Radiological and osteological study of the pelvic limbs in free-ranging capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris).

This study aimed to describe the radiographic anatomy and osteology and to evaluate angular radiographic measurements-Norberg angle, inclination angle and anteversion angle-of the pelvic limbs in free-ranging capybaras. Twenty cadavers of free-ranging capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), including five adults and 15 subadults, were studied. Ventrodorsal, craniocaudal, dorsoplantar and mediolateral radiographic views of the pelvic limbs were obtained. The radiographic features were described together with bone samples. The hip bone (os coxae), shaped like an isosceles trapezoid, was elongated and narrow with the presence of an oblong obturator foramen, sagittal ilial wing and rectilinear ilial body. The femoral shaft was relatively straight, while the greater trochanter was projected above the femoral head. No sesamoid bones of the gastrocnemius and popliteus muscles were observed radiographically or for those animals used in gross macroscopy. The fibula was located lateral and parallel to the tibia. Eight tarsal bones, four metatarsal bones and three digits were identified. The mean radiographic measurements included Norberg angle of 125.9°; respective angles of femoral inclination by the Hauptman B and Tomlinson methods of 139.9 and 141°; anteversion angle of the femoral head and neck of 29.80°. The bones of the pelvic limbs in capybaras have several anatomical characters and radiological features that are shared with members of the caviomorph superfamily Cavioidea. The radiographic angles measured in this study help characterize the functional morphology of this species.

Gross Osteology, Radiographic and Computed Tomographic Morphology of the Axial Skeleton of the Nine-Banded Armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus).

This study used 20 nine-banded armadillo, four in vivo and 16 cadavers, to describe the osteoarticular anatomy of the axial skeleton by means of digital radiography and computed tomography. Vertebral formula obtained in this sample specimens was seven cervical, 10 thoracic, five lumbar, nine vertebrae related to the synsacrum and 20-27 free caudal vertebrae. Peculiar features of this species were noted as the presence of xenarthrous processes in the caudal thoracic vertebra to the last lumbar vertebra, with prominent mammillary processes in the thoracolumbar segment, fused cervical vertebra from the second to fourth vertebra and the presence of synsacrum related to sacral and caudal vertebra fused to the pelvis. They are homodont animals presenting only molariform teeth with formula of 8/8, totalling 32 teeth. There was no complexity in the execution of radiographic and tomographic examinations, concluding that execution can be carried out in nine-banded armadillos during the clinical routine for wild animals.

Comparação das artérias carótidas comuns de equinos e muares por ultrassonografia modo-B e Doppler espectral e a relação com a massa corpórea / Comparison of the common carotid arteries of horses and mules by B-mode and Doppler spectral ultrasonography and the relation with body mass

A ultrassonografia convencional e o Doppler espectral nas artérias carótidas comuns em equinos e muares são considerados escassos, diferentemente do que ocorre na medicina humana. Este trabalho propôs comparar as artérias carótidas comuns de equinos e muares por ultrassonografia modo-B e Doppler espectral, além de verificar as diferenças dessas variáveis entre os gêneros desses animais e a relação com a massa corpórea. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: massa corpórea, diâmetros das artérias, espessura da camada íntima-média (EIM), índice de resistividade (IR), índice de pulsatilidade (IP), velocidade sistólica (VS), velocidade diastólica (VD) e velocidade média (VM). Salvo a massa corpórea, esses parâmetros foram obtidos de três regiões (cranial, médio e caudal) e submetidos à análise conjuntamente. Os diâmetros das artérias carótidas comuns são diferentes entre equinos e muares, com valores menores nos equinos. O IR, o IP, a VS e a VM diferiram entre equinos e muares, sendo maiores nos equinos, e a VD superior nos muares. Não foi observada diferença das variáveis do modo-B e Doppler entre gêneros nos equinos, diferentemente dos muares, cujos machos apresentaram valores maiores do diâmetro, do IR e do IP, mas menores da VS e da VM. A massa corpórea não influenciou as variáveis do modo-B, independentemente do gênero, mas apresenta correlação significativa nas variáveis do modo Doppler. As artérias carótidas comuns de equinos e muares são diferentes pelos exames ultrassonográficos modo-B e Doppler espectral. O gênero não influencia no modo-B e no Doppler nos equinos, porém influencia parcialmente nos muares. A massa corpórea de equinos e de muares, independentemente do gênero, não tem associação com as variáveis do modo-B, apenas com o Doppler.(AU)

Conventional ultrasound and spectral Doppler in the common carotid arteries in horses and mules are considered scarce, different from human medicine. The aim of this study was to compare the common carotid arteries of horses and mules by B-mode ultrasonography and spectral Doppler ultrasonography, as well as to verify the differences of these variables between their genders and the relation with body mass. The following parameters were evaluated: body mass, artery diameter, intima-media thickness (EIM), resistivity index (IR), pulsatility index (IP), systolic velocity (VS), diastolic velocity (VD) and average velocity (VM). Besides the body mass, the other variables were obtained from three regions (cranial, medium and caudal) and analyzed together. The diameters of the common carotid arteries are different between horses and mules, being smaller in horses. The IR, IP, VS and VM differed between horses and mules, being higher in the horses, but the VD was higher in mules. No difference in the variables in B-mode and Doppler between gender were observed in horses, different from mules, in which the diameters, IR and IP values were higher in males and the VS and VM was higher in females. Body mass did not influence B-Mode, both for horses and mules. A significant correlation was observed for Doppler. The common carotid arteries of horses and mules are different by ultrasound scans B-mode and spectral Doppler. Gender does not influence the B-Mode and Doppler variables in horses, but can in mules. The body mass of horses and mules, regardless of gender, is not associated with B-mode variables, but with Doppler variables.(AU)