protein lysine four-carbon acylations in health and disease.

Lysine acylation, a type of posttranslational protein modification sensitive to cellular metabolic states, influences the functions of target proteins involved in diverse cellular processes. Particularly, lysine butyrylation, crotonylation, ß-hydroxybutyrylation, and 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation, four types of four-carbon acylations, are modulated by intracellular concentrations of their respective acyl-CoAs and sensitive to alterations of nutrient metabolism induced by cellular and/or environmental signals. In this review, we discussed the metabolic pathways producing these four-carbon acyl-CoAs, the regulation of lysine acylation and deacylation, and the functions of individual lysine acylation.

Algal Oil Mitigates Sodium Taurocholate-Induced Pancreatitis by Alleviating Calcium Overload, Oxidative Stress, and NF-κB Activation in Pancreatic Acinar Cells.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is characterized by elevated intracellular Ca2+ concentrations, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress in pancreatic acinar cells. Algal oil (AO) has demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aims to explore the effects of algal oil on the microenvironment of AP. Rat pancreatic acinar AR42J cells were pretreated with AO containing 0, 50, 100, or 150 µM of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 2 h prior to AP induction using sodium taurocholate (STC). After 1 h of STC treatment, AR42J cells exhibited a significant increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and the production of amylase, lipase, reactive oxygen species, and pro-inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6. These STC-induced increases were markedly reduced in cells pretreated with AO. In comparison to cells without AO, those treated with a high dose of AO before STC exposure demonstrated a significant increase in mitochondrial membrane potential and a decrease in lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, STC-activated nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) was attenuated in AO-pretreated cells, as evidenced by a significant decrease in activated NF-κB. In conclusion, AO may prevent damage to pancreatic acinar cells by alleviating intracellular Ca2+ overload, mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction, reducing oxidative stress, and attenuating NF-κB-targeted inflammation.

SIRT1 regulates cardiomyocyte alignment during maturation.

Cardiomyocyte elongation and alignment, a critical step in cardiomyocyte maturation starting from the perinatal stage, is crucial for formation of the highly organized intra- and inter-cellular structures for spatially and temporally ordered contraction in adult cardiomyocytes. However, the mechanism(s) underlying the control of cardiomyocyte alignment remains elusive. Here, we report that SIRT1, the most conserved NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase highly expressed in perinatal heart, plays an important role in regulating cardiomyocyte remodeling during development. We observed that SIRT1 deficiency impairs the alignment of cardiomyocytes/myofibrils and disrupts normal beating patterns at late developmental stages in an in vitro differentiation system from human embryonic stem cells. Consistently, deletion of SIRT1 at a late developmental stage in mouse embryos induced the irregular distribution of cardiomyocytes and misalignment of myofibrils, and reduced the heart size. Mechanistically, the expression of several genes involved in chemotaxis, including those in the CXCL12/CXCR4 and CCL2/CCR2/CCR4 pathways, was dramatically blunted during maturation of SIRT1-deficient cardiomyocytes. Pharmacological inhibition of CCL2 signaling suppressed cardiomyocyte alignment. Our study identifies a regulatory factor that modulates cardiomyocyte alignment at the inter-cellular level during maturation.

Traditional Medicine Pien Tze Huang Suppresses Colorectal Tumorigenesis Through Restoring Gut Microbiota and Metabolites.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Pien Tze Huang (PZH) is a well-established traditional medicine with beneficial effects against inflammation and cancer. We aimed to explore the chemopreventive effect of PZH in colorectal cancer (CRC) through modulating gut microbiota. METHODS: CRC mouse models were established by azoxymethane plus dextran sulfate sodium treatment or in Apcmin/+ mice treated with or without PZH (270 mg/kg and 540 mg/kg). Gut barrier function was determined by means of intestinal permeability assays and transmission electron microscopy. Fecal microbiota and metabolites were analyzed by means of metagenomic sequencing and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, respectively. Germ-free mice or antibiotic-treated mice were used as models of microbiota depletion. RESULTS: PZH inhibited colorectal tumorigenesis in azoxymethane plus dextran sulfate sodium-treated mice and in Apcmin/+ mice in a dose-dependent manner. PZH treatment altered the gut microbiota profile, with an increased abundance of probiotics Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans and Eubacterium limosum, while pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas veronii, Campylobacter jejuni, Collinsella aerofaciens, and Peptoniphilus harei were depleted. In addition, PZH increased beneficial metabolites taurine and hypotaurine, bile acids, and unsaturated fatty acids, and significantly restored gut barrier function. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that PZH inhibited PI3K-Akt, interleukin-17, tumor necrosis factor, and cytokine-chemokine signaling. Notably, the chemopreventive effect of PZH involved both microbiota-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Fecal microbiota transplantation from PZH-treated mice to germ-free mice partly recapitulated the chemopreventive effects of PZH. PZH components ginsenoside-F2 and ginsenoside-Re demonstrated inhibitory effects on CRC cells and primary organoids, and PZH also inhibited tumorigenesis in azoxymethane plus dextran sulfate sodium-treated germ-free mice. CONCLUSIONS: PZH manipulated gut microbiota and metabolites toward a more favorable profile, improved gut barrier function, and suppressed oncogenic and pro-inflammatory pathways, thereby suppressing colorectal carcinogenesis.

Age-Dependent Female Survival Advantage in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Multicenter Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a higher incidence in males, but the association of sex with survival remains controversial. This study aimed to examine the effect of sex on HCC survival and its association with age. METHODS: Among 33,238 patients with HCC from 12 Chinese tertiary hospitals, 4175 patients who underwent curative-intent hepatectomy or ablation were analyzed. Cancer-specific survival (CSS) was analyzed using Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier methods. Two propensity score methods and multiple mediation analysis were applied to mitigate confounding. To explore the effect of estrogen, a candidate sex-specific factor that changes with age, female participants' history of estrogen use, and survival were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 3321 males and 854 females included. A sex-related disparity of CSS was present and showed a typical age-dependent pattern: a female survival advantage over males appeared at the perimenopausal age of 45 to 54 years (hazard risk [HR], 0.77; 5-year CSS, 85.7% vs 70.6%; P = .018), peaked at the early postmenopausal age of 55 to 59 years (HR, 0.57; 5-year CSS, 89.8% vs 73.5%; P = .015), and was not present in the premenopausal (<45 y) and late postmenopausal groups (≥60 y). Consistent patterns were observed in patients after either ablation or hepatectomy. These results were sustained with propensity score analyses. Confounding or mediation effects accounted for only 19.5% of sex survival disparity. Female estrogen users had significantly longer CSS than nonusers (HR, 0.74; 5-year CSS, 79.6% vs 72.5%; P = .038). CONCLUSIONS: A female survival advantage in HCC depends on age, and this may be associated with age-dependent, sex-specific factors.

Biomarker-Driven DNA-Functionalized Colloidal Programmed Simultaneous Assembly and Disassembly in Cells.

Complex structures and devices, both natural and artificial, can often undergo assembly and disassembly. Assembly and disassembly allow multiple stimuli to initiate, for example, the assembly and disassembly of primary cilia under the control of E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases. Although biology relies on such schemes, they are rarely available in materials science. Here, we demonstrate a DNA-functionalized colloidal Au response to endogenous biomarkers to trigger simultaneous assembly and disassembly techniques. Colloidal Au is initially inert because the starting DNA strands are paired and prehybridized. TK1 mRNA competes to bind one of the paired strands and release its complement. The released complement binds to the next colloidal Au to initiate assembly, and APE1 can shear the colloidal Au assembly binding site to initiate disassembly. Our strategy provides temporal and spatial logic control during colloidal Au assembly and disassembly, and this simultaneous assembly and disassembly process can be used for sequential detection and cellular imaging of two biomarkers, effectively reducing signal false-positive results and shortening detection time. This work highlights biomarker-controlled colloidal Au simultaneous assembly and disassembly in ways that are simple and versatile, with the potential to enrich the application scope of DNA nanotechnology and provide an idea for the application of precision medicine testing.

Association of vaccine-specific regulatory T cells with reduced antibody response to repeated influenza vaccination.

Repeated annual influenza vaccinations have been associated with reduced vaccine-induced antibody responses. This prospective study aimed to explore the role of vaccine antigen-specific regulatory T (Treg) cells in antibody response to repeated annual influenza vaccination. We analyzed pre- and postvaccination hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers, seroconversion rates, seroprotection rates, vaccine antigen hemagglutinin (HA)-specific Treg cells, and conventional T (Tconv) cells. We compared these parameters between vaccinees with or without vaccine-induced seroconversion. Our multivariate logistic regression revealed that prior vaccination was significantly associated with a decreased likelihood of achieving seroconversion for both H1N1(adjusted OR, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.01-0.13) and H3N2 (adjusted OR, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.03-0.30). Furthermore, individuals who received repeated vaccinations had significantly higher levels of pre-existing HA-specific Treg cells than those who did not. We also found that vaccine-induced fold-increases in HI titers and seroconversion were negatively correlated with pre-existing HA-specific Treg cells and positively correlated with the ratio of Tconv to Treg cells. Overall, our findings suggest that repeated annual influenza vaccination is associated with a lower vaccine-induced antibody response and a higher frequency of vaccine-specific Treg cells. However, a lower frequency of pre-existing Treg cells correlates with a higher postvaccination antibody response.

Rescue of NLRC5 expression restores antigen processing machinery in head and neck cancer cells lacking functional STAT1 and p53.

The antigen processing machinery (APM) components needed for a tumor cell to present an antigen to a T cell are expressed at low levels in solid tumors, constituting an important mechanism of immune escape. More than most other solid tumors, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells tend to have low APM expression, rendering them insensitive to immune checkpoint blockade and most other forms of immunotherapy. In HNSCC, this APM deficiency is largely driven by high levels of EGFR and SHP2, leading to low expression and activation of STAT1; however, recent studies suggest that p53, which is often mutated in HNSCCs, may also play a role. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the extent to which STAT1 and p53 individually regulate APM component expression in HNSCC cells. We found that in cells lacking functional p53, APM expression could still be induced by interferon-gamma or DNA-damaging chemotherapy (cisplatin) as long as STAT1 expression remained intact; when both transcription factors were knocked down, APM component expression was abolished. When we bypassed these deficient pathways by rescuing the expression of NLRC5, APM expression was also restored. These results suggest that dual loss of functional STAT1 and p53 may render HNSCC cells incapable of processing and presenting antigens, but rescue of downstream NLRC5 expression may be an attractive strategy for restoring sensitivity to T cell-based immunotherapy.

De novo drug design by iterative multiobjective deep reinforcement learning with graph-based molecular quality assessment.

MOTIVATION: Generating molecules of high quality and drug-likeness in the vast chemical space is a big challenge in the drug discovery. Most existing molecule generative methods focus on diversity and novelty of molecules, but ignoring drug potentials of the generated molecules during the generation process. RESULTS: In this study, we present a novel de novo multiobjective quality assessment-based drug design approach (QADD), which integrates an iterative refinement framework with a novel graph-based molecular quality assessment model on drug potentials. QADD designs a multiobjective deep reinforcement learning pipeline to generate molecules with multiple desired properties iteratively, where a graph neural network-based model for accurate molecular quality assessment on drug potentials is introduced to guide molecule generation. Experimental results show that QADD can jointly optimize multiple molecular properties with a promising performance and the quality assessment module is capable of guiding the generated molecules with high drug potentials. Furthermore, applying QADD to generate novel molecules binding to a biological target protein DRD2 also demonstrates the algorithm's efficacy. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: QADD is freely available online for academic use at https://github.com/yifang000/QADD or http://www.csbio.sjtu.edu.cn/bioinf/QADD.

Loss of UCP2 causes mitochondrial fragmentation by OMA1-dependent proteolytic processing of OPA1 in podocytes.

Mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in the onset and progression of podocyte injury and proteinuria. However, the process by which the change in the podocyte mitochondria occurs is not well understood. Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is a mitochondrial anion carrier protein, which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Here, we reported that mice with podocyte-specific Ucp2 deficiency developed podocytopathy with proteinuria with aging. Furthermore, those mice exhibited increased proteinuria in experimental models evoked by Adriamycin. Our findings suggest that UCP2 mediates mitochondrial dysfunction by regulating mitochondrial dynamic balance. Ucp2-deleted podocytes exhibited increased mitochondrial fission and deficient in ATP production. Mechanistically, opacity protein 1 (OPA1), a key protein in fusion of mitochondrial inner membrane, was regulated by UCP2. Ucp2 deficiency promoted proteolysis of OPA1 by activation OMA1 which belongs to mitochondrial inner membrane zinc metalloprotease. Those finding demonstrate the role of UCP2 in mitochondrial dynamics in podocytes and provide new insights into pathogenesis associated with podocyte injury and proteinuria.

Prediction of M3 B4 -type MBenes as Promising Catalysts for CO2 Capture and Reduction.

The rational design of novel catalysts with high activity and selectivity for carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2 RR) is highly desired. In this work, we have extensive investigations on the properties of two-dimensional transition metal borides (MBenes) to achieve efficient CO2 capture and reduction through first-principles calculations. The results show that all the investigated M3 B4 -type MBene exhibit remarkable CO2 capture and activation abilities, which proved to be derived from the lone pair of electrons on the MBene surface. Then, we emphasize that the investigated MBenes can further selectively reduce activated CO2 to CH4 . Moreover, a new linear scaling relationship of the adsorption energies of potential-determining intermediates (*OCH2 O and *HOCH2 O) versus ΔG(*OCHO) has been established, where the CO2 RR limiting potentials on MBenes are determined by the different fitting slopes of ΔG(*OCH2 O) and ΔG(*HOCHO), allowing significantly lower limiting potentials to be achieved compared to transition metals. Especially, two promising CO2 RR catalysts (Mo3 B4 and Cr3 B4 MBene) exist quite low limiting potentials of -0.48 V and -0.66 V, as well as competitive selectivity concerning hydrogen evolution reactions have been identified. Our research results make future advances in CO2 capture by MBenes easier and exploit the applications of Mo3 B4 and Cr3 B4 MBenes as novel CO2 RR catalysts.

Microporous Polyelectrolyte Complexes by Hydroplastic Foaming.

Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) have emerged as an attractive category of materials for their water processability and some similarities to natural biopolymers. Herein, we employ the intrinsic hydroplasticity of PEC materials to enable the generation of porous structures with the aid of gas foaming. Such foamable materials are fabricated by simply mixing polycation, polyanion, and a UV-initiated chemical foaming agent in an aqueous solution, followed by molding into thin films. The gas foaming of the PEC films can be achieved upon exposure to UV illumination under water, where the films are plasticized and the gaseous products from the photolysis of foaming agents afford the formation, expanding, and merging of numerous bubbles. The porosity and morphology of the resulting porous films can be customized by tuning film composition, foaming conditions, and especially the degree of plasticizing effect, illustrating the high flexibility of this hydroplastic foaming method. Due to the rapid initiation of gas foaming, the present method enables the formation of porous structures via an instant one-step process, much more efficient than those existing strategies for porous PEC materials. More importantly, such a pore-forming mechanism might be extended to other hydroplastic materials (e.g., biopolymers) and help to yield hydroplasticity-based processing strategies.