Outcome of Mini-PCNL Under Loco-Regional Anesthesia: Outcomes of a Systematic Review.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Miniaturized PCNL (mi-PCNL) for stone disease is performed under a general anesthesia. However, the role of loco-regional anesthesia in mi-PCNL and its outcomes are not well defined yet. Here, we review the outcomes and complications of loco-regional anesthesia for mi-PCNL. A Cochrane-style review was performed in accordance with the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews to evaluate the outcomes of loco-reginal anesthesia for URS in stone disease, including all English language articles from January 1980 and October 2021. RECENT FINDINGS: Ten studies with a total of 1663 patients underwent mi-PCNL under loco-regional anesthesia. The stone-free rate (SFR) for mi-PCNL under neuro-axial anesthesia ranged between 88.3 and 93.6%, while it ranged between 85.7 and 93.3% for mi-PCNL under local anesthesia (LA). The conversion rate to another anesthesia modality was 0.5%. The complications ranged widely between 3.3 and 85.7%. The majority were Grade I-II complications and none of the patients had grade V complications. Our review shows that mi-PCNL under loco-regional anesthesia is feasible with good SFR and a low risk of major complications. The conversion to general anesthesia is needed in a small minority, with the procedure itself being well tolerated and a big step towards establishing an ambulatory pathway for these patients.

Echidna Splenule: A Case Study of Continuous Splenogonadal Fusion.

Splenogonadal fusion (SGF) is a rare congenital anomaly of an aberrant accessory spleen-gonad connection. We present a rare case of continuous splenogonadal fusion in a full-term male with a left undescended testis, multiple congenital limb anomalies, and syndromic facies. Diagnostic laparoscopy revealed the "Echidna Splenule," a snake-like intraperitoneal splenule coursing from the spleen along the left paracolic region and engulfing an atrophic intra-abdominal testis preventing spontaneous descent and distally herniating into the left open internal inguinal ring. The atrophic testis and Echidna Splenule were resected. Splenogonadal fusion should be considered in children with left undescended testis and concomitant limb and facial anomalies.

Do Flat Panel Detector C-Arms Decrease Radiation Exposure Compared to Conventional Image Intensifiers?

OBJECTIVE: To compare the radiation dose and image quality between flat panel detector (FPD) and traditional image intensifier (II) C-arms at their lowest radiation settings. METHODS: In a ureteroscopy simulation using a cadaver model, the radiation exposure was compared between FPD and II at 4 pulses-per-second (pps) using both low dose and automatic exposure control (AEC) settings. Additionally, the lowest dose settings for each machine were compared (4 pps with low dose in the FPD and 1 pps with low dose in the II). Five trials of 5 minutes were conducted for each setting. Four new optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters were used in each trial to record radiation exposure. Ten blinded urologists completed a survey rating image quality for each setting. RESULTS: When comparing the FPD and II at their lowest possible settings, the FPD produced significantly more radiation (P <.05). Using both machines at 4 pps in low dose mode resulted in no significant difference between C-arms (P >.05). Conversely, operating the C-arms at 4 pps and AEC resulted in significantly higher radiation exposure from the FPD compared to the II (P <.05). There was no significant difference in image quality at each setting. CONCLUSION: FPDs produce significantly more radiation at the lowest settings compared to IIs. Surgeons should employ IIs when reducing radiation exposure as low as possible is imperative, such as when operating on pediatric and pregnant patients.

Time Efficiency and Performance of Single-Use vs Reusable Cystoscopes: A Randomized Benchtop and Simulated Clinical Assessment.

Introduction: A flexible cystoscope is an indispensable tool for urologists, facilitating a variety of procedures in both the operating room and at bedside. Single-use cystoscopes offer benefits including accessibility and decreased burden for reprocessing. The aims of this study were to compare time efficiency and performance of single-use and reusable cystoscopes. Methods: Ten new Ambu® aScope™ 4 Cysto single-use and two Olympus CYF-5 reusable cystoscopes were compared in simulated bedside cystoscopy and benchtop testing. Ten urologists performed simulated cystoscopy using both cystoscopes in a randomized order. Times for supply-gathering, setup, cystoscopy, cleanup, and cumulative time were recorded, followed by a Likert feedback survey. For benchtop assessment, physical, optical, and functional specifications were assessed and compared between cystoscopes. Results: The single-use cystoscope demonstrated shorter supply-gathering, setup, cleanup, and cumulative times (824 vs 1231 seconds; p < 0.05) but a comparable cystoscopy time to the reusable cystoscope (202 vs 212 seconds; p = 0.32). The single-use cystoscope had a higher image resolution, but a narrower field of view. Upward deflection was greater for the single-use cystoscope (214.50° vs 199.45°; p < 0.01) but required greater force (2.5 × ). The working channel diameter and irrigation rate were greater in the reusable cystoscope. While the single-use cystoscope lacked tumor enhancing optical features, it had higher Likert scale scores for Time Efficiency and Overall Satisfaction. Conclusion: The single-use cystoscope demonstrates comparable benchtop performance and superior time efficiency compared to reusable cystoscopes. However, the reusable cystoscope has superior optical versatility and flow rate. Knowledge of these differences allows for optimal cystoscope selection based on procedure indication.

Not All Flat-Panel C-Arms Are Created Equal: A Comparison of Three Major Manufacturers.

Introduction: Flat-panel detector C-arms (FCs) are reported to reduce radiation exposure and improve image quality compared with conventional image intensifier C-arms (CCs). The purpose of this study was to compare radiation exposure and image quality between three commonly used FCs. Materials and Methods: A cadaver model was placed in the prone position to simulate percutaneous nephrolithotomy. We compared the following three FCs: OEC Elite CFD from GE HealthCare, Zenition 70 from Philips, and Ziehm Vision RFD from Ziehm Imaging. To measure the radiation dose, optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs) were utilized during five 300-second trials, conducted under three settings: automatic exposure control (AEC), AEC with low dose (LD), and LD with the lowest pulse rate (LDLP). Ten blinded urologists evaluated the image quality. Data were statistically analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's B post hoc tests. Results: In the AEC setting, the Philips C-arm demonstrated lower ventral OSLD exposure (42,446 mrad) compared with both the GE (51,076 mrad) and Ziehm (83,178 mrad; p < 0.001) C-arms. Similarly, in the LD setting, the Philips C-arm resulted in less ventral OSLD exposure (25,926 mrad) than both the Ziehm (30,956 mrad) and GE (38,209 mrad; p < 0.001) C-arms. Meanwhile, in the LDLP setting, the Ziehm C-arm showed less ventral OSLD exposure (4019 mrad) than both the GE (7418 mrad) and Philips (8229 mrad; p < 0.001) C-arms. All three manufacturers received adequate image quality ratings at the AEC and LD settings. However, at LDLP, the Ziehm C-arm received inadequate ratings in 8% of images, whereas both the GE and Philips C-arms received 100% adequate ratings (p = 0.016). Conclusions: Radiation produced by flat-panel C-arms varies dramatically, with the highest exposure (Ziehm) being almost double the lowest (Philips) in AEC. Improved picture quality at the lowest settings may come at the cost of increased radiation dose. Surgeons should carefully select the machine and settings to minimize radiation exposure while still preserving the image quality.

Prone vs supine percutaneous nephrolithotomy: does position affect renal pelvic pressures?

The purpose of this study was to measure and compare renal pelvic pressure (RPP) between prone and supine percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in a benchtop model. Six identical silicone kidney models were placed into anatomically correct prone or supine torsos constructed from patient CT scans in the corresponding positions. A 30-Fr renal access sheath was placed in either the upper, middle, or lower pole calyx for both prone and supine positions. Two 9-mm BegoStones were placed in the respective calyx and RPPs were measured at baseline, irrigating with a rigid nephroscope, and irrigating with a flexible nephroscope. Five trials were conducted for each access in both prone and supine positions. The average baseline RPP in the prone position was significantly higher than the supine position (9.1 vs 2.7 mmHg; p < 0.001). Similarly, the average RPP in prone was significantly higher than supine when using both the rigid and flexible nephroscopes. When comparing RPPs for upper, middle, and lower pole access sites, there was no significant difference in pressures in either prone or supine positions (p > 0.05 for all). Overall, when combining all pressures at baseline and with irrigation, with all access sites and types of scopes, the mean RPP was significantly higher in the prone position compared to the supine position (14.0 vs 3.2 mmHg; p < 0.001). RPPs were significantly higher in the prone position compared to the supine position in all conditions tested. These differences in RPPs between prone and supine PCNL could in part explain the different clinical outcomes, including postoperative fever and stone-free rates.

Is Bigger Better? Comparison of 150 µm and 200 µm Thulium Fiber for In-Situ Lower-Pole Lithotripsy.

INTRODUCTION: The Thulium fiber laser (TFL) generates a focused beam, which can be transmitted to laser fibers with small core diameters and may facilitate in situ lower pole lithotripsy. This study compares lithotripsy performance of the 150 and 200 µm TFL in a lower pole benchtop kidney model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using a 3D model printed from an actual kidney, in situ laser lithotripsy was performed on 1 cm lower pole BegoStones (CaOx monohydrate consistency) using four different settings (all 20W) and two fiber sizes (150 and 200 µm). Procedure time, laser time, total pulse energy, and fiber stripping were compared between the two fibers using an ANOVA or independent t-test. RESULTS: The 150 µm fiber at 0.2J x 100Hz had the shortest lasing and procedure time (17.3 and 18.5 min.) and lowest total pulse energy (20.75 kJ) compared to other study arms (p<0.001). Overall procedure time, lasing time and total pulse energy were significantly different between the 8 settings (p<0.001 for all). At higher frequency (100 and 200 Hz), lasing time was significantly faster compared to 20 and 50Hz (19.9 vs. 27.3 min. p<0.001). Furthermore, the average total procedure time was shorter with 150 µm compared to 200 µm regardless of settings (23.2 vs. 29.8 min.; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The 150 µm fiber results in shorter procedure and lasing time at lower total energy levels during lower pole in situ lithotripsy. Overall, the fastest setting was 0.2J and 100Hz with the 150 µm fiber. Smaller laser fibers can potentially allow more efficient in situ laser lithotripsy with better irrigation and visibility at higher deflection angles.

Reducing hand radiation during renal access for percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a comparison of radiation reduction techniques.

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy confers the highest radiation to the urologist's hands compared to other urologic procedures. This study compares radiation exposure to the surgeon's hand and patient's body when utilizing three different techniques for needle insertion during renal access. Simulated percutaneous renal access was performed using a cadaveric patient and separate cadaveric forearm representing the surgeon's hand. Three different needle-holding techniques were compared: conventional glove (control), a radiation-attenuating glove, and a novel needle holder. Five 300-s fluoroscopy trials were performed per treatment arm. The primary outcome was radiation dose (mSv) to the surgeon's hand. The secondary outcome was radiation dose to the patient. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's B post-hoc tests were performed with p < 0.05 considered significant. Compared to the control (3.92 mSv), both the radiation-attenuating glove (2.48 mSv) and the needle holder (1.37 mSv) reduced hand radiation exposure (p < 0.001). The needle holder reduced hand radiation compared to the radiation-attenuating glove (p < 0.001). The radiation-attenuating glove resulted in greater radiation produced by the C-arm compared to the needle holder (83.49 vs 69.22 mGy; p = 0.019). Patient radiation exposure was significantly higher with the radiation-attenuating glove compared to the needle holder (8.43 vs 7.03 mSv; p = 0.027). Though radiation-attenuating gloves decreased hand radiation dose by 37%, this came at the price of a 3% increase in patient exposure. In contrast, the needle holder reduced exposure to both the surgeon's hand by 65% and the patient by 14%. Thus, a well-designed low-density needle holder could optimize radiation safety for both surgeon and patient.

Technical Aspects and Clinical Limitations of Sperm DNA Fragmentation Testing in Male Infertility: A Global Survey, Current Guidelines, and Expert Recommendations.

PURPOSE: Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) is a functional sperm abnormality that can impact reproductive potential, for which four assays have been described in the recently published sixth edition of the WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. The purpose of this study was to examine the global practices related to the use of SDF assays and investigate the barriers and limitations that clinicians face in incorporating these tests into their practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinicians managing male infertility were invited to complete an online survey on practices related to SDF diagnostic and treatment approaches. Their responses related to the technical aspects of SDF testing, current professional society guidelines, and the literature were used to generate expert recommendations via the Delphi method. Finally, challenges related to SDF that the clinicians encounter in their daily practice were captured. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 436 reproductive clinicians. Overall, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) is the most commonly used assay chosen by 28.6%, followed by the sperm chromatin structure assay (24.1%), and the sperm chromatin dispersion (19.1%). The choice of the assay was largely influenced by availability (70% of respondents). A threshold of 30% was the most selected cut-off value for elevated SDF by 33.7% of clinicians. Of respondents, 53.6% recommend SDF testing after 3 to 5 days of abstinence. Although 75.3% believe SDF testing can provide an explanation for many unknown causes of infertility, the main limiting factors selected by respondents are a lack of professional society guideline recommendations (62.7%) and an absence of globally accepted references for SDF interpretation (50.3%). CONCLUSIONS: This study represents the largest global survey on the technical aspects of SDF testing as well as the barriers encountered by clinicians. Unified global recommendations regarding clinician implementation and standard laboratory interpretation of SDF testing are crucial.

Sperm DNA fragmentation in male infertility: From bench to bedside.

Objectives: Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) is a molecular marker of sperm chromatin health. Elevated SDF is associated with male infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, and failure of assisted reproductive technologies (ART). In 2021, the sixth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) Manual for the Laboratory Examination and Processing of Human Semen has listed SDF as an extended test of semen that can be ordered under certain circumstances. However, the manual neither explained the indications for testing nor provided clear guidance on diagnostic thresholds. Methods: This article summarizes the current body of knowledge regarding clinical applications of SDF, including the appropriate population to test, methods of testing, and management strategies. Results: Several etiologic factors and pathophysiologic mechanisms for SDF have been described including poor lifestyle habits, noxious exposures, and varicocele. Four SDF assays are included in the WHO manual and may be utilized based on resources and expertise. Strategies to lower SDF levels in infertile men include addressing underlying causes, supplementation with antioxidants, shorter abstinence periods, and use of testicular sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Conclusion: SDF testing can be implemented in the evaluation of infertile men and couples experiencing ART failure and appropriate management strategies can be offered to improve reproductive outcomes. There is vast potential for future research regarding the clinical utility of SDF in the evaluation and treatment of infertile couples.

Outcomes of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Under Local Anesthesia: Outcomes of a Systematic Review of Literature.

Background: Several studies have reported on the safety and feasibility of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) under local anesthesia (LA). The aim of this systematic review is to assess the perioperative outcomes of PCNL under LA. Methods: Three electronic databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science, were searched for relevant English-language studies published from January 1980 to March 2023. The systematic review has been performed according to the Cochrane style and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis. The primary outcomes include stone-free rate (SFR) and conversion to general anesthesia (GA). Secondary outcomes include postoperative complications. Results: Of 301 articles that were extracted, 42 full-text articles were selected, of which 36 were excluded, yielding a total of 6 articles in our results. A total of 3646 patients were included in this review. The SFR of PCNL under LA ranged between 69.9% and 93.3%. PCNL under LA was not tolerated by 19 (0.5%) patients: 6 patients had conversion to general anesthesia, 2 had conversion to epidural anesthesia, and 11 had their procedure terminated. The overall complication rates varied from 4.8% to 21% across studies. Grade I-II complications were reported in 2.4%-16.7% of cases, while grade III-IV complications were encountered in 0.5%-5% of patients. Conclusions: In this review, we found a few studies that examined the outcomes of PCNL under LA, which highlight the feasibility and safety of PCNL under LA and the low conversion rate to GA.

A systematic review of pN0 testicular seminoma: a new clinical entity and future directions.

Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) for testicular seminoma with enlarged retroperitoneal lymph nodes has received increased consideration and exposed a new clinical entity: pN0 disease. Enlarged, nonmetastatic retroperitoneal lymph nodes provide insight into the natural history of seminoma while offering a benchmark for improving the accuracy of staging. The purpose of this systematic review was to report the pN0 rates, describe risk factors associated with it, and discuss emerging research that may reduce its incidence. We performed a systemic review of published literature on PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, as well as oncology meeting abstracts evaluating histology of lymph nodes in patients with testicular seminoma treated primarily with retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Studies were excluded if histology was not reported. A total of 15 publications and abstracts were included. Although study designs were heterogeneous, there was a minimal risk of bias. Overall, the reported pN0 rates were 0% to 22%. In prospective clinical trials it was 9% to 16%. The presence of pN0 was associated with preoperative smaller lymph nodes, a solitary enlarged lymph node, or negative serum miRNA-371. The incidence of pN0 seminoma is concerning as it points to a potential historical overtreatment; however, it also represents an important inflection for testicular cancer research as quantifiable improvements in clinical staging will translate to clear benefits to patients.

Prevalence of Depression in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes between 10 and 17 Years of Age in Jordan.

Methods: The study was conducted by distributing the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC) to adolescents with T1D seen at Jordan University Hospital between February 2019 and February 2020. Demographic, clinical, and socioeconomic data were collected using electronic clinical charts. Possible predictors of depression were assessed using logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 108 children were enrolled in the study with mean age of 13.7 ± 2.3 years. Fifty-eight children (53.7%) had a CES depression score less than 15, and 50 children (46.3%) had a depression score of 15 or more. The number of diabetes-related hospital admissions and the frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) were significantly different between the two groups. In the multivariable analysis, both gender and SMBG frequency were statistically significant. Girls were more likely to have a depression score ≥ 15 (OR = 3.41, p = 0.025) than boys. Patients who were rarely testing blood glucose levels were more likely to have a depression score ≥ 15 compared to those who were testing regularly (OR = 36.57, p = 0.002). Conclusion: The prevalence of depressive symptoms is relatively high in adolescents with T1D, especially in those living in developing countries. Longer diabetes duration, higher glycated hemoglobin level, and less frequent blood glucose monitoring are associated with higher depression scores.

Quality and reliability of YouTube videos in Arabic as a source of patient information on prostate cancer.

Background: Prostate cancer remains a major public health challenge in the Arab world with few population-based screening programmes, a high incidence of advanced disease at diagnosis, and limited patient access to sub-specialist care. A large number of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer use the (World Wide Web) internet to learn more about the disease and treatment options; however, material in the Arabic language is scarce. This study aims to objectively assess the quality and reliability of the information on YouTube™, which is the most globally used video platform, pertaining to prostate cancer videos published in Arabic. Methods: A total of 100 videos were identified by searching specific keywords in Arabic (Prostate cancer, prostate cancer treatment and prostate). Retrieved videos were analysed and categorised into four groups according to content as useful, misleading, personal experience, or irrelevant. Useful videos were assessed using the global quality scale (GQS) as a validated measure of quality, which is graded on a 5-point Likert scale, with 1 representing poor quality and 5 representing excellent quality. The modified DISCERN tool was used as a measure of reliability. The tool has a potential total score of 5 points, with higher scores indicating higher reliability. Results: Most of the speakers in these videos identified themselves as health workers (77%). Only 8% of the videos sources were hospital or medical organisations. Of the 100 retrieved videos, 86% were found to have useful content, while 14% were found to be misleading or irrelevant. The median GQS score of the useful videos was 4 (IQR: 4-5), while the median modified DISCERN tool was 4 (IQR: 3-4). Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first in-depth study to objectively assess the quality and reliability of information pertaining to prostate cancer in the Arabic language on YouTube™. More efforts are needed to improve the quality of prostate cancer educational materials and videos in the Arabic language on YouTube™. Patient focus groups are planned as the next step to address the information gap for patients with prostate cancer in the Arabic language.

Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET)-computed tomography (CT) in the initial staging of bladder cancer: a single institution experience.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET)-computed tomography (CT) scan for staging urinary bladder cancer. The study also sought to determine the effect of 18F-FDG PET/CT on management decisions and its implications for patient care. METHODS: A total of 133 patients with bladder cancer who had both conventional imaging and 18F-FDG PET/CT for initial staging were identified. All 18F-FDG-PET/CT findings were classified as true positive, true negative, false positive, or false negative based on their potential to impact the intent of treatment. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated using the standard definition. Furthermore, the rate of change in therapy intent was determined for the entire sample and for subgroups with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients. RESULTS: The overall concordance rate between PET/CT and conventional imaging was around 54%. On conventional images, 18% of patients had localized disease, which was upstaged in 6.8% of cases using 18F-FDG PET/CT. Pelvic lymph node involvement was detected in 18.8% of cases using conventional imaging, which was downstaged to localized disease in 4.5% of cases using 18F-FDG PET/CT. While 63.2% of patients had systemic disease on a CT scan, 24.7% of cases were downstaged using PET/CT. Overall, the rate of change in therapy intent was 26.3% for the entire sample, 24.5% for NMIBC subgroup, and 27.3% for MIBC patients. CONCLUSIONS: The study found that 18F-FDG PET/CT is an effective and accurate tool for staging bladder cancer in newly diagnosed patients. Approximately one quarter of patients had a change in management intent based on 18F-FDG PET/CT results. The study suggests that PET/CT should be used as a standard for newly diagnosed patients, but more research is needed to confirm this.

Bladder cancer in young adults: Disease and treatment characteristics of patients treated at a tertiary cancer center.

Objectives: The incidence of bladder cancer in the Middle East is increasing. Nevertheless, data on the young population with urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the urinary bladder in this region is scarce. Therefore, we evaluated clinical and tumor characteristics, in addition to treatment details in patients younger than 45 years old. Methodology: We reviewed all patients presenting with UC of the urinary bladder from July 2006 to December 2019. Clinical characteristics including demographics, stage at presentation, and treatment outcomes were extracted. Results: Out of 1272 new cases of bladder cancer, a total of 112 (8.8%) patients were ≤45 years old. Seven patients (6%) had nonurothelial histology and were excluded from the study. The remaining 105 eligible patients with UC had a median age at presentation of 41 years (35-43). Ninety-three patients (88.6%) were males. Tumor stage at presentation: nonmuscle invasive disease (Ta-T1), locally advanced muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) (T2-3), and metastatic disease were 84.7%, 2.8%, and 12.5%, respectively. All patients with MIBC received neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Radical cystectomy was performed in 8 (7.6%) cases; three patients with MIBC and five with high-volume non-MIBC. Neobladder reconstruction was done in six patients. A total of 13 patients with metastatic disease (93%) received palliative chemotherapy (gemcitabine/cisplatin), and one (7%) was a candidate for best supportive care only. Conclusion: Bladder cancer is relatively rare in the young population, although the incidence at our region is higher than other reports in the literature. Most patients present with early disease. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary approach are paramount for the management of these patients.

Erratum: Quality and reliability of YouTube videos in Arabic as a source of patient information on prostate cancer.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2023.1573.].

Does renal failure worsen radiation cystitis following radical prostatectomy?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of renal function on the risk, severity, and management of radiation cystitis in patients who underwent postoperative radiation therapy for prostate cancer. METHODS: Retrospective data was assessed from patients treated with adjuvant/salvage radiation therapy at a single academic institution between 2006 and 2020. The incidence, severity, and management of radiation cystitis were compared between three groups: CKD 0-2, CKD 3-4, and CKD 5. Associations of clinicopathologic factors with radiation cystitis were assessed in univariate and multivariate Cox regression models. RESULTS: A total of 110 patients who underwent radiation therapy following robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy were included. The incidence of radiation cystitis following postoperative radiation therapy was 17% with a median presentation time of 34 months (interquartile range 16-65 months). The incidence of radiation cystitis was 100% in CKD 5 patients compared to 15% in CKD 0-2 and 17% in CKD 3-4 patients (p < 0.001). CKD 5 patients required more treatments, emergency department visits, and longer hospitalization times than CKD 0-4 patients (all p < 0.001). Multivariate analyses identified CKD 5 as the only significant factor associated with radiation cystitis (HR = 10.39, p = 0.026). CONCLUSION: End-stage renal failure is associated with the risk and severity of radiation cystitis in patients receiving postoperative radiation therapy. Knowledge of the potential morbidity of this complication in this population could guide physicians and patients as they evaluate risks and benefits prior to selecting adjuvant or salvage radiation therapy.

Which Laser System Is Optimal for Cystolithotripsy of Large Bladder Calculi?

Introduction and Objective: A variety of laser sources are available to treat bladder stones. The aim of this study was to compare time and cost efficiency of the thulium fiber laser (TFL) to four holmium lasers (HLs) with different powers or technologies, including MOSES™ during simulated cystolithotripsy. Materials and Methods: In a benchtop simulation of laser cystolithotripsy, 25 identical 4-cm BegoStones (calcium oxalate monohydrate consistency) were placed on a grid within a 3D-printed bladder model. Lasers were operated at maximal energy, using a 550 µm fiber. Lasers compared were as follows: 60 W TFL, 120 W HL with MOSES, and conventional 120, 100, and 30 W HLs. Five trials were performed for each laser with endpoints of laser time, total time, number of fiber strippings, and total energy. Cost-effectiveness was modeled using laser purchase price, fiber, and operating room (OR) time cost. ANOVA with Tukey's B post hoc was performed to compare outcomes. Spearman's test was used to assess correlation between laser power and procedure time. Results: The laser and total operating times were significantly different between the five systems (p < 0.001). The 120 W HL with MOSES was the fastest with 60.9 minutes of laser and 68.3 minutes of procedure times, while the 30 W HL was the slowest with 281.2 minutes of laser and 297.5 minutes of procedure times. The 60 W TFL was faster than the 30 W HL, but slower than the higher power HLs. Higher laser power was associated with shorter procedure time (Rs = -0.98; p = 0.002). When estimating cost per procedure, the MOSES HL was the cheapest, but had the highest purchase cost. The TFL was not cost-effective for large bladder stones compared with the 100 W HL. Conclusions: When treating large bladder stones, total laser power was highly correlated with laser and procedure times and the TFL was limited by its total power. The most cost-effective laser for use will depend on the case volume.