Dietary macronutrients modulate hypertrophy and contractility of the detrusor in an experimental model of bladder obstruction.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of various diets on structure and function of the bladder in both normal and obstructed bladders of male Wistar rats. METHODS: Sham-operated rats and rats with experimentally-induced bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) were fed with standard rats' feed (control), High-carbohydrate (HCD), High-fat (HFD) and High-protein (HPD) diets. Feeding was continued for 4 weeks after BOO surgery. Bladder weight, detrusor contractility, Rho-Kinase (ROK) and Myosin Light Chain Kinase (MLCK) expressions were determined using standard methods. RESULTS: In comparison with control, bladder weight was increased in HFD (164 ± 9 mg), BOO (437 ± 21 mg), HFD-BOO (523 ± 19 mg) and HPD-BOO (268 ± 18 mg). Detrusor contractility was reduced in BOO and HFD-BOO. The ROK- I and II expressions were high in HCD-BOO and low in HPD-BOO but ROK-I was also elevated in BOO. However, MLCK increased only in HCD-BOO. CONCLUSION: The results of the study reveal that diets with varying macronutrient compositions have variable effects on the bladder with and without obstruction. High-fat diets especially, affect detrusor morphology and function in both obstructed and unobstructed bladders.

Dietary intake of parents affects antioxidant activity and inflammatory status in F2 offspring.

BACKGROUND: Dietary intake is implicated in the pathogenesis of non-communicable diseases, especially those affecting metabolism. Many non-communicable diseases are mediated by alterations in antioxidant activity and chronic inflammation with its resultant effects. Developmental programming causes offspring of parents with particular metabolic phenotypes to adopt predisposition to these phenotypes during development. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effects of maternal macronutrient consumption in two generations of rats (F0 and F1) on programming of antioxidant activity and inflammatory status in F2 offspring. METHODS: The F0 and F1 animals were fed on different macronutrient diets (control, HCD, HFD, HPD) for nine weeks and mated, however F2 animals were fed on standard chow. Glutathione (GSH), Glutathione disulphide (GSSG), lipid peroxidation, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Transforming Growth Factor- ß (TGF-ß) were then determined in F0, F1 and F2 generations using standard methods. RESULTS: In all test groups, the F2 offspring reflected similar changes in measured variables as observed in F0 and F1 animals. CONCLUSION: The results of the study suggest that dietary macronutrient intake in parent generations, could have an effect on developmental programming of antioxidant activity and inflammatory status in offspring.

A survey on patients' characteristics, perception of family support and diabetes self-management among type 2 diabetes patients in South-West Nigeria.

AIM: To determine the association between patients' characteristics, perception of family support and diabetes self-management (DSM) behaviours among type 2 diabetes patients. DESIGN: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used and data were collected between July-September 2016. The study is part of a larger quasi-experimental study. METHODS: One hundred and ninety-seven diabetes mellitus (DM) patients from two teaching hospitals in south-west Nigeria participated. Questionnaire was used in collecting information on sociodemographic, clinical data, DSM and perception of family support. RESULTS: Most (71.6%) of the participants were females and 35% were on insulin therapy. Mean age was 60.7 (SD: 11.3) years and 11.7% had had DM for over 20 years. Overall, DSM was positively influenced by previous diabetes education and duration of diabetes. Perception of family support was also positively associated with and influenced DSM.

Profile of Nigerians with diabetes mellitus - Diabcare Nigeria study group (2008): Results of a multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes Mellitus is the commonest endocrine-metabolic disorder in Nigeria similar to the experience in other parts of the world. The aim was to assess the clinical and laboratory profile, and evaluate the quality of care of Nigerian diabetics with a view to planning improved diabetes care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a multicenter study across seven tertiary health centers in Nigeria, the clinical and laboratory parameters of diabetic out-patients were evaluated. Clinical parameters studied include type of diabetes, anthropometry, and blood pressure (BP) status, chronic complications of diabetes, and treatment types. Laboratory data assessed included fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h post-prandial (2-HrPP) glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), urinalysis, serum lipids, electrolytes, urea, and creatinine. RESULTS: A total of 531 patients, 209 (39.4%) males and 322 (60.6%) females enrolled. The mean age of the patients was 57.1 ± 12.3 years with the mean duration of diabetes of 8.8 ± 6.6 years. Majority (95.4%) had type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) compared to type 1 DM (4.6%), with P < 0.001. The mean FPG, 2-HrPP glucose, and HbA1c were 8.1 ± 3.9 mmol/L, 10.6 ± 4.6 mmol/L, and 8.3 ± 2.2%, respectively. Only 170 (32.4%) and 100 (20.4%) patients achieved the ADA and IDF glycemic targets, respectively. Most patients (72.8%) did not practice self-monitoring of blood glucose. Hypertension was found in 322 (60.9%), with mean systolic BP 142.0 ± 23.7 mmHg, and mean diastolic BP 80.7 ± 12.7 mmHg. Diabetic complications found were peripheral neuropathy (59.2%), retinopathy (35.5%), cataracts (25.2%), cerebrovascular disease (4.7%), diabetic foot ulcers (16.0%), and nephropathy (3.2%). CONCLUSION: Most Nigerian diabetics have suboptimal glycemic control, are hypertensives, and have chronic complications of DM. Improved quality of care and treatment to target is recommended to reduce diabetes-related morbidity and mortality.