Ocular Trauma in Children: An Epidemiological Study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the epidemiology of eye injuries in children and the influential factors involved. METHODS: Eighty cases of confirmed ocular trauma were included in this cross-sectional study. Data were obtained via a checklist containing demographic information, site of the insult, the interval between the injury and physician visit, trauma mechanism, and medical history, including previous history of ocular trauma. RESULTS: Among 80 children with ocular trauma, 72.5% (n = 58) were boys. A marked preponderance (46.2%) of injuries was seen in the age group younger than 6 years. The youngest patient was a 1-year-old, and the oldest was aged 17. Most (76.25%) of the incidents occurred indoors. A total of 67.5% of accidents were induced by sharp objects (knife and glass). Most accidents occurred in spring, whereas the least number of accidents occurred in winter. The corneoscleral laceration was the most common manifestation, followed by the laceration of the iris, uveal prolapse, hyphema, and cataracts. Furthermore, rare cases of retinal detachment, hypopyon, and corneal epithelial defects were seen. CONCLUSIONS: The highest incidents of ocular trauma occurred in boys, especially those younger than 6 years. The high number of sharp object injuries is also concerning. These findings provide us with evidence that further educational interventions and supervision are required in these groups to minimize the possible devastating injuries before the opportunity even arises.

The role of spinal cord tractography in detecting lesions following selective bladder afferent and efferent fibers injury: A novel method for induction of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction in rabbit.

OBJECTIVE: Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD), a challenging disorder, is defined by lack of bladder control due to the abnormalities in neural pathways and can be classified based on the location of lesions within the nervous system, thus investigating the neural pathways can help us to know the site of the lesion and specify the class of the NLUTD. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) tractography, a noninvasive advanced imaging method, is capable of detecting central nervous system pathologies, even if routine magnetic resonance imaging shows no abnormality. Accordingly, tractography is an ideal technique to evaluate patients with NLUTD and visualize the pathology site within the spine. This study aimed to introduce a novel method of spinal cord injury (SCI) to establish NLUTD in the rabbit and to investigate the potential of tractography in tracing neural tracts of the spinal cord in an induced NLUTD animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An animal model of NLUTD was induced through cauterization of the spinal cord at the level T12-L1 in 12 rabbits. Then rabbits were assessed via DTI, urodynamic studies (UDS), voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG), and pathology assessments using antineurofilament 200 (NF200) antibody, anti-S100, anti-Smooth Muscle Actin, anti-Myogenin, and anti-MyoD1. RESULTS: The tractography visualized lesions within spinal cord fibers. DTI parameters including fractional anisotropy (FA) value and tract density were significantly decreased (FA: p-value = 0.01, Tract density: p-value = 0.05) after injury. The mean diffusivity (MD) was insignificantly increased compared to before the injury. Also, the results of UDS and pathology assessments corroborated that applying SCI and the establishment of the NLUTD model was completely successful. CONCLUSION: In the present study, we investigated the auxiliary role of tractography in detecting the spinal cord lesions in the novel established rabbit model of NLUTD. The introduced method of NLUTD induction was without the leg's neurological deficit, easily applicable, low-cost, and was accompanied by minimal surgical preparation and a satisfactory survival rate in comparison with other SCI animal models.

Central serous chorioretinopathy associated with nonspecific orbital inflammation: a case report.

We herein present a rare case of acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) associated with nonspecific orbital inflammation (NSOI). A 38-year-old woman presented with a 3-day history of ocular pain, reduced vision, periorbital swelling, proptosis, conjunctival chemosis, and restricted eye movements. Optical coherence tomography of the affected eye confirmed signs of CSC. Additionally, a computed tomography scan revealed enlargement of intraconal soft tissues and the lacrimal gland. Ocular ultrasonography detected posterior sclera thickening, indicating posterior scleritis. Following the diagnosis of NSOI, the patient received treatment with systemic corticosteroids, resulting in gradual regression of both the orbital inflammation and CSC. This is the first reported case of localized posterior pole CSC documented in a patient with NSOI. Vigilant monitoring for any ocular disorders is important in patients with orbital inflammation.

First assessment of Iranian pomegranate germplasm using targeted metabolites and morphological traits to develop the core collection and modeling of the current and future spatial distribution under climate change conditions.

Pomegranate has been considered a medicinal plant due to its rich nutrients and bioactive compounds. Since environmental conditions affect the amount and composition of metabolites, selecting suitable locations for cultivation would be vital to achieve optimal production. In this study, data on the diversity of targeted metabolites and morphological traits of 152 Iranian pomegranate genotypes were collected and combined in order to establish the first core collection. The multivariate analyses were conducted including principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis. In addition, the current and future geographical distribution of pomegranate in Iran was predicted to identify suitable locations using the MaxEnt model. The results showed high diversity in the studied morphological and metabolic traits. The PCA results indicated that FFS, NFT, JA, and AA are the most important traits in discriminating the studied genotypes. A constructed core collection using maximization strategy consisted of 20 genotypes and accounted for 13.16% of the entire collection. Shannon-Weaver diversity index of a core collection was similar or greater than the entire collection. Evaluation of the core collection using four parameters of MD, VD, CR, and VR also indicated the maintenance of the genetic diversity of the original set. According to the MaxEnt model, altitude, average temperature of coldest quarter, and isothertmality were the key factors for the distribution of pomegranate. The most suitable areas for pomegranate cultivation were also determined which were located in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. The geographic distribution of pomegranate in the future showed that the main provinces of pomegranate cultivation would be less affected by climatic conditions by the middle of the century. The results of this study provide valuable information for selection of elite genotypes to develop the breeding programs to obtain the cultivars with the highest levels of metabolic compounds for pharmaceutical purposes, as well as identification of the most suitable agro-ecological zones for orchard establishment.

Prediction of lymphovascular space invasion in cervical carcinoma using diffusion kurtosis imaging.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the potential relationship between diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI)- derived parameters and lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) in patients with cervical carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective study included 30 patients with cervical carcinoma. The patients underwent MRI, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and DKI prior to surgery. The surgical pathology results were accepted as the reference standard for determining the LVSI status. The DKI-derived parameters, including mean diffusivity (MD) and mean kurtosis (MK), were measured. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value was also assessed. RESULTS: The MD value of LVSI positive cervical carcinomas was significantly lower than LVSI negative carcinomas (p-value = 0.01). MK value was significantly higher in LVSI positive tumors (p-value = 0.01). However, the ADC value did not show a significant difference between LVSI positive and LVSI negative tumors (p-value = 0.2). MD and MK parameters showed similar diagnostic accuracy in identifying the LVSI status, with the area under the curve of 0.77 and 0.78, respectively. CONCLUSION: In this study, DKI-derived parameters were associated with the LVSI status in cervical carcinomas. Further studies with larger sample size are required to confirm these results.

Application of DNA barcodes and spatial analysis in conservation genetics and modeling of Iranian Salicornia genetic resources.

Iran is one of the origins of some Salicornia species. Nevertheless, comprehensive research has not been conducted on genetic potential, distribution, selection of populations, and the economic utilization of Salicornia in Iran. In the current study, Salicornia was collected based on the previous data available for 26 different geographical locations of provinces in Iran. We examined Salicornia plants' universality DNA barcodes, including rbcL, matK, trnH-psbA, and ITS, and their species identification abilities and identified six species groups. Subsequently, accurate modeling of distributed areas was provided with MAXENT and highlighted the valuable information on the diversity of specific geographical regions, conservation status of existing species, prioritization of conservation areas, and selection of Agro-Ecological areas. Together, this type of integrative study will provide useful information for managing and utilizing Salicornia genetic resources in Iran.

Evaluation of genetic stability in olive callus-induced and meristem-induced shoots using flow cytometry and amplified fragment length polymorphism techniques.

BACKGROUND: In vitro culture of olive, as an economically valuable tree, has fundamentally a genotype-dependant low micropropagation rate which needs to be improved in already established and newly released cultivars. Various plant tissue culture media, planting systems and growth factors were evaluated in two promissing Iranian olive cultivars 'Amin' and 'Meshkat' and the commercial Spanish cultivar 'Arbequina'. RESULTS: The results showed that cultivars have their specific optimal media, i.e. 'Amin' in the MS with 4 mg/L zeatin, 'Arbequina' in the OM with 1 mg/L zeatin, and 'Meshkat' in the OM and MS with 2 mg/L zeatin, which produced significantly a higher number of axillary shoots than other media. The results also indicated a significant improvement in the growth indices of 'Amin' (number of axillary shoots) when cultured using periodical mini bioreactor (PMB) in the VS medium. In comparison with VS, OM did not reveal any significant differences when both culturing systems (PMB and semi-solid media (SSM)) were used. Regarding the effect of carbon source and light intensity, mannitol and 2000 cd sr m-2 greatly enhanced 'Arbequina' growth indices (main shoot length and growth quality). The results of genetic stability of callus induced shoots (CIS) and meristem induced shoots (MIS) revealed that 2C DNA value assessed by partec flow cytometery (FCM) had 0.01, 0.03 and 0.08 pg discrepencies in 'Amin', 'Arbequina' and 'Meshkat', repectively. The Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) results also indicated that the cultivars were classified regardless of the micropropagation origin (CIS or MIS), except for 'Arbequina'. The AFLP findings showed that 'Arbequina' had the highest dispersal (7-38%) in CIS and MIS, while the Iranian cultivar of 'Meshkat' (5-9%) had the highest stability. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated the importance of in vitro growth parameters for improving the micropropagation indices of olive cultivars. It showed that optimized protocols (OM, PMB, zeatin, mannitol and 2000 cd sr m-2) co-produced larger calli resulting in indirect organogenesis. Based on FCM and AFLP analysis, it can be concluded that true-to-typeness of micropropagated olive was cultivar-dependent.

Management of urinary and bowel dysfunction in rabbit model of spinal cord injury using Schwann cells and muscle progenitors: functional study and evidence for novel mechanism of action.

PURPOSE: We tried to investigate the role of Schwann and satellite cells in the treatment of neurogenic bladder and bowel dysfunction; following spinal cord injury in the rabbit model. METHODS: Twelve male New Zealand rabbits underwent induction of neurogenic bladder by spinal cord injury. Rabbits underwent the fiber tractography analysis to confirm the induction of spinal cord injury. Then, animals were randomly divided into two groups. In group I (n = 4), Schwann cells were obtained from autologous peroneal nerve. In group II (n = 4), the co-culture of nerve-muscle cells was obtained from autologous peroneal nerve and quadriceps muscle. Animals in the control group (n = 4) did not undergo any rehabilitation therapy. One and 4 months after injection of cells into the external anal sphincter, electromyography, urethral pressure profiles, urodynamic studies, voiding cystourethrogram, and manometry was performed to confirm the efficacy of treatment in short- (1 month) and long-term (4 months) follow-ups. RESULTS: The investigations validated that no statistically significant difference was detected between the two experimental groups in a short-term follow-up (p-value > 0.05). However, the functional features were improved in group II in long-term follow-up. In both groups, the external anal sphincter contracted in response to electrical signals delivered to the muscle. However, more signals were detected in group II in electromyography evaluation. The immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that the histological features of the bladder and spinal cord were more satisfactory in group II in all follow-ups compared to group I, in terms of less edema, inflammation, presence of progenitor cells, and expression of muscle and nerve markes. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that the injection of nerve-muscle co-culture cells into the external anal sphincter may be a helpful tactic for ameliorating the urological complications; following spinal cord injury induction in the rabbit model.

Magnetic resonance mammography in comparison with mammography in the discovery of multifocal, multicentric and bilateral lesions of breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is one of the health system problems and important diseases that is rising in developing and advanced countries. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the difference of Magnetic Resonance Mammography (MRM) findings versus mammography in detecting multifocal, multi-centric and malignant bilateral lesions in patients with known breast cancer in Tehran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Iran and Tehran among breast cancer patients between January 2015 and February 2016. Patients were included in the study prior to surgery, at the request of a surgeon with the aim of detecting multifocal, multi-centric and bilateral lesions. Demographic information was also collected from patients. The results for quantitative variables were expressed as mean and standard deviations, and for qualitative variables, were expressed as relative and absolute frequency. Chi-square test was used to compare the two methods. SPSS Ver.24 (IBM) software was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients were enrolled in the study. The mean age of patients in this study was 48.46±6.836. In mammography, 13 (33.3%) had Composition C and 26 (66.7%) had Composition D according to the type of Composition. In total, 25 patients (89.3%) had one lesion and 3 patients (10.7%) had more than two lesions. In MRM, all lesions observed were mass (54 masses). The number of lesions found in MRM was 27 patients with one lesion (58.9%), 6 patients with two lesions (20.5%) and 5 patients with three lesions (20.6%). MRM detected more lesions compared to mammography (p<0.0001). The value of Chi-square test with a degree of freedom and error level of 0.05 was 3.71 and p<0.0001 that showed a significant relationship between the number of MRM findings in comparison with mammography. CONCLUSION: The results of our study showed that two or more lesions and bilateral lesions in MRM were more than mammography in women with B Breast Composition C, D; the findings showed that MRM has a better ability to detect breast masses, and can affect the patient's surgical procedure.

Synthesis of a novel thermo/pH sensitive nanogel based on salep modified graphene oxide for drug release.

Nanogels (NGs) are three-dimensional water soluble cross-linked hydrogel materials in the nanoscale size range with a high loading capacity for guest molecules and act as drug carrier systems. In the present work, a new type of thermo/pH sensitive NG comprising salep modified graphene oxide (SMGO) with branched N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and acrylic acid (AA) was prepared. The SMGO/P(NIPAM-co-AA) NGs exhibited nanoporous structure and spherical particles with diameters about 82nm as characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The samples were also characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) to further confirm about the formation of NGs. Doxorubicin (DOX) loaded SMGO/P(NIPAM-co-AA) NGs showed thermo/pH dependent releasing behavior: slow drug release at neutral pH and lower temperature but increased significantly in acidic pH and higher temperature, without any burst release. In addition, the NGs exhibited no effect on the cell viability in the tested concentration range up to 410µg/mL and drug release systems enhanced toxicity to HeLa cells when compared to the equivalent dose of the free drug. Overall, our results put forth NGs as potential candidates in the development of a new nanocarrier for anti-cancer drug delivery.