Validation of the Integrated Prediction Model algorithm for outcome of cytoreduction in advanced ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: We previously developed the Integrated Prediction Model using a 4-step algorithm of unresectable stage IVB, patient factors, surgical resectability, and surgical complexity to predict outcome of <1 cm cytoreduction in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer, and triaged patients to neoadjuvant chemotherapy or primary cytoreductive surgery. OBJECTIVE: To validate the Integrated Prediction Model on a retrospective cohort of patients. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of 107 patients with advanced ovarian cancer treated between January 2017 and September 2018 was carried out. The above mentioned 4-step algorithm determined cut-off points using the Youden Index. This validation study reports sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive value on an external cohort. RESULTS: Among 107 patients, 61 had primary surgery and 46 had neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Compared with primary surgery, patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy were significantly older (63.5 vs 61, p=0.037), more likely to have stage IV disease (52% vs 18%, p<0.001), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score >1 (30% vs 11%, 0.045), lower pre-operative albumin (37 vs 40, p<0.001), and higher CA-125 (970 vs 227.5, p<0.001). They also had higher patient factors (2 vs 0, p=0.013), surgical resectability (4 vs 1, p<0.001), and anticipated surgical complexity (8 vs 5, p<0.001). There was no significant difference in outcome of cytoreduction (<1 cm residual disease: 85% for primary surgery vs 87% interval surgery, p=0.12)In this validation cohort, triaging patients with patient factors ≤2, surgical resectability score ≤5, and surgical complexity score ≤9 to primary surgery had a sensitivity of 91% for optimal cytoreduction <1 cm and a specificity of 81%. The positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were 83%, 90%, and 86%, respectively. Application of the Integrated Prediction Model would have prevented five patients from receiving suboptimal cytoreduction and triaged them to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: We validated the proposal that a triage algorithm integrating patient factors, surgical complexity, and surgical resectability in advanced ovarian cancer had high sensitivity and specificity to predict optimal cytoreduction <1 cm.

Comprehensive molecular assessment of mismatch repair deficiency in Lynch associated ovarian cancers using next generation sequencing panel.

OBJECTIVES: Abnormalities in mismatch repair have been described in ovarian cancer, but few studies have examined the causes of mismatch repair deficiency (MMRd). To address this, we completed targeted mutational and methylation sequencing on MMRd ovarian cancer cases. The objective of this study was to explore the molecular mechanism of MMRd using our targeted next generation sequencing panel. METHODS: Newly diagnosed non-serous/mucinous ovarian cancers (n=215) were prospectively recruited from three cancer centers in Ontario, Canada, between 2015 and 2018. Tumors were reflexively assessed for mismatch repair protein by immunohistochemistry. Matched tumor-normal MMRd cases were analyzed on a custom next generation sequencing panel to identify germline and somatic mutations, copy number variants, rearrangements, and promoter methylation in mismatch repair and associated genes. RESULTS: Of 215 cases, 28 (13%) were MMRd. The MMRd cohort had a median age of 52.3 years (range 33.6-62.2), with mostly stage I (50%) and grade 1 or 2 endometrioid histotype (57%). Of the 28 cases, 22 were available for molecular analysis, and Lynch syndrome was detected in 50% of MMRd cases (11/22; seven ovarian cancer and four synchronous ovarian and endometrial cancer: seven MSH6, two MLH1, one PMS2, and one MSH2). An explanation for the observed mismatch repair phenotype was available for 22/22 deficient cases, including 12 MLH1/PMS2 deficient (nine somatic methylation, one bi-allelic somatic deletion, and two pathogenic germline variant), one PMS2 deficient (one pathogenic germline variant), seven MSH6 deficient (seven pathogenic germline variant), and two MSH2/MSH6 deficient (one pathogenic germline variant and one bi-allelic somatic mutation). Concordance between clinical germline testing and panel sequencing results was 100%. CONCLUSIONS: Use of our custom next generation sequencing panel allowed for the streamlined assessment of hereditary and somatic causes of MMRd in ovarian cancers.

Brief family history questionnaire to screen for Lynch syndrome in women with newly diagnosed non-serous, non-mucinous ovarian cancers.

OBJECTIVES: While ovarian cancer is the third most common Lynch syndrome-associated cancer in women, there is no established screening strategy to identify Lynch syndrome in this population. The objective of this study was to assess whether the 4-item brief Family History Questionnaire can be used as a screening tool to identify women with ovarian cancer at risk of Lynch syndrome. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, participants with newly diagnosed non-serous, non-mucinous ovarian cancer completed the brief Family History Questionnaire, extended Family History Questionnaire, and had tumors assessed with immunohistochemistry for mismatch repair proteins, MLH1 methylation, and microsatellite instability testing. All underwent universal germline testing for Lynch syndrome. Performance characteristics were compared between the brief Family History Questionnaire, extended Family History Questionnaire, immunohistochemistry±MLH1 methylation, and microsatellite instability testing. RESULTS: Of 215 participants, 169 (79%) were evaluable with both the brief Family History Questionnaire and germline mutation status; 12 of these 169 were confirmed to have Lynch syndrome (7%). 10 of 12 patients (83%) with Lynch syndrome were correctly identified by the brief Family History Questionnaire, compared with 6 of 11 (55%) by the extended Family History Questionnaire, 11 of 13 (85%) by immunohistochemistry±MLH1 methylation, and 9 of 11 (82%) by microsatellite instability testing. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values of the brief Family History Questionnaire were 83%, 65%, 15%, and 98%, respectively. A combined approach with immunohistochemistry and the brief Family History Questionnaire correctly identified all 12 patients with Lynch syndrome. The brief Family History Questionnaire was more sensitive than the extended Family History Questionnaire and took <10 min for each patient to complete. CONCLUSIONS: The brief Family History Questionnaire alone or combined with immunohistochemistry may serve as an adequate screening strategy, especially in centers without access to universal tumor testing.

Enhanced recovery after minimally invasive gynecologic oncology surgery to improve same day discharge: a quality improvement project.

OBJECTIVES: Same day discharge after minimally invasive hysterectomy has been shown to be safe and feasible. We designed and implemented a quality improvement perioperative program based on early recovery after surgery principles to improve the rate of same day discharge from 30% to 75% after minimally invasive gynecologic oncology surgery over a 12 month period. METHODS: We enrolled 102 consecutive patients undergoing minimally invasive hysterectomy at a single cancer center during a 12 month period. A pre-intervention cohort of 100 consecutive patients was identified for comparison of clinicodemographic variables and perioperative outcomes. A multidisciplinary team developed a comprehensive perioperative care program and followed quality improvement methodology. Patients were followed up for 30 days after discharge. A statistical process chart was used to monitor the effects of our interventions, and a multivariate analysis was conducted to determine factors associated with same day discharge. RESULTS: Same day discharge rate increased from 29% to 75% after implementation (p<0.001). The post-intervention cohort was significantly younger (59 vs 62 years; p=0.038) and had shorter operative times (180 vs 211 min; p<0.001) but the two groups were similar in body mass index, comorbidity, stage, and intraoperative complications. There was no difference in 30 day perioperative complications, readmissions, reoperations, emergency department visits, or mortality. Overnight admissions were secondary to nausea and vomiting (16%), complications of pre-existing comorbidities (12%), and urinary retention (8%). On multivariate analysis, longer surgery, timing of surgery, and narcotic use on the ward were significantly associated with overnight admission. Overall, 89% of patients rated their experience as 'very good' or 'excellent', and 87% felt that their length of stay was adequate. CONCLUSIONS: Following implementation of a perioperative quality improvement program targeted towards minimally invasive gynecologic oncology surgery, our intervention significantly improved same day discharge rates while maintaining a low 30 day perioperative complication rate and excellent patient experience.

Implementation of a restrictive opioid prescription protocol after minimally invasive gynecologic oncology surgery.

OBJECTIVES: Opioids are routinely prescribed after minimally invasive gynecologic oncology surgery, with minimal data to inform the ideal dose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a restrictive opioid prescription protocol on the median morphine milligram equivalents prescribed and pain control in patients undergoing minimally invasive surgery. METHODS: A restrictive opioid prescription protocol was implemented from January through December 2020 at a single tertiary cancer center in Ontario, Canada. Consecutive patients undergoing minimally invasive hysterectomy for suspected malignancy were included. Simultaneously, we implemented use of multimodal analgesia, patient and provider education, pre-printed standardized prescriptions, and tracking of opioid prescriptions. Total median morphine milligram equivalents prescribed were compared between pre- and post-intervention cohorts. Patients were surveyed regarding opioid use and pain control at 30 days post-surgery. RESULTS: A total of 101 women in the post-intervention cohort were compared with 92 consecutive pre-intervention controls. Following protocol implementation, median morphine milligram equivalents prescribed decreased from 50 (range 9-100) to 25 (range 8-75) (p<0.001). In the post-intervention cohort, 75% (76/101) used 10 median morphine milligram equivalents or less and 55 patients (54%) used 0 median morphine milligram equivalent. There was no additional increase in opioid refill requests after implementation of our strategy. Overall, patients reported a median pain score of 3/10 at 30 days post-surgery; the highest pain scores and most of the pain occurred in the first week after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a restrictive opioid prescription protocol led to a significant reduction in opioid use after minimally invasive gynecologic oncology surgery, with over 50% of patients requiring no opioids postoperatively.

Development of a surgical competency assessment tool for sentinel lymph node dissection by minimally invasive surgery for endometrial cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Sentinel lymph node dissection is widely used in the staging of endometrial cancer. Variation in surgical techniques potentially impacts diagnostic accuracy and oncologic outcomes, and poses barriers to the comparison of outcomes across institutions or clinical trial sites. Standardization of surgical technique and surgical quality assessment tools are critical to the conduct of clinical trials. By identifying mandatory and prohibited steps of sentinel lymph node (SLN) dissection in endometrial cancer, the purpose of this study was to develop and validate a competency assessment tool for use in surgical quality assurance. METHODS: A Delphi methodology was applied, included 35 expert gynecological oncology surgeons from 16 countries. Interviews identified key steps and tasks which were rated mandatory, optional, or prohibited using questionnaires. Using the surgical steps for which consensus was achieved, a competency assessment tool was developed and subjected to assessments of validity and reliability. RESULTS: Seventy percent consensus agreement standardized the specific mandatory, optional, and prohibited steps of SLN dissection for endometrial cancer and informed the development of a competency assessment tool. Consensus agreement identified 21 mandatory and three prohibited steps to complete a SLN dissection. The competency assessment tool was used to rate surgical quality in three preselected videos, demonstrating clear separation in the rating of the skill level displayed with mean skills summary scores differing significantly between the three videos (F score=89.4; P<0.001). Internal consistency of the items was high (Cronbach α=0.88). CONCLUSION: Specific mandatory and prohibited steps of SLN dissection in endometrial cancer have been identified and validated based on consensus among a large number of international experts. A competency assessment tool is now available and can be used for surgeon selection in clinical trials and for ongoing, prospective quality assurance in routine clinical care.

Does small volume metastatic lymph node disease affect long-term prognosis in early cervical cancer?

INTRODUCTION: As sentinel lymph node biopsy is evolving to an accepted standard of care, clinicians are being faced with more frequent cases of small volume nodal metastatic disease. The objective of this study is to describe the management and to measure the effect on recurrence rates of nodal micrometastasis and isolated tumor cells in patients with early stage cervical cancer at two high-volume centers. METHODS: We conducted a review of prospectively collected patients with surgically treated cervical cancer who were found to have micrometastasis or isolated tumor cells on ultrastaging of the sentinel lymph node. Our practice is to follow patients for ≥5 years post-operatively either at our center or another cancer center closer to home. RESULTS: Nineteen patients with small volume nodal disease were identified between 2006 and 2018. Median follow-up was 62 months. Ten (53%) had nodal micrometastatic disease, while nine (47%) had isolated tumor cells detected in the sentinel lymph node. Seven patients (37%) underwent completion pelvic lymphadenectomy and four of them also had para-aortic lymphadenectomy; there were no positive non-sentinel lymph nodes. The majority (74%) received adjuvant treatment, mostly driven by tumor factors. We observed two recurrences. Recurrence-free survival was comparable with historical cohorts of node negative patients, and adjuvant treatment did not seem to impact the recurrence rate (p=0.5). CONCLUSION: Given the uncertainties around the prognostic significance of small volume nodal disease in cervical cancer, a large proportion of patients receive adjuvant treatment. We found no positive non-sentinel lymph nodes, suggesting that pelvic lymphadenectomy or para-aortic lymphadenectomy may not be of benefit in patients diagnosed with small volume nodal metastases. Recurrence-free survival in this group did not seem to be affected. However, given the small numbers of patients and lack of level 1 evidence, decisions should be individualized in accordance with patient preferences and tumor factors.

Preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts 30 day postoperative morbidity and survival after primary surgery for ovarian cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio has been found to be an independent prognostic indicator for perioperative complications and survival outcomes in patients undergoing oncologic surgery for several malignancies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of the preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in predicting 30-day postoperative morbidity and overall survival in advanced-stage high-grade serous ovarian cancer patients after primary surgery. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on consecutive patients who underwent primary surgery for high-grade serous ovarian cancer between January 2008 and December 2016 at a single tertiary academic institution in Toronto, Canada. Optimal thresholds for preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio were determined using receiver-operator characteristic curve analysis. Cox-proportional hazard models, Kaplan-Meier, and logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: Of 505 patients with ovarian cancer during the study period, 199 met the inclusion criteria. Receiver-operator characteristic curve analysis generated optimal preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio thresholds of 2.3 and 2.9 for 30-day postoperative morbidity and survival outcomes, respectively. A neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio ≥2.3 was predictive of a composite outcome of 30-day postoperative complications (odds ratio 7.3, 95% confidence interval 2.44 to 21.81; p=0.0004), after adjusting for longer operative time and intraoperative complications. Postoperative complications included superficial surgical site infections (p=0.007) and urinary tract infections (p=0.004). A neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio ≥29 was associated with worse 5-year overall survival (57.8% vs 77.7%, p=0.003), and suggested no statistically significant difference in progression-free survival (33.8% vs 40.7%, p=0.054). On multivariable analysis, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio remained an independent predictor for overall survival (p=0.02) when adjusting for suboptimal cytoreduction (p≤0.0001). DISCUSSION: A preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio ≥2.3 and ≥2.9 is associated with greater risk of 30-day postoperative morbidity and worse overall survival, respectively. This marker may be used in conjunction with other risk assessment strategies to preoperatively identify high-risk patients. Further prospective study is required to investigate its role in clinical decision-making.

Survival after minimally invasive surgery in early cervical cancer: is the intra-uterine manipulator to blame?

OBJECTIVES: Minimally invasive radical hysterectomy is associated with decreased survival in patients with early cervical cancer. The objective of this study was to determine whether the use of an intra-uterine manipulator at the time of laparoscopic or robotic radical hysterectomy is associated with inferior oncologic outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was carried out of all patients with cervical cancer (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma or adenosquamous carcinoma) International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2009 stages IA1 (with positive lymphovascular space invasion) to IIA who underwent minimally invasive radical hysterectomy at two academic centers between January 2007 and December 2017. Treatment, tumor characteristics, and survival data were retrieved from hospital records. RESULTS: A total of 224 patients were identified at the two centers; 115 had surgery with the use of an intra-uterine manipulator while 109 did not; 53 were robotic and 171 were laparoscopic. Median age was 44 years (range 38-54) and median body mass index was 25.8 kg/m2 (range 16.6-51.5). Patients in whom an intra-uterine manipulator was not used at the time of minimally invasive radical hysterectomy were more likely to have residual disease at hysterectomy (p<0.001), positive lymphovascular space invasion (p=0.02), positive margins (p=0.008), and positive lymph node metastasis (p=0.003). Recurrence-free survival at 5 years was 80% in the no intra-uterine manipulator group and 94% in the intra-uterine manipulator group. After controlling for the presence of residual cancer at hysterectomy, tumor size and high-risk pathologic criteria (positive margins, parametria or lymph nodes), the use of an intra-uterine manipulator was no longer significantly associated with worse recurrence-free survival (HR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2 to 1.0, p=0.05). The only factor which was consistently associated with recurrence-free survival was tumor size (HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.5 to 3.0, for every 10 mm increase, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: After controlling for adverse pathological factors, the use of an intra-uterine manipulator in patients with early cervical cancer who underwent minimally invasive radical hysterectomy was not an independent factor associated with rate of recurrence.

Tumor site discordance in mismatch repair deficiency in synchronous endometrial and ovarian cancers.

OBJECTIVES: For synchronous endometrial and ovarian cancers, most centers rely on mismatch repair testing of the endometrial cancer to identify Lynch syndrome, and neglect the ovarian tumor site completely. We examined the mismatch repair immunohistochemistry and microsatellite instability results from the endometrium and ovary to assess discordance between the tumor sites and between tests. METHODS: 30 women with newly diagnosed synchronous endometrial and ovarian cancer were prospectively recruited from three cancer centers in Ontario, Canada. Both tumor sites were assessed for mismatch repair deficiency by immunohistochemistry and microsatellite instability test; discordance in results between tumor sites and discordance between test results at each site was examined. Cases with discordant results had tumors sequenced with a targeted panel in order to reconcile the findings. All women underwent mismatch repair gene germline testing. RESULTS: Of 30 patients, 11 (37%) were mismatch repair deficient or microsatellite instable at either tumor site, with 5 (17%) testing positive for Lynch syndrome. Mismatch repair immunohistochemistry expression was discordant between endometrial and ovarian tumor sites in 2 of 27 patients (7%) while microsatellite instability results were discordant in 2 of 25 patients (8%). Relying on immunohistochemistry or microsatellite instability alone on the endometrial tumor would have missed one and three cases of Lynch syndrome, respectively. One patient with Lynch syndrome with a PMS2 pathogenic variant was not detected by either immunohistochemistry or microsatellite instability testing. The rate of discordance between immunohistochemistry and microsatellite instability test was 3.8% in the ovary and 12% in the endometrium. CONCLUSIONS: There was discordance in immunohistochemistry and microsatellite instability results between tumor sites and between tests within each site. Endometrial tumor testing with mismatch repair immunohistochemistry performed well, but missed one case of Lynch syndrome. Given the high incidence of Lynch syndrome (17%), consideration may be given to germline testing in all patients with synchronous endometrial and ovarian cancers.

FIGO 2018 stage IB2 (2-4 cm) Cervical cancer treated with Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy followed by fertility Sparing Surgery (CONTESSA); Neo-Adjuvant Chemotherapy and Conservative Surgery in Cervical Cancer to Preserve Fertility (NEOCON-F). A PMHC, DGOG, GCIG/CCRN and multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: There are limited data regarding the optimal management of pre-menopausal women with cervical lesions measuring 2-4 cm who desire to preserve fertility. PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility of preserving fertility. STUDY HYPOTHESIS: Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy will be effective in reducing the size of the tumor and will enable fertility-sparing surgery without compromising oncologic outcome. TRIAL DESIGN: Pre-menopausal women diagnosed with stage International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) IB2, 2-4 cm cervical cancer who wish to preserve fertility will receive three cycles of platinum/paclitaxel chemotherapy. Patients with complete/partial response will undergo fertility-sparing surgery. Patients will be followed for 3 years to monitor outcome. Patients with suboptimal response (residual lesion ≥2 cm) will receive definitive radical hysterectomy and/or chemoradiation. MAJOR ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Patients must have histologically confirmed invasive cervical cancer, 2-4 cm lesion, by clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), negative node, and pre-menopausal (≤40 years old). Following three cycles of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, patients must achieve a complete/partial response (residual lesion <2 cm). Exclusion criteria include high-risk histology, tumor extension to uterine corpus/isthmus (as per MRI), and suboptimal response/progression following neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. PRIMARY ENDPOINTS: Assess the rate of functional uterus defined as successful fertility-sparing surgery and no adjuvant therapy. SAMPLE SIZE: A total of 90 evaluable patients will be needed to complete the study. ESTIMATED DATES FOR COMPLETING ACCRUAL AND PRESENTING RESULTS: Expected complete accrual in 2022 with presentation of results by 2025. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Pending ethics submission.

Patterns of recurrence and impact on survival in patients with clear cell ovarian carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Patients with recurrent clear cell ovarian cancer have poor prognosis and limited effective systemic treatment options. OBJECTIVES: To characterize patterns of recurrence and compare overall survival and post-recurrence survival parameters in patients with recurrent ovarian clear cell carcinoma. METHODS: Clinical data on patients with ovarian clear cell carcinoma between June 1995 and August 2014 were collected. Patients with clear cell ovarian cancer recurrence were included in this study. Patients with different histologic sub-type, persistent or progressive disease on completion of the initial treatment were excluded. Descriptive statistics, univariate and multivariable analyses, and Kaplan-Meier survival probability estimates were completed. The log-rank test was used to quantify survival differences on univariable analysis. To search for significant covariates related to the overall survival and post-recurrence survival, a univariable Cox proportional hazard model was performed. RESULTS: A total of 209 patients met inclusion criteria. Of these, 61 (29%) patients who were free of disease at completion of the initial treatment had recurrence. Patterns of recurrence were as follows: 38 (62%) patients had multiple-site recurrence, 12 (20%) had single-site recurrence, and 11 (18%) had nodal recurrence only. The median overall survival was 44.7 months (95% CI 33.4 to 64.2) and was significantly associated with pattern of recurrence (p=0.005). The median post-recurrence survival was 18.4 months (95% CI 12.5 to 26.7): 54.4 months (95% CI 11 to 125.5) in single-site recurrence, 13.7 months (95% CI 6.8 to 16.5) in multiple-site recurrence, and 30.1 (95% CI 7.2 to 89) months in nodal recurrence (p=0.0002). In the multivariable analysis, pattern of recurrence was a predictor of post-recurrence survival.Six patients (9.8%) had a prolonged disease-free interval after recurrence (disease-free for more than 30 months after completion of treatment for recurrence). Prolonged recurrences were noted in 4 (33%) of 12 patients with single-site recurrence, 1 (9%) of 11 patients with nodal recurrence, and in 1 (2.7%) of 38 patients with multiple-site recurrence. Three of the six patients with a prolonged disease-free interval after recurrence were treated surgically at the time of recurrence. CONCLUSION: Ovarian clear cell carcinoma predominantly recurs in multiple sites and it is associated with a high mortality rate and short post-recurrence survival. When recurrences are limited to a single site, or only to lymph nodes, the median post-recurrence survival is longer. Disease-free interval after recurrence is longer in patients with single-site recurrence who are treated surgically at the time of recurrence.